ESO201A Tutorial 5

ESO201A
Tutorial 5 : Problems & Solutions

6-88C It is well established that the thermal efficiency of a heat
engine increases as the temperature TL at which heat is rejected
from the heat engine decreases. In an effort to increase the
efficiency of a power plant, somebody suggests refrigerating the
cooling water before it enters the condenser, where heat rejection
takes place. Would you be in favour of this idea? Why?
Solution:
The answer is NO.
This is because, when everything is reversible, the increase in work produced will be
equal to the work consumed by the refrigerator. In reality, the work consumed by the
refrigerator will always be greater than the additional work produced, resulting in a
decrease in the thermal efficiency of the power plant.
6-129 A Carnot heat engine receives heat at 900 K and rejects the
waste heat to the environment at 300 K. The entire work output of
the heat engine is used to drive a Carnot refrigerator that removes
heat from the cooled space at -15℃ at a rate of 250 kJ/min and
rejects it to the same environment at 300 K. Determine (a) the
rate of heat supplied to the heat engine and (b) the total rate of
heat rejection to the environment.
Solution: A Carnot heat engine drives a Carnot refrigerator that removes heat from a
cold medium at a specified rate. The rate of heat supply to the heat engine and the total
rate of heat rejection to the environment are to be determined.
Analysis: (a) The coefficient of performance of the Carnot refrigerator is (page 284 and
300)
Then the rate of heat input to this heat engine is determined from the definition of
thermal efficiency to be
(b) The total rate of heat rejection to the ambient air is the sum of the heat rejected by
the heat engine ( Qሶ 𝐿,HE ) and the heat discarded by the refrigerator ( Qሶ 𝐻,R ).
6-149. A heat pump with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep
a space at 25oC by absorbing heat from geothermal water that enters the
evaporator at 60oC at a rate of 0.065kg/s and leaves at 40oC. Refrigerant enters
the evaporator at 12oC with a quality of 15 percent and leaves at the same
pressure as saturated vapor. If the compressor consumes 1.6kW of power,
determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the rate of heat supply,
(c) the COP, and (d) the minimum power input to the compressor for the same
rate of heat supply.
Solution: A geothermal heat pump with R-134a as the working fluid is considered. The
evaporator inlet and exit states are specified. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant, the
heating load, the COP, and the minimum power input to the compressor are to be
determined.
Assumptions :
• The heat pump operates steadily.
• The kinetic and potential energy changes are zero.
• Steam properties are used for geothermal water.
Properties:
The properties of R-134a and water are (Steam and R-134a tables)
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑓 1 − 𝑥1 + ℎ𝑔 𝑥1
ℎ2 = 257.27
Analysis:
(a) The rate of heat transferred from the water is the energy change of the water from inlet to
exit
The energy increase of the refrigerant is equal to the energy decrease of the water in the
evaporator. That is,
5.437𝑘𝑊
= = 0.0338 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
(257.27 − 96.54)𝑘𝐽Τ𝑠
(b) The heating load is
(c) The COP of the heat pump is determined from its definition,
(d) The COP of a reversible heat pump operating between the same temperature limits is
Then, the minimum power input to the compressor for the same refrigeration load would
be
7-40 Refrigerant-134a at 320 kPa and 40°C undergoes an isothermal
process in a closed system until its quality is 45 percent. On per unit
mass basis, determine how much work and heat transfer required.
Solution: R-134a undergoes an isothermal process in a closed system. The work and heat
transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions:
1. The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero.
2. There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work.
3. The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible.
4. The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium.
Analysis: The energy balance for this system can be expressed as

The initial state properties are
For this isothermal process, the final

state properties are (Table A-11)
The heat transfer is determined from
The negative sign shows that the heat is actually transferred from the system. That is,
The work required is determined from the energy balance to be

7-52 2-kg of saturated water vapor at 600 kPa are contained in a
piston-cylinder device. The water expands adiabatically until the
pressure is 100 kPa and is said to produce 700 kJ of work output.
(a) Determine the entropy change of the water, in kJ/kg.K.
(b) Is this process realistic? Using the T-s diagram for the process
and the concepts of second law, support your answer.
Solution: Water vapor is expanded adiabatically in a piston-cylinder device. The entropy
change is to be determined and it is to be discussed if this process is realistic.
Analysis: (a) The properties at the initial state are

We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass
enters or leaves. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
Solving for the final state internal energy,
The entropy at the final state is (from Table A-5)

The entropy change is
(b) The process is not realistic since entropy cannot decrease during an adiabatic process.
In the limiting case of a reversible (and adiabatic) process, the entropy would remain
constant.
7-77 An insulated piston-cylinder device initially contains 300 L of
air at 120 kPa and 17°C. Air is now heated for 15 min by a 200-W
resistance heater placed inside the cylinder. The pressure of air is
maintained constant during this process. Determine the entropy
change of air, assuming (a) constant specific heats and (b) variable
specific heats.
Assumptions: At specified conditions, air can be treated as an ideal gas.
Properties: The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis: The mass of the air and the electrical work done during this process are
The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
since ∆U + Wb = ∆H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process.

(a) Using a constant cp value at the anticipated average temperature of 450 K, the final
temperature becomes
Thus,
(b) Assuming variable specific heats, (use table A-17)
(h1 calculated from A17 @T1=290)

From the air table (Table A-17), we read s2° = 2.5628 kJ/kg·K corresponding to this h2 value (use
interpolation to find s2° from Table A-17).
Then,

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ESO201A

Tutorial 5 : Problems & Solutions

The answer is NO.

Analysis: The energy balance for this system can be expressed as

For this isothermal process, the final

The work required is determined from the energy balance to be

Analysis: (a) The properties at the initial state are

Solving for the final state internal energy,

The entropy at the final state is (from Table A-5)

since ∆U + Wb = ∆H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process.

(b) Assuming variable specific heats, (use table A-17)

(h1 calculated from A17 @T1=290)

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