HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

Module 2: The History of Tourism

Topics
● Early Tourism
● Tourism in the Medieval Period
● Tourism During Renaissance and Elizabethan Eras
● Tourism During the Industrial Revolution
● Modern Tourism
● Origin of Tourism in the Philippines

I. INTRODUCTION
Tourism, as we understand it today, is a vibrant and dynamic global phenomenon that has
evolved over centuries, shaped by diverse cultural, economic, and technological influences. Its
history traces back to ancient civilizations where travel was driven by trade, religious
pilgrimage, exploration, and cultural exchange. Over time, tourism has evolved from a privilege
of the elite to a fundamental aspect of modern life, influencing economies, societies, and
individual experiences worldwide.

The study of tourism history offers valuable insights into how human societies have
interacted with their environments, cultures, and each other through travel. It explores the
development of transportation systems, the rise of hospitality industries, and the
transformation of once-remote destinations into global tourist hotspots. Understanding the
historical context of tourism helps illuminate its impacts on local communities, economies, and
ecosystems, as well as the challenges and opportunities it presents in the contemporary world.

From the Grand tours of the 18th and 19th centuries to the mass tourism boom of the 20th
century and the sustainable tourism practices of today, the history of tourism is a narrative of
exploration, innovation, and cultural exchange. It reflects humanity's enduring curiosity, desire
for leisure, and quest for new experiences, shaping the way we perceive and engage with the
world around us.

II. OBJECTIVES
Specifically, studying the history of tourism across various periods provides valuable
insights into the evolution, influences, and impacts of travel and tourism, students should be
able to do the following:

1. Explore the earliest forms of travel and tourism, including ancient trade routes, religious
pilgrimages, and early explorations.
2. Examine how early interactions between civilizations influenced cultural exchange,
trade, and the spread of ideas.
3. Analyze the significance of medieval pilgrimages to religious sites such as Santiago de
Compostela, Jerusalem, and Mecca.
4. Investigate the tradition of the Grand Tour undertaken by young aristocrats and
scholars across Europe to study art, culture, and classical antiquity.

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 1

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

5. Analyze the impact of steamships and railways on mass transportation, making travel
more accessible and affordable.
6. Investigate how industrialization and urbanization contributed to the growth of
domestic and international tourism in industrialized nations.
7. Explore the rich cultural heritage of the Philippines and its role in attracting tourists
interested in history, traditions, and indigenous cultures.

LESSON PROPER

Tourism in the Early Period

The history of tourism in the Early Period, spanning from Ancient Times to the Middle
Ages, is characterized by diverse forms of travel motivated primarily by religious, economic, and
cultural reasons. Here’s an overview of tourism during this period:
1. Ancient Times (Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome)
o Pilgrimages- Travelers undertook journeys to visit sacred sites, temples, and oracles
as acts of religious devotion. Examples include pilgrimages to the Oracle of Delphi in
ancient Greece and religious festivals in Egypt.
o Trade Routes- Ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia and Egypt developed
extensive trade networks, leading to merchants and traders traveling long distances
to exchange goods and cultural influences.
o Cultural Exchange- Greeks traveled to participate in athletic competitions like the
Olympic Games and to engage in philosophical discussions in places like Athens.
2. Middle Ages (5th to 15th century):
o Religious Tourism- Continued to be a prominent form of travel, with Christian
pilgrimages to sites such as Santiago de Compostela in Spain, Rome in Italy, and
Jerusalem in the Holy Land. Monasteries and churches along pilgrimage routes
provided accommodations and support for pilgrims, contributing to the development
of hospitality infrastructure.
o Trade and Commerce-Trade fairs and markets emerged as centers of economic
activity and cultural exchange. Examples include the Champagne Fairs in France and
the Hanseatic League's trade routes in Northern Europe.
o Educational and Diplomatic Travel: Scholars and diplomats traveled between
medieval universities and royal courts to exchange knowledge, negotiate alliances,
and participate in academic debates.
o Inns and Hospices: Inns and hospices along pilgrimage routes provided lodging,
meals, and medical care for travelers, contributing to the development of early forms
of hospitality.
o Transportation: Travel was predominantly on foot, horseback, or by sea. Roads and
sea routes were essential for facilitating trade and travel, although they were often
challenging and dangerous.
o Architectural Marvels: Travelers marveled at architectural wonders such as the
Pyramids of Egypt, the Parthenon in Athens, and the Colosseum in Rome, which drew
visitors interested in ancient civilizations and their achievements.

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 2

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

Tourism in the Early Period was shaped by religious devotion, economic activities,
cultural exchange, and the pursuit of knowledge. It laid the foundation for later developments
in travel and tourism during the Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, and beyond, influencing the
growth of infrastructure, cultural understanding, and global connectivity.

Medieval Period

During the Medieval Period, which roughly spans from the 5th to the 15th century in
Europe, tourism as we understand it today was not widespread in the modern sense. However,
there were significant forms of travel and pilgrimage that laid the groundwork for later
developments in tourism. Here’s an overview of tourism during the Medieval Period:
1. Pilgrimages-were a central form of travel during the Medieval Period, driven by religious
devotion and the desire to visit sacred sites, relics, and shrines.
o Popular Destinations: Pilgrims traveled to important religious centers such as
Santiago de Compostela in Spain (where the remains of St. James were believed to
be), Rome (for the tombs of apostles and martyrs), Canterbury in England (associated
with St. Thomas Becket), and Jerusalem (holy city in Christianity).
2. Trade and Commerce-Medieval trade routes connected Europe with Asia (e.g., the Silk
Road) and facilitated the movement of merchants, diplomats, and travelers.
3. Courtly Visits and Diplomatic Travel-Nobles and royalty traveled between courts for
diplomatic alliances, marriages, and cultural exchanges. Events like jousting
tournaments attracted participants and spectators, contributing to social interaction
and entertainment.
4. Educational Travel- Medieval universities such as Oxford, Paris, and Bologna attracted
students and scholars from across Europe, fostering academic exchange and intellectual
development. Scholars traveled to acquire knowledge and study manuscripts in
monastic libraries and centers of learning.
5. Hospitality and Accommodations
o Monasteries and Inns: Monasteries along pilgrimage routes provided hospitality to
travelers, offering lodging, meals, and medical care. Inns and taverns catered to
merchants, pilgrims, and travelers, offering basic accommodations and services along
major travel routes.
6. Architectural and Cultural Tourism- Castles and fortified towns attracted visitors
interested in medieval military architecture and royal residences. Cathedrals, abbeys,
and churches with elaborate architecture and religious artifacts drew pilgrims and
tourists interested in spiritual and cultural heritage.
7. Cultural Exchange- Interactions between travelers and local communities influenced
cultural practices, traditions, and the exchange of ideas and beliefs.

Tourism during the Medieval Period was characterized by religious pilgrimages, trade
routes, courtly visits, educational travel, and the development of hospitality infrastructure.
These activities laid the foundation for later developments in tourism during the Renaissance

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 3

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

and beyond, influencing travel behaviors, infrastructure, and cultural exchanges across Europe
and beyond.

Renaissance Period
During the Renaissance period, spanning from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe, there
were significant developments that laid the foundation for modern tourism.
1. Grand Tours- emerged as a cultural and educational journey undertaken primarily by
young aristocrats and wealthy individuals from Northern Europe. The Grand Tour aimed
to complete the education of young elites by exposing them to the art, architecture,
literature, and classical antiquity of Italy and other European cultural centers.
o Destinations: Travelers visited cities such as Rome, Florence, Venice, and Naples to
study classical art, visit museums and galleries, and experience the cultural heritage
of ancient civilizations.
2. Cultural Centers:
o Art and Architecture: Renaissance cities such as Florence, Venice, Rome, and Milan
became centers of artistic and intellectual activity, attracting scholars, artists, and
patrons.
o Art Tourism: Travelers, including artists, patrons, and collectors, visited cities to
commission artworks, study masterpieces, and patronize renowned artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
o Humanism: The revival of classical learning and humanism inspired a renewed
interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture, philosophy, and literature.
3. Pilgrimages and Religious Tourism-Pilgrimages to religious sites remained important,
with travelers visiting places such as Rome (Vatican City), Santiago de Compostela in
Spain, and Jerusalem. Pilgrims and tourists marveled at religious art, relics, and
architectural masterpieces in cathedrals, churches, and shrines.
4. Infrastructure and Hospitality- The demand for accommodations, transportation, and
services grew with the influx of travelers. Inns, taverns, and guesthouses catered to the
needs of pilgrims, merchants, scholars, and tourists. Improved road networks and safer
travel conditions facilitated movement between cities and cultural centers, supporting
tourism growth.
5. Impact on Travel and Knowledge Exchange-The Grand Tour promoted cultural literacy,
cosmopolitanism, and the exchange of ideas among European elites. The cultural and
intellectual experiences gained during the Grand Tour influenced art, literature,
architecture, and social norms across Europe, shaping modern tourism ideals.

The Renaissance period marked a transformative era in the history of tourism,

characterized by the emergence of the Grand Tour, cultural exploration, artistic patronage, and
the development of tourism infrastructure that contributed to the flourishing of art, culture,
and intellectual exchange across Europe.

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 4

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

Tourism during the Industrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century and continued
into the early 19th century, tourism underwent significant transformations due to technological
advancements, economic changes, and shifts in societal norms.
1. Transportation Revolution
o Steam Power. The invention and widespread adoption of steam engines
revolutionized transportation, making travel faster, more reliable, and accessible to a
larger segment of the population.
o Railways. The development of railways enabled efficient and affordable long-distance
travel for both passengers and goods. Railways expanded across Europe and later
North America, connecting cities and regions.
o Steamships. Steam-powered ships replaced sailing vessels, reducing travel times
across oceans and expanding routes to distant continents.
2. Emergence of Seaside Resorts. The Industrial Revolution brought about urbanization
and industrialization, leading to overcrowded cities with poor living conditions and
health concerns.
o Seaside Retreats. Wealthy industrialists and urban dwellers sought relief from urban
stresses by visiting coastal resorts known for their clean air, scenic views, and
therapeutic seawater baths. Brighton in England became a popular seaside resort,
attracting tourists seeking health benefits and leisure activities.
3. Development of Tourism Infrastructure
o Hotels and Accommodations. The demand for lodging increased with the rise in
tourism. Hotels, boarding houses, and inns were built near railway stations and
tourist destinations to accommodate travelers.
o Entertainment and Attractions. Seaside resorts offered entertainment such as
theaters, promenades, amusement parks, and cultural events to attract tourists
seeking leisure activities and social gatherings.
4. Cultural Tourism and Heritage Preservation. Industrialists and urban middle classes
developed an interest in historical sites, medieval castles, and architectural landmarks.
o Preservation Efforts. The conservation and restoration of historical sites and cultural
monuments gained importance as tourism contributed to the preservation of
national heritage and identity.
5. Development of Guidebooks and Travel Agencies. Publishers produced travel guides
and books that provided information on destinations, accommodations, and cultural
attractions, catering to the needs of tourists.
o Travel Agencies: Entrepreneurs like Thomas Cook founded travel agencies to
organize package tours, including transportation, accommodations, and sightseeing
excursions, making travel more convenient and accessible.
Thomas Cook, a pivotal figure in the history of tourism, revolutionized travel by
establishing the foundations of modern tourism practices.
First Excursion- In 1841, Thomas Cook organized his first excursion. This historic trip
was a train journey for 570 temperance campaigners, traveling from Leicester to
Loughborough in England. This is often cited as the world's first organized rail excursion.

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 5

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

Development of Package Tours. Building on the success of his initial excursion, Cook
developed the concept of package tours. These tours included not only transportation
but also accommodations, meals, and guided activities, all arranged and prepaid for
travelers.
Establishment of Thomas Cook & Son
o Travel Agency- In 1845, Thomas Cook officially established his travel agency,
Thomas Cook & Son. This marked the formal beginning of his business in
organizing and selling travel packages. The agency provided comprehensive
travel services, including booking transportation (primarily railways initially),
arranging accommodations, and planning guided tours.
Innovations and Contributions.
o Affordable Travel: Cook's package tours made travel more accessible and
affordable to the middle and working classes, who previously might not have had
the means or knowledge to organize such trips independently.
o Educational and Cultural Exchange: Cook's tours promoted cultural exchange
and education through exposure to different cultures, historical landmarks, and
natural attractions.
o Global Expansion: Thomas Cook & Son expanded its operations globally, offering
tours to destinations across Europe, the Middle East, North America, and
beyond, thereby contributing to the growth of international tourism.

6. Shift towards Leisure Tourism.

o Leisure Activities- The concept of tourism shifted from necessity (such as pilgrimage
or trade) to leisure and relaxation, with tourists seeking recreational activities,
natural landscapes, and cultural experiences.
o Social Status- Travel became a symbol of social status and cultural refinement, with
middle-class families increasingly able to afford leisure trips and vacations.

The Industrial Revolution transformed tourism by democratizing travel through

technological innovations, creating new leisure opportunities, and fostering the growth of
tourism infrastructure and cultural exchange. It laid the groundwork for modern mass tourism,
with its emphasis on convenience, leisure, and cultural exploration.

The Mobility Era

The Mobility Era, often referred to as the Age of Mobility or the Mass Tourism Era,
typically spans from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, roughly from 1800 to 1944.
This period saw significant advancements in transportation, changes in societal norms, and the
evolution of tourism into a more accessible and widespread phenomenon.
1. Early 19th Century: Industrialization and Travel
Transportation Innovations. The early 19th century saw the rise of steam-powered
transportation, particularly steamships and railways.

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 6

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

Steamships. Steam-powered ships revolutionized ocean travel, making transatlantic

voyages faster and more reliable. This led to an increase in international travel and
trade.
Railways. The development of railways expanded rapidly across Europe and North
America. Rail travel became more affordable and accessible, facilitating domestic and
international tourism.
Air Travel Expansion. The introduction of jet aircraft, such as the Boeing 707 in the late
1950s, revolutionized air travel by making long-distance flights faster, more
comfortable, and more affordable
2. Tourism Infrastructure and Development.
o Hotel Chains and Resorts. The hospitality industry expanded with the construction of
large-scale hotels, resorts, and leisure complexes to accommodate growing tourist
numbers.
o Destination Development. Governments and private sectors invested in tourism
infrastructure, including airports, roads, attractions, and entertainment facilities, to
attract tourists and boost local economies.
3. Emergence of Mass Tourism. Tourism shifted from being a luxury reserved for the
wealthy to a mainstream leisure activity enjoyed by middle-class families and
individuals.
o Sun and Beach Tourism: Destinations such as the Mediterranean coast, Caribbean
islands, and Southeast Asian beaches became popular for sun and beach vacations.
4. Technological Advances and Digital Transformation:
o Internet and Online Booking. The advent of the internet revolutionized tourism with
online booking platforms, travel websites, and digital marketing, making it easier for
travelers to research and book trips.
o Mobile Technology. Mobile apps and smartphones enhanced the travel experience by
providing instant access to travel information, navigation, and communication.
5. Diversification of Tourism Products. Growing interest in adventure activities such as
hiking, trekking, safari tours, and extreme sports appealed to adventurous travelers
seeking unique experiences. Travelers showed increased interest in exploring cultural
sites, historical landmarks, museums, and heritage cities to learn about different
cultures and traditions.
6. Sustainable Tourism Practices. Concerns over environmental impact led to the
development of sustainable tourism practices and eco-friendly initiatives to preserve
natural resources and protect fragile ecosystems.
7. Globalization and Tourism Trends. Tourism became a global phenomenon, with
travelers exploring diverse destinations across continents and cultures.
Tourism Trends. Trends such as wellness tourism, food tourism, cultural
exchanges, and digital nomadism emerged as travelers sought authentic and immersive
experiences.

The Mobility Era has witnessed the democratization of travel, technological

advancements, diversification of tourism products, and the global expansion of tourism as a
major economic sector. It continues to evolve with changing consumer preferences,

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 7

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

environmental awareness, and advancements in technology, shaping the future of tourism

worldwide.

Tourism in the Philippines

Tourism in the Philippines has deep historical roots, influenced by various factors including
its natural beauty, cultural heritage, and strategic geographical location.
1. Pre-Colonial Era
o Before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century, the Philippines was already
a hub of trade and cultural exchange. Chinese, Arab, Indian, and other Southeast Asian
traders visited the islands for commerce, bringing with them goods, ideas, and cultural
influences.
o Early forms of tourism can be traced to interactions with these traders and travelers
who visited the archipelago for trade, exploration, or diplomatic purposes.
2. Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898)
o Spanish colonization began in 1565 with the arrival of explorer Miguel López de
Legazpi. The Spanish established settlements, converted locals to Christianity, and built
churches, forts, and infrastructure.
o Early European travelers and missionaries documented the natural beauty, flora,
fauna, and indigenous cultures of the Philippines, sparking interest and curiosity
among European intellectuals and explorers.
o Religious pilgrimage to significant Catholic sites, such as the Basilica Minore del Santo
Niño in Cebu and the Quiapo Church in Manila, also contributed to early forms of
tourism.
3. American Colonial Period (1898-1946):
o The Philippines came under American rule after the Spanish-American War of 1898
and subsequent Philippine-American War. American influence brought
modernization, improved infrastructure, and educational institutions.
o Travel to the Philippines increased with the establishment of more organized
transportation routes, including steamships and later, air travel. Tourism began to
focus on the country's scenic landscapes, beaches, and cultural attractions.
4. Post-World War II Era and Independence (1946-present):
o After gaining independence from the United States in 1946, the Philippines embarked
on a journey of nation-building and economic development.
o The government actively promoted tourism as a key economic driver, highlighting the
country's natural wonders such as the pristine beaches of Boracay, the rice terraces
of Banaue, and the underground river in Palawan.
o Infrastructure development, including airports, hotels, resorts, and tourist facilities,
expanded to accommodate the growing number of domestic and international
tourists.
o Cultural festivals and events, such as the Ati-Atihan Festival in Aklan, Sinulog Festival
in Cebu, and the Panagbenga Festival in Baguio, became major tourist attractions,
showcasing Philippine culture, traditions, and hospitality.
5. Recent Developments:

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 8

HT-MacP1: Macro Perspective of Tourism Hospitality

o The Philippines continues to promote tourism through marketing campaigns,

participation in international travel fairs, and collaborations with global tourism
stakeholders.
o Ecotourism and sustainable tourism practices have gained importance, with efforts to
preserve and protect natural resources and cultural heritage sites.
o Challenges such as infrastructure development, sustainable tourism management,
and security concerns have prompted the government and private sector to work
together to ensure a balanced approach to tourism growth.

Tourism in the Philippines has evolved from early interactions with traders and
explorers to becoming a significant economic contributor. The country's rich cultural heritage,
diverse landscapes, and warm hospitality continue to attract millions of visitors from around
the world, making tourism a vital sector for national development and international relations.

V. PRACTICE EXERCISES
VI. ASSESSMENT
● Quiz
VII. REFERENCES
● https://www.unwto.org/news/un-secretary-general-it-is-imperative-that-we-rebuild-
the-tourism-sector?fbclid=IwAR3SZzprqaJWAjmyPc6CSFgX9Izrc80KL-
B7oaI0ap4hi3dFoAziSn-j1Ig
● http://www.tourism.gov.ph/
● https://www.travelagewest.com/Industry-Insight/Business-Features/Travel-
Milestones-From-the-Last-50-Years

Pambayang Dalubhasaan ng Marilao 9