. . . . ....... .. . ,... . • : ......... .. .:f -• .-~~ •._· :.:·.:_::.- --:·i... ~- ...... ·•• ·:.

::_·
.:. ·.~:~ f:t··:~ .---\· •·;•·• :.~:•~ -'.--:. _ ••• -•· .... ... ·-·· ;
•\ ,, - \
..
fa
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15 r

Anti-Terror Laws and· Huma n Rights

s
1

UJJWAL KUMAR SINGH

r

r
J
e
three Bombay blasts in 1993and2006.and the blast.s
l, ~~terror I rroris and Oisru twe- • in Delhi rn 2-005 and t
h ctivities Act (TADA) l!IMS. ar iamenl buildin on 13 em e I get
n 1~87, 1 I ,on of· ·sm Act describe as 'acts of terror', and the killing of
,I (POTA), . and t Activities Muslims in Gujai:a.t in 200'2 and lynching of
.S
Prevention :\ct. '..WO-t. TADA lapsed in l!J!l5 Dal its in Oulcena,)ha.Jiar, Haryana do nn1 50
n and POTA ,,·as repealed in 20<l-l. The repeal clescnbcd as such. In the sections that fvlluw.
of POT:\ was followed by the amendme! 't of ,~·c shall examine the :xception-~1 -p~m·,~;;;m
an existing law-1he Unla\..·ful .-\cli\'ilies pertaining to remand. ~ail, inves11.~a1inn
Pre~·enlion :-\cl. l!l(i/ {U:\PA)-1 0 inclucl(' proccduresandtriaJunderanti·lerrori<t\•.-:,.:,;~a
POTA-pro visions pertaining-to po11ishmen1 th~ ,mphcation s of such extraordin an I.I\\:-.
l.
for 1cn-ons1 actJv1t1es ;md or!:anizatillfh. U~~A for humau-r-ights. •
.e
('200-t) may then wt>II be considered the third _ __::..___ _:__ _:.__ _ _ _ _ _ ___
:s
. anti-terror law in India. The qucslion th..il·onc
1I •. I. ANTI-TER ROR LAWS IN INDI,\.
11111sl nccc~sctrily ask .ii this point. beforc-
II TADA, POTA, AND UAP/\ , , - -
t•x.uninrng 1hc pro,·isionsufthc Acts. is, \,hat .
If
is meant b\, ·terrorism' and 'terrorist activi1,·' THE TERROR,JST AND DtSRUPTJVE
d . " ,
., /r
tnat these lav,:s propose lo 'prevent. The ACTMTI (PREVENTION) Acr. l 985
' -~N~
~ p t of 1crrorism is com lex and dt'fi~~ <in • was.enacte d in May 198.~ in tht! context
,tcce elinition It has been looked of the sc_paratist movcmc:nt [or Kh...,listan. The
,II -~ differently from vari, • ·caJ. Act was initially brought for two years. It \,-,1~.
,d ~V)J and historical ,·an1·" howe, er. re-introduc ed in 1!18/. through :· 11
it
st ~~~, o) g or sdecli'l.·e labdlins is llOIJCCd in the Ordinance and made more stringenl throli_~h
111 \, Inch J panicular act and e, eni, e.g ..
,d 1he confermen t of special powers to 1hr
Central Governm ent to make ru lt.-s f c,r
I ·1 lw Tc:rr,,n,1 .\flt..-1,-d .\rra., ·Sp..0;11 C11u11,,
:\ll.
carr:'ing out the provisions oft e Ord111:111u
1'11' I •·11•1•""•·1,·d 1111· C,·111ul (.;,",..rn,n,·111 ,., ci,·d:11,· and also to constitu1e d •
a 11 ;,r, ·;i 1,, t,,_. I,., r, 11 l)l ;1ll.-c1t'{j_ ~nd 10 l 110 ,1 i1 ult· 'flt'( ,.,I T:\D:\ ca tatement of Obj•'(,.., ;,;,ti
~•,un, f,,r 1h,· ,,,,.,.,h 111.,l ,.f '"'l.,"<h·cl 1,·rrn,1,1, Rea~ons· of the .-\ct declared. ·un th1.: b:i,,,. ,!
..

•
 • .
•.•• ··. . • . -.---r-:--•. \
•• • • , - : • • _.,-. •• !."'t __ - ,
,i

• • • • • ··:-.·~--. .-. • ··. • • • -• • • - • - - - ,o • ~: ": • ·, :,· _.:

•.
•
182

experience~ it"~ felt that in order lo combat

lowards Legal Lilcrac~·

,_ .,;;;."fll~TE.RRORlSM ACT, 2()02 7 - re~

reP1
;n~.c~_-witl) ~rronsl anC, ~1sruptive activities L. - - - - - - , ._ (POll\) • Act
ffectively. n as not only necessary to continue _,__.. .'--- • • - a nee
the said lawbut..l str -r-r-rurth . Th 1 he Prevention of J~~e:I,lJUU~~~...... COr
.aso engtuea 1l er . e ~- . ? 0c be 200 I
Act which replaced th O d. . T' ~ >0) was promulgated on _4 len
. e r mance, 1.e., .-u., d to •f r • h
1987, thttefo_re, introduced two changes: f~r ·t~e pr~~ti~n of and or in~•t rep
· persons ill possession o f ~ and ammuni- terronst actm~- In th~ .Y~¥5 ._mterv~U) •th(
tions ~-specified in-the Arms Rules, 1962, or the expiry of TADA and t~e promulgation o Or,
o~er explosive substances, shaJI be punishable POTO, successive governments. had wante
with imprisonment for a term not less than to bring in an anti-terror law in order lo plu 1
five_)'e~butwhichcouldextendtoim rison· what they caOcarfegal vacuu~in dealmg
ment _for life with fine, and~~ssions with tenorism.·The~~mediate justific~npf \'vr
m~dc by .a person be~ore a police officer not • POTO. however. was the 11 September 1001_ pro
lo~er m rank than the Superintendent oF Police bombings in the USA and the Unit~ons PO
were s:nadeadmissible io r~e rrial of the pe™>n S~nly CowRi1 resolutaon ~eking a world- terr
for an offence under the Act. TADA IY87, was \,·ide conteRed effort in confronting global /(_ .~~uJ_-,~.md
cx~ended ~ery two years, the last being the terrorism. e debates in Parliament ro
h~·yea.-exten.sion in m~n_! During the course October 2001 through l\·larch 2CX):l-show
r' - y· ha,·
the
(Jf the extensions. the A~ not only became 1ha1 POTA was bcingjustified as part of the
stringent, it also assumed a more general international effort to fight terrorism- c
application. as its area of operation, which ~•a c·mcnl o '.)«ts an reasons m the tt..'xl
'------ - - -- ~ - - .. - . . •
• hc-gan with just one state and two union ol the :\ct clearly idcntif>· the ·gtob.1I
h.:.IT.i!ocies,-<oven-cf·lfiost ol the country b, dimc:>n,,ons' of challertgcs lo 'internal securirv·.
I~ •~3.' Aher TADA expired m l~N,. 1her~ \,,.a:_._ Th,· Prc,·ention of Terrorism (Second) Ord,- :,;..,, ,,
no central law to de--JI ,~·1th terrorism till the ~ e was promufgat~.on 3t Deccmbef-•>oot_ •ht· i r
1'~_~00--oi-:Jt:TmrisnttJrdinancc (I'( )TO) full< i\,.-ing ~he adjournme;ll of th<' Parliament
w:1:-. promulgated in 1001. alt,·r a tcrrorisl attack on the Parliament
l
nl;il,1
bu dd In~ on D December :lOO Amids, in rite·
• h IS Si!,'lliflC'anl Ul.ll T.-\1 ).-\. al tl11, pc.:nuh1111a1t• .. iasc· fr actl11 <'d political support. and the rejection ol rhc·
,.j '" _jo11rnt~. hrc:1nw '>fl 11111( h ·n•ullm·· that uni- ei~III 1 ,f 1he Pre,·cntion of Terrorism Bill in the H.aj}·a

111•·111b«·r~ uf f'.ul, .. inr111 ··" lud,ns rhc· Olllll'>lt°I Sabha. the :\cl to replace the ( )rdinancc- ,,·as :11 .1ch
pa-;--;ed in an extraordinarv harru,1
, 1'oinl ·sitti1ic•
r,rc,c·n(in~,cf.. rc.•nd111~ rh«· R,111 p.1r11np:i1t·d Ill rh,·
. .::, or-the'
.
d1xths1on ,,·fuch b.'\lc-d mc·n·h an huur and 1c·11 minurl",

S,·c- Proplr·s l:nion for D,·mocratic- Ri~hr:x ·1..iwlt•\~

t" o Houses of Parliament on 'l«i March ?OOL
\lT( 1(111

The repeal or POT..\ fi6rur~q prominently

l<.oad:-.: A Rtport on TAil:\ r.18.'t- l!J!LL l>t"lh1.
111 dw-Common Minimum Pro.,'Tamml' (CM Pi

· In l~IK.;_ thr ~111t-rn111,·n1 nr,·d I\HI 11111un 1,·rr11..111•, nf I fk Con•~css0

Part\'. led ljnitcd Pro~~ssi,·c
,.-:,

.c11d four ~•nan lb i.U1c·111..-nr .,f u1'Jt>Cl> 111 r,•;,wns.. T,, n ,Xll,ancc (0PA)govemm~nl that replaced thc
"••.Jr. lah.·r. '"•., mo,r "•·11· added In 1~~11 rht· 101;.tl National Democra{ic Alliance (N DA) led b,·
-.,.,,._., b<·c .imc- Ii. 111 tl'.U. f. \ l ». \ "·'" in fort,. in !.'l ""' Jw Bharc:Hi,·a lana<a Part~· (~J Pl jn \la,· :lOO.i. Ill \\ Jllf
, ,f rhP 1,; '!>l~lM anc1 r,.., 1101 " ' rh,· ,,., ,·11 uni< ,111e, rrtc1ru-,
Ttlt' rt:·pcal of POT:\ happened through an th,· 1.. n11
I ii,· ..- .... c,·ptu.1rn, ,,c·rc· l\c-r:,b. < lri"a. ~1kl1111 • .-\11cfa111:i11
( ), d1nance in Scptembl·r '.!00-t. and was a rare ••r l ..1
:a11d ~1cnb.u. lhdu 311<.J >-•.:.:. ..r HJ, d,. l>:1111;,11 anci
uc(;1.;;1<.111 ,\hen an c~uaordina,, la\, \\as
( !'111111•
I 111, I .Jk\lt.,J,,n·p. ;uu-t t', ,11cl1Ch,·rn Ibid .. I' I .1:1<1 1111
 r _·Arll~·Te~~r Laws and Human. R.ighls
183
repealed Wl-. ·1 C
-;:e~~
.L
• ~ 1 e u,e MP conveyed that the
of TADA. POTA. and UAPA will be
:e
.V ~as~ resultofthe 'gross misuse' ~the
ct .1n . e two years f • ·· ._ • undertaken later.~ box below identifies the
o its ex,sten&e, it also
ways in which terrorism and terrorist activities
)l com~itted itself to continuing its fight against
have been defined in these different·Acts. It
th , \\ terronsm by stren~ening existing laws. The
must be pointed out that TAD A identi~d
1g V •.-A.JP- repeal of.POTA took place, therefore, with
'spreading coiltmunif dishai."n?ony' as a
J/ th e _simu!taneo~_s promulgation o
GJ'F' \~\:,~
of • ~signili~ant cor,.srituenl of aterrorist and
ed (£rdanance am,::ndiiig Ifie UAPA 1967. : ) ~~~urtiv,ptr'~e -, AmTast w1despreid
\
cnttc1sm that the clause was especially
WRaAcnvmES PREVENTION
amenable to abuse and was used to target
... \_ ~~{" ~cr.~(UAPA,2 004) ~ific minority communities, it was dropped
.V
01
ns
Id-· •.
\Vhile the repeal
r visions relating to bail
POTA •rovisio•
y with .in POTA. The unfolding of POTA showed,
nfessions, however. thatdesp1telhedeletion of the clause.
ition of the Act was used in a way that discriminated
-
,al. • • cXt I' -ferro • • •
azauons between religious communities. Also signif-
ercep on o e cc munication .,. cant is the way in which the U.AJ>A while
have en ce_· rOJJgh imR2Qttion iota, defining commission of a terrorist offence

he
he. - the UAPAtA comparison of the provisions assum(s extra-territoriality.

Table 15.1: Defining Terrorism: A Comparison of Provisions under TADA.

~xt P0TA, and UAPA 1)
·,al
.
• v·. TADA' I'OTA UAPA Z004
cl.- - - Se-ctiorrJ( I l: \Vhqsoever ,,:i1h Sec lion "J( I) \\fhoevcr. Scclion t.=,: Whoever with the
• 01 1ht.· inlcnr '" o,·cra,,t" 1hc (=..) ,,·ith lhc jnrcn1iun to intent to tlunaen the unil\·.
• • I •

~nt government as by ·1aw thrcalcn the unil~. inl~~rri1y inlcgTily. security or sovereign•~ 11f
·nJ . established or lo slrikr. IC'rror «·,r· su,·ercignty of India or India or lo strike terror in th<·
in th~ p<.·ople or an~· section 1«, slrikC' lcrrc ,r in lhc p<.-oplc or 3n~· section of the pc<.1pl1·
1st
c,f lh<: propk or lo alienate pt·ople or ;11,~· s<.·Clion of th~ in l1Jdia or in any forei~'ll crn11,1~,
on
an~· sc-chon of the p<'C,p1e or 1woptc- does any an o, does any act by using bomb~.
lo ..idH.·r~eh· affect lhe rh,ng hy m,tng bomhs. d~·namilt" or <>lhcr ex-pl~,s,ve
_J:!_arnwn~· among different d, namilc or other substances or inflammable
.he ')<.·clions of lhf' pt"<>ple d<K.'~ <'Xplosiq> substann·s ·or •••• ········-s11bstann.-s ·or firearm~ ur .olher
..in,· acl or lhin•• bv usin••
• 0 I
inOammablc "ubstanct-s l~thal weapons or poisons or
bombs. dynamite, or otflcr (whether hiologic.:al o~ noxious gases c,r olhc·r ~hcmicals
t P) t·~plc,:.i\ e :,ub~tancc· or uthc,."i~c: 1,f a ha1.ard11u'!) or h, am· olhcr '!i,Ubstancc'!)
l\..C infiammablf:' ')ubstanct>s or nahtrt· or b,· an,· other t "·h<·lh<.·r biological or othcn~ 1se)
the {Continucrl on n~x, p;igt-1

bv 'Terron._, :\fTc-cted Arras {Sprn;,I Crn1r1,i :\ct PIH~. ~,,ion "llhl. dt•fin.-<I .1 'lt>noci~· ~~person "ho indulged
0-1. an "an111n k,11,ngs or per~on~ or 1n \ wlt·ll(f" U( in tlw c1,~nip1111n or..,.,, iCt'\ nr tnf'an~ of communication ('')<.(:ntial \<.
an th,· c11mmu1111, nr in cl.un.11,'ln~ prnpc·rt, ,.. 1th J \ II'\\ ( f f I puumg the• p11bl1( Ill .sn~ ~(IIC.JO or tht' public Ill kar

are or U! afferuni.; ctd\t~rsd~ tht- h<frm,,11, h,·l\\('t·n d1fff'fl'nl rdt!,1011!'1. racial. lani"''\IA~l·. Of n-gion~I group\ or C.l~h'<. i,.
(I ,mmuniltt"). nr '..t, coc-rcm5 hi I., t'f.J \\ ins tht· S''\ t'I nmr111 t·\t.:ihh~tw<l I l\ I.,,•. or • ~. t"Od.sng~nn; 1l1t· \II\ f'I ,-,~nl.
JIH1 tntt"~'TII \ .. r lnd1.1.
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r
IS-l
ioward, Legal Literacy .
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(Continued from pre,·ious page)

TADA POTA UAPA 1004

fire-arms or otha lethal means whatsoever, in such of a hazardous nature. in such a

weapons, or poisons, or a manner as to cause death, manna as to cause. or likely to
noxious gases, or other injury. or ckstruction of ca~ death of. or injuries to any
chemicals, o,- any other property or.equipment, ns or loss of. or .
sub.stances (.whether used or intended· to be· ·dam~ to. or ~1.ruction of.· •
biologicaJ or otherwise) of a used for the defence· of property di ption of any
hazardous nahJR, ~n such a India; {b) is or continues to supplin or sc ·ices essentiaJ lo the
manner as to caust. or as is be a member of an lifeollhecom unih· , in India or in
likely to ca~. death of, or association declared aBy b~ipl country or causes
injuries lo. any pnson unlawful under the «-destruction of ~ny
c,r persons or·dam~ge to, or Unlawful Activities property or ~emcnr used. or
destruction of p~opecty (Pre'"ention) Act; 1!167: or intendtd to be used for the
or disruption any supplies voluntarily does an acl defcnc:r of India. or in connection
or services ·~ a l to the aiding or promoti'!S in any with •y ·Olher purposes of the
life ~f the communicy. or manner the objeccs of such Go,,·cmmenr of India, an"· , Sure
detains any person and association ... commies a Government or anv of their I

threatens 10 kiff or i.njurl' terrorist acl. agencin. or detains any person

::uch persons in cirdt·r lo and thrratcns lo kill or injure such
(•>mpd the go'-~etomcnl or person in order lo compel 1hc
.tny .other_ p<.•(St;Q lo do or govt-mnwnr ,n I nd1a or the
;1b~ta_m front doing au~ ac1. ~o,·<'rnnu-nl ,,f ;1 furci!..,rn l:Ounln;
c,mrn ,t:-- lt"norisl ac,
·- ,
or an~- o&hc-r pc~on ro do or to
- . abs1ain rrom <loin~ an,· an .
·- .
co,nnl'I" J trnonsl act-.-· - -- ~--.

Conspiracy and ·supporting terrorism

.H:{} \Vhnc,Tr t·onspin·, .., 3(:~j \Vhoen;r nmspires or Sanw as I•( )T:\
.tllt'lllf>l\ lo n,mmit. Ill ;1llt·n1p1, to rommil. or St:cllon I, lpu,w,hin('nl f, 11 ra1:-.ul~
ach-ocates. .1bt'l'i, ad,·iws or ;1<h-ocah:s. ab<·l~. ad, i~c::. or fund::. rur lt'·rrun'!>l ac.11
i11ci1c<:> or kn·o\\·ingl~- mnte'> or koo\\·in~h St·chon IX i.pu,mtun<.:,H for
v •

f.1ul11a1c:s th<> commt-..-...ou of. L...r &11talt-~ the cornmi~ion conspir.)(:~·J

,t krron~• • act. ~h.tll ~- , ,f. a tcrronsl act or an,· act Sc.·ction l!J tpuni~hmcnt for
• fHIIH~h'1blc \\'llh prc-paralor~· lo a l<:rrorisl harbourin••I
.:,.

imprixonmc-nl. .. i-1) \Vhoc·n·r ac r. .. ( 1 \\'ho<',·cr Sc-clion :!II !punishment for hein•• ;;,
harbour:> or c;,nr.cal~. 01 , ol11nr.1rik harhmu, or llll:n,be, ..r h.·11011,1 .....·•~111••
.:, 01

arrcmprs ro harbour Hr t un,eaf... or allcmph 111 c •r~ani1.arioni

cn11n·..1I. an, lcrrun~l .Jl.tll be tuit<eal any per~,n Sc.·ction :!I \pun1~m.•nt for huldin$
puni~h:ihlc- with kno\qng rhal )uch p<'~on ,~ proct>_ed) or ll'rrori~an i
llllJ.>fl~Oll men( J r,:rrur i::.L. L'ii :\n~ pc-r~on S<"crion '!1 1pun,")hmcnl f, ,r
,, Ii,• 1, ~• mt>ml,c-r uf a 1hrca1cning \\ 1111t·,~.
tc:rn ,risl or.~ani~ation.
 '
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_Anti•Terror Laws ~d Hum an Righ ts

.
' (Con tinue d r•rom previ.ous page)
--
TADA POTA UAPA 2004

-which is involved in
terrorist acts... (6) Who ever
knowingly holds_ ~y
prop erty derived or a
• obtai ned
• • . •
from
• .t •.
commission
o( an.y ~rror ist act or has
IC been acqu ired throu gh the
n lerrorisl fund s... (7)
whoever thr~~a:is any
~no n who is a witil ns or
any other pcno n iri whom
such witness may be
interested. with violence, or
wrongfully restrains or

__ __ __ __ __c_o_n_fi_n_e_s_1_h_e_\_\·_it_n_e_
ss_.__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
__ W -~ ·
h~- to
puni shm ents for offen ces. aimi ng there
rt:111 .
l II. HOW ARE ANTI-TERROR LAWS mak e anti- terro r Acts suffi cicnt h: dctcr
.EXTRA-ORDINARY OR DIFFERENT f Anti -ten or laws , thus . ~re pfcm1se,d
nr'9 the
Y LAW S? extr aord man ·, nmc-·.
FROM ORDINAR idea of·te rror ' bein gan·
aord inar v mea s11r rs· of
e of the rcqu itlnu - extr
If one wer e to iden tify som ey pro" ide.f or a legal
a
char actt. 'nsti c fcalu res of extra ordin ,
ary laws . , mi•e stiga tion
an . 1cia proc edur e whe re ilw '.H. ,., 1,1n1 1,
lion. ·,\·hat JU
"' allcr natav d~·. res~ nd 10 the qu~s
mak es .law s like TAD A and POT
A extra - of bail, adm - .
issib ifit\- ~f spec ific c- Hh':i n• 111·
t."nl arr· c b_, 11,~i·d
coul d cour ts and puni shm
:)rd inan - ?', the lollo wing fcatur_es >11'_ , n : he
• perh aps he ris1ed: subs tanti ally b~ prov iding exn- p! 1(

Lel us no,,- cxam ,ne ~;1c•cd1{

and intem s ordi nary la"--
~ ) The se la\,~ com e \\ilh objcc ls ~:~c ho\, •
specific ro"-isi_ons of T.-\D A and POT.-\ 10
/ proc laim ing the need to resp ond to man · mc-~tsu ;-: u!
pro, blcm s ol rxirJ OI dinar~ natur,t:
It foITows t .ey sea m 1110 10n extra or '
__ .___ . __
that 1hese in vest1b~l.•~~- _a_nd t~•-~-~~------,
~t-,,r from 1hc fact of extra ordin arine ss
- le 'l lct\\s·,\-ill be temp ura~ - and thal their
live
EXTRAORDINARY MEASURES FOR

-~ - ,·ith the extra orciin 'clrv

\,-ou ld be ~tcr mmo us"t , INVESTIGATION AND TRIA.,,...___
.......
d
---- ---- -::- ---
m·er turn
C'\-<'nl~h e,- inlcn 10
ciw, II ,·xrra -
meas ures
tli Sanc e lhc~ are extra ordi nary in part:,. ular 1n
e,-cnt~/ ordin ar~ mea sure s pena inin~
l,rc,u;~ht m r('sp unse lo cxtra ordin arv n~ marl<> to d1r-
inan · baif, adm1ss1b1htv ol conf essio
/
,g
situa tion s. the"- cons isl of exlr aord
-~==l~li~n~CT~U~==~~~~~:-:--..:..:.:
- J

ion. bail. d::p~o".'"Ii:-c:-:e~,~a'=n:!::d=r=s...

,

pro" is,on s p<f na in rng to arrest. detem ance po\,·en_ • u~t vi ,hr-. l'
11 mcnl . great!~- en
111,( '')t,ga 1
icitl y as exrP pt,on ~ r,,
The~- brin g in. ,hcr dore a lei sy~tem of -r11easore!> com e expl
~"
im t6Sl1bation and 1nal. an
pro\- ision s lhat exist in ordinar~· i.n\

- i
I
I
•

" \\)
~"'- ~~ - .:
I
!
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I 8{i

-
Towacds Legal Litera cy .

• . . nd CrPC TAD~ and POTA

Table 15.2: Provisions Regarding Bat1 u er , •' .
Bail 11Jcr Criminal Proadurt &ii undrr TADA Bdil -~,ukr POTA
CMU (CrPc)
• Sectio ns 436 10 450 of chapt er Section 8 of TADA ~de Sectio n 49(6) of POTA laid
XXX. 111 of CrPC . provid e the granti ng of bail subjec t lo down lhal •no person
framc\ ~~rk for ~ntin g bail_ to.· the the pubtid rosecu tor .. . accused of- .an offence
accus ed. The provisions draw a under the Ac~ if in
ha'"ing bee given the .
distin ction bdwt tn bailab le and custod)·. be releas ed on
oppor tunil to oppos e
non-b ailabl e offences. Bailab le and bail or on his own bond
the applic ion for rele~
non-b ailabl e olknc cs are listed in
(section 8(a)I. and the - unless the Court gi\·es the
th~ Indian Pnw ~e. l AAO (I PC).
gtisfa cttan of the Court public prose cutor lh~ •
and ihdic a~ in the· firsi. .Sched ule_
that there were reasonablt- . oppQ rlunit )' of being
of the Cr PC. Baibble •offenc es are
groun ds for believ ing that heacd;··(~ction 49 (6}1
relati vely les.sn iike causing the applic ant wa.s not guilty ·until the Court is satisfied
simpl e hu~ bring ·a memb er of an
of the offenc e and not that there are groun ds for
unla,~ ·ful ~bh ·. etc.. and- anv
.
perso n c_ommiui~g a bailab le offenc e
. likely to comm il such an beliei•ing lhat that he is
offence while on bail not guilty of comm itting
has a legal right to be· releas ed on
lscction ~(b)I. suc·h offenc e· fsectioo -'9
bail. A ~on-b ailab~ · offenc e is of a
(7}~ Due lo the ambig uou~
more ~riou s nature like. murde r.
wordi ng of a pro,·iso in
r=tpt'. d.1co ity. rte. ~ hile a perso n
1

sectio n .i~• (7). which slace.d

~u:cu~ <'d of non:l)."}alahl~ offenc es
. . that the provis ions of
can n, ,t !;cl ~,I a mane r -of- right. it
sectio n l~»(h) ,,·ould appl~·
dne!) nut mean 1ha1 1hc accus ed
after ~ t:~pi~ of ;,a·
• .11111, ,t !;t."r l')all ~• alt :\p:.rt
from period of (me c.u fron a
1,:u1 ahk and nun-b ailabl e ofle"c cs.
lhe datt· uf dcccnt ion of
~n::11 nn 'li<.J of tlac CrPC di,·i<l(..,
the auust ·d undl·r th<- ;\cc.
nffrnn :--; .t:, co!,rni:,.able· ~nd non- it came to b,:- co,mn; ,:\I·.
r, '.:::'1) I /.~1hlf' . Cusmzablc olTC'rlC t:~ likt· ht:lae, l·d ~md a-..su1m"(I iu
murd er. rapt•_ dacoit~·. arc th~>SC for judgt·nwnts . that bail
\, t 11(. Ii :i pohet · offact'r can arn:!\l a unckr PC >TA ~" a., noc
r!,·(~C ' " \, 1tho11t a warra nt from 3 ~ib h: hdoH · thl' l'Xpir~
m.1.~1- ..1r Jlt: In non cogni zahk uf Olll' q:ar.
111f eu< t·:, e.~.. chcatm g. causin g hurt.
bigaan ~· ctr .. a \~·arrant from a
ma~i\ lr:Jlt' ,~requir ed for makin g
arr;':>t The Firsl Sched ule of &he
( rl'< • 11\b cogna z;.bk and 11on·
cobn ii' ."lblc- offt>ncc<i. For offenc es ••
und,·1 iJ,, ') ulh<.·r than the I PC.
, ,H,·rv ,~-:: for ,,. hich pu1li<,hm<>nt r,f
tlir, ..- , ,:ar> or more ma~· be hande d
• <l, ,·., n .H,. c 1x._'1111abl~ oHenc<."':,
..
 ..

~~-_:..-~--;:
Anti-Terror Laws and Hum•an Rig~l$.
. -...... - • l87

B..
rolonged Period of Remand
Detentio-------
. .. . .
-
detention
wa
ovidinv for .arres. without
olice and
oth TADA and POTAp_~ribcd exceptions judicial cu·stody a _._....rrr1 in which
to~he orclmary law facilita~in;,jrotonged the c arge sheet c .
. ::::::

Table 15.3: Remand Provisions under CrPC~ and POTA

Rmuind prouisioa CrPC &mand p,ovisioru unda • &wind prwisioru under

TADA • POTA

Under ~rticle 22(2) or lht Coostitution or Section· 20(4')(b) of Stuioo 49{2)(a) of POTA
lndi~ every person is- a.anted 1'd Tf<D:\. laid do,,-"'fl bi3 down exccpti-;n to
detained should be brocaght ~fore the cxce-pcien to section ffiW) Cr PC
near~st ~agislnte within a period or :l,. J6i(2) of CrPC- Ml)idiog •ba_t the
d hours of arrest. excluding lime required· provi~ch at~ references to • J.-j days·. ·!)O
( for travelling from the pbce of arrest 10 the ·;;rerenccs to • 15 d;p•. cbys'. and '60 days·.
magistrate·s court.
-~----
'6cfcfa..
·90 days·. and n·. whcrrver they occur. shall

-
Under section lfi"i of the CrPC. 1hc wherever thcv occur be k construe~
'w
day~·. rdcrcnces lo ·Jo da~·s·. ~I()
us
magistrate is aulhonzed to extend the.·
·~
construed as
pcri<Xl ol detention for a maximum pcnod -.....,·one n~ar·. and enc ----- ~. '=ys. a~a~·s
of 1.:; days. if the investigation cannot.J'e ~ear·. rcspecti,·c!y. ~- 11

~d completed within '.l4 hours. At the end of l.'l

...,.------- Scctjan .i9 (b) _
da~ s. the accused must be produced lx·forc- pro,·ided furt~cr that in
tht· magistrate. ,, h11 can. if th~rc arc c~ ii was not po~siblc to .
adequate grounds for further detention m complete the investigation
judicial cu~tody. exlcnd the detcn_tion for l.1 in-!!() day,·, !~e s ~ ~ -
da, The to~., pc-riud or dctent,un <:annol court could... on ttu- b.isi~
, <-.. .
n:cn·d 1,0 da,·s. \,·hcther the invesltl;iaWtQ. of of the r«:-port of thi' puhlic
1hc· 11Hencc- tia..._ b1·cn complc1cd or 11111. prosecutor. exlc;nd thL"
JX-riod to IKl!__g;,ys.
l.l)

y
V~fcssmns Mac!e to Police off:::::> in general is susp~c.l. confessions.madc--to-thc
:\long\\ ith the •right lo speedy trial'. 'protec- .police ha"·c an e,·cn lower credibility as legal
tion ~ain~t self-incriminalion• is a funda- .e\·iacnce, since the police is normalh- also
mentTprinciple of lhc criminal justice s~:stem. l.b; in'-·cstiora1iul~ a;,eocy More often than not.
More often than nol. confessions are ~en ,, 1th such a confession is extracted under \·ar~·ing
I
su~p1c1nn. and governed therefore by degrees of repression and coercion. Most I·

exclusionary rules. which basically means lhat constitutions assur(" protection against self-
any confe'>'>lun is seen.as suspect. unless it •~ incrimination. or provide the right lo remain
unquest1onahl~- established that prc-lrial silenl and the laws of evidence- exrludC'
pro(edures and safcb'Uards have been adhered confessions made to police officers~ prirn;.i~·
10 \\°h1l(• then i<irntid~- "·alue of cnnfess1um, e\1d('nu: of ~ruilt.

-
•
r
- • 188 Toh·ards Legal Llteracy
,.
Table 15.4: Provisions P~rtaining to Confession under Various Laws
Provisions pnt,ai•ilfl lO Provisions ll'f'IIUT TADA Prouisioru unda POTA
<onfe.ssion undrr CW •rdiaary
law and tlu (:.IUliblti.. of

'"""'
(Ii ~rticle iO(J) of~ C admissibility or caafoss&o'l lo a ~tion l) of .P9'f~\
(
Cons_titution or lnctu G. ( policc.officcr as lq;a.J,i>·idence ~·as bid-down that
declares that ·no ~rsora fir..t permilled in India und<:'r ·notwithstanding
accused of any offcnc" shall !ADA. <f-ction I.~ or TAD:} laid aD)'lhing in the µxi,- or
be compelled 10 be.- a • down. ·noh,·ithst.andjog aoytbing looian f..rid~~e
witness a~r.imst himst-lf in the Code or in the I ndia.n ,. Act Ut7l ( I of 1871), .but
embodying thc:-rd>)· .(:~•,denu Act Ut7l {I of IX7'l). buc
p ~ t lo the pro,1isions
pnnciple of pmlmion •~15jR, lo 1& provisions-of thi~ cl rhC seetio, ,. a
agaanst compulsion~ 3-elf sect.ion. a conlessaon made by a confession made ~- a
<
incrimination.
person before a police officer nol -
--
~ n before a police
~ C l , o n s :Jli ,:md r; of lu,,·er in r.mk than a officer not lower in @llk

-
•he Indian Ev,<knc" Au
Supl·rinlcndenl of Polin: and llian a SupcciurcodeAI of
IX~ 'i.<Tlton '.!~,~ dcn,n
r':cordcd by )UCh ool~c&-uff,cc.-r Police and recordcq b~·
th;.i1 • N,, ,nft·!>:..ic~ m;ut..·
C'(
,·ichc:r in ,,·ncing or on ~m~· --5Uch office, ·cithe;r in
f;~- an~ p~rso·,.; whilsi he-" >
.~ll'chanical de\'ice like cassette!>. -;.Tiling or on an,!::..
11Jth<· n1:.tc ) ( h 11f a ~,c;
1;1pcs or ~mnd lracks from 0111 1;( 11iEc6amcal or clrc1ronic
r;ffiq•c. unlps II hr D\;,ldt· 111 \, hictl sounds {'[ irn~~L s t.'IIO he- ~,-~
.; Ii,· 1111 n tt ·d,;ar,· j,rf')CJ.jr.: 111 '-
pr, 1cluc:1·d. ~hall be ..idrn1))1ble 111
J I J _i;, ~• 1 Jh:. ,hall bt·
__prnv<:rl a,; ;ig;1in'>t "SU<h
1,cr~uu· Sc·c11u11 .!1 b,,
-
1,ffr-111 c- uncirr this A<.t 01 n1l1·,
·~ o r sound lrac·b,
*!h1:. tn..il uf MJch pt;rson fu,- an . . . ·fwm oul of which )Oun<l
or i&nagtS"'§.u..be-
made· thcu·unci,:,:· I1:i( I )I 'Tit~· n:pr~, shalt-b<-
d"\' n 1b.,i ·1•,.,, 1<lnl 1h.11 puli(.,· ulfkc•1 sh;1II bcf11rr--
\,lwu ;,n~· f:11.11:. dq,.,".<f lu
adrnissibl<- in th(" (rial of
1<·n 1rdi11~ •;iny nmfc))io11 under sudi vcrson for an
;p, di,c c" cn·d 111
,uh :--1-<.:l11111 11). 1:xpbin 111 th,· olfem:c uncic-r I his An nr
c1111,,·c111t·11t c· ,.(
pt·l'-1111 111a(,n_~ 1l lh..11 Ii,· ,, ,;111 1l1e.· rule:. mac.It:
i11f11r111;11i1,11 r,·\;•·i\(·d fru111 ho1111d lo m..1k1· a conk,;s,on <1nd • I • • ·undc:r·.
.1 pcr.n11 .ic n,,,·d uf ;,n, tl1;,1_:if he cf,.,.,,,,, 11 111.1, L,· 11,nl
'- The !,'l1i<ld111t·:-.
• ,ll,·11cc·. 111 111,· c 11..i1o<1' of .1 J~ c, id ...net· a5a111~1 h,m and ,ucli ........... l,
~ ~ c d h~· the
r... f,t C f ,Hie 1·1 I much of pol,u; oHiu·r -.lµII not record ;111_ Supr<-me Cc 1un in 1hc·
:--Ill h 1nlon1r.1l11t11.-"-hc:1h,·r \IKh co11f,·ssiun unless upon Kartur Sin~_/1
. . ca:-.c ,,·ere
i1 an101111l~ 10 ;i ~-onft-s-'>1u11 ,pwslionin_i: 1hc- pt·rson !"naki11g i1. induck-d in POT.-\ :1s
/Jfll\

1,r 1101. a:-. rd;,11·:-. chrn.1h 111 lie h:,:. rt·a..,1111 lo bdirH • I h.,1 11 •~ \;!(<'guard~.
tfu: fou I h<·rc·h\ d1',( m rrc·c1. l.>c·m~ HIJdf' u,l11ratJ11h • f 1.;, ! •I
m,f\· t,<• pro, ,·d •

dw Kmta, Sm.f!.h, uprem<> Cnur1 affirmed lhe admissibili1~- of

confc~s,on~ as ii existed under T.-\D.-\. and also
;.:,111,;, .\111_;:,1 , s,,,,, "f /'ut1;ab. \\ ru p.-r111un ""·
PH i ,,I l'l~d ,i.-r11l~<I "" 11 ~l.,rlh l'.1'.11. 111'.q -~
~aid down ~pcc1fic h'Uidelines a~ ~afe,:,"Uarch.
-ic.·c ·., .. , to ensure 1ha1 ·cnnfe~sion <?btaincd in the pit.··
 - - - - ~- • 'lllllliir - 'IIIQIIIII
-
' indictment inte
.
ti. • b •
,,. -
Anti-Terror Laws. and Hu'man Rights •

rroga on y a police officer be(erc a.iue,dical officer not lower in rnnk

IS 'not " ·
..: tainted with any vice, but is in strict than of an ' assistant civil surgeon~
- conformity with th~ well-recognized ·and .. (4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the
f=' •

accepted aesthetic principles and fundamentai Code of Crin1inal Procedure, 197:i, no

fairness•. The guidelines wne as follows: police officer below the rank of an
. . Assistant Commissionn of Police in the
~econfessio n must~rec::orded in a-free•. metropolitan _cities ~d el_se.~herc of a.
atmn:q;berc •in the $ainc larigiiage 1ci which • • Deputy Superintendent of Police. or a
the person is examined and as. narrated police officer of equivalent rank. shuuld
by birn: investigate any offence punishable undc1
~ ) Th~c_sQn from whom a cQ..nfession has ... ,tl\i~ Act of 1987;
bee~ recorded nnder section 15{ 1) of the (5) The police officer if he is seeking th(-
Ac'-t should be producrd before-the Chief custody of any person for pre-indictment
Metropolitan Magistrate or the· Chief or pre-trial interrogatiOA-from the judicial
Judicial l\-1 agistrat~ 10 whor:n. the custody, must file an affidavit swom by
confession is requiredlobe~nt...@ der rule him explaining the reason not onl)''Of such
15(5) ~long with the~narstatemenl of custody but also ~or the delay, if any. in
confession. written or recorded on seeking police custody~
mechanical device "';thout reasonable -{(i) In case the pc:rson. taken for interrobratH:>n. •
delay; on receipt of the statutory ,1,·arning that
The.Chief f\1etropolitan ~fa1,11.st1c1te or the he is not bound to make a confession and - .
/ ,-, ·Qli~f Judicial K1agistrate_ should that if he doc~ so. the said statement ma~·
,crupuloush record ,~-sUlcn~~:.if. any. be used aga1n'>I hm1 as c"·ide.ncc. -~,s~crt'i
-.made by the accused so produced and get his right to sil<>nCf". the- police offi(Tr 1n11·,1
ht'.). si~'11a1,u e .1nd m c~ o! any cornplainC-- - rcspec! lu~ r1gh1 of a~sertaun \'-'lthu11I
(1f1orturc. t'1e p<·r~on· shoulcfbe directed. maki11g an~ t:on1pulsion lo :--:,1\.1.: .,
ro_bc_pJ:oduc4!d for medical c:xamination sta1c-me111 , •f di~c.. lu~un:.

Table 15.5: Provisions Regarding Wire T{Jpping under Various La\vs

7.-1/JA /'OTA lfAl~-1 I ~NJ, UAPA 200-1

.'\tt ChJph:1 \.' of POT:\ {~ction!) Jci lo -IX} lay. ~o pro\ 1su,n Sel:l1011 -lfr
pro\ t!)wn d,,wn lhl' !)pc:cific pro"isions pertaining to N Ot\,·ithstanding
·111rcrccp1ion of Communic:ation in Certain ;m~·thing cun1ainccl m thc-
C;,se!)·. .1;,'l\ mg dt-fo1111on t.\c-c11on :if•J:
1Ls 1udi~tn f.\idc-nc\· .\n lK;
:tppninl rr1t•n1 of a111f101 it~- (srction
comrwrc-nr 111 ;ul\ ••lh<-r I~,, I,,, tltt·
i 7 i. 1ht· JH <.x. t-durc- for appl1ca1 IOn and time- bemg in force. th\· •·
~rnrlu ,1 rtat,un of intc:rct.>pliun (!)ections :ut and t ., ,de-on· collt'c H·d

f ~~•,. dit.· ~aft•l:,'lJards. including 3 rc,·iew t h1 nu~h anh:rccpllnn , .:

) f,,, ,c,4.:d111 t· (,l•(t11,n-.. Ill .encJ If 11, .ind ~ubmi~,,on ""'-'· t·lt·ctronec. ,,r or~I
'•
(. ·, ,111,n,u·d , '"
-
11,·,t , ,., .....
.

-
 .. •

Towards l..egru Literacy

too

(Continued from pr,,-ious page)

UAPA 1967 UAPA 2004
TADA POTA
of annual r,port or interce ption {~tion 4H). comm unicat ion under
Section 38 (I}: A police officer not belo"· the rank of the provis ions of the
Supnintendcnt or Police supervising the Indian Telegr aph Act,
in\"cstigation or any tcnori st ·act under POTA could li)85, or the
submit an ~pplication in writing to th, c~mpetenl lnform ~tiQn .
I. 0 authority for an order authorizing or approv ing Technology Act, 2000,
I intcrcq>tion. The applica tion shall include the
idcntily o( the investigating officer·and a sutem ent
or anv, other law for
the Lime being in
of lM bets ~d circumstances relied upon by the force. shall be
appliont., the type or commu 'nic~tio n to ;,dmissible as c~idcnce
intCIUf(ro, .ind the identity of~ person who~ against the accuse d in
communications arc •to be ~ntcr~cptcd. The order b)· the Court during the
the com~ ent authority- must specify the identit~· of trial or 3 case:
the ~ n whose communicati<m is to be Pro\'id cd that the
mtttcq>tNi. d1c natur<' and local.ion of
conten ts of any wire.
commu mcatio n fao.lities. the agc.ncy authori zed to
dectru nic, or oraJ
mtcrcq,t and th<-. period or time during ,,·hich
comm unicat ion
mtcrcq,tion ,s authora1.ed The compe tent ~u·thorit y
mtcrc~ ptcd or
shall imnl('diatcly •ah(.·c pas!>ln!, tht" order under
enden ~c derive d
• sub-sec tion 11) of '>l'Cti11n J~•. ':>hall .!>ubmil a cop~· f,f
• . 1herdn ,m shall not
lhe saf1l(' to lht· r<', u-,, n,mriltl l(.·e ,,ilh aU the
n:ceivc d in c,·idcn cc
rt·lt·, ;,n( p;,pt'r, Sec I io11 • ·, :\c•~"'' h~andm b
or disclos ed m a trial
=anytlung m lht'°Cm k c,r in an~ clthc-r law for thc-
unless th(.· accuse d h:.c.
1111H· l-."Ul$_ an t"" ,.. it..- , •._ ,d,·nu· u1llt·<.1nJ_ .tfuou;
h t,t·<"n furrush cd ";th a
tl1<' llllf'1<.e ~cun ol ,,,..-. 1·l1:ctr~111ic. ur oral
cop~· of the order. .
t 1111,mu nacalmn 1111dc-r \111, t haplc·r ~hall bt·
lJnl,kc- P()TA .
.id1ilfs.. ,iblf' a-. t·,·,ckn n· ai.;a111!>l the~ ;1_rcu!lc·d
in ltw
Cl)url <.lun11~ th,· lrial , ,I ~• c;,::.,·. p111, ,cl..-d tl1;1l ll1t·
pro,·i-.1 011 nf ren,ur':><.·
L Oll(t•nb ·or an, \\ lft•. dc·l l ru11ir • or
. . oral tu the rc,·,c·w
r 11111munec;1llon int<'rc q ,h ·d pohu~m t to lhi'> t. h.apte r
commillc-e or
:·,;r rYi4:nu:. dt:.1.1ll:..d 1hcrd11 1111 ~h.tll 11111 bt· Jt•u·",·<l
in e, icknu· or olht·n, ,,c· d1-.clo\t·d in an,· trial. lt-h'l'\lati, c f<'\'lcw.

la·ann~ Of uthc:r prouTd tn~!> Ill au~ (otu1 unit.·~':)

e:-ach accused ha..s bet>n furni~ht'~I a copy ·~,f tht: ord~r
1c·1'i d~,,·s 1-x-forC' trial S,·rlio n lfi: The- re-, ic-,,

c. c11nmiu ec ~all n·v1c.·,\ c.·, l f\ rnd<'r p;,~d l,~

0
tfw
cc,mpt·lent au1hcir1 1, -..,.., 1,,,0 ,; lnti-act>ptum Jnd
d1!>dO~re o( \\trt'. eke lrun1c. or oral .
t11m111 unic;i111 1n\ , .... p111h1lJ 1lc.·d c·~ccpt .b ~,,hen'
l\t·
-:.pc-ufic.tU~ prc,\'ldt·d 111 ,e( 1111n .ill ~«-Chun IX·
.\nlll1.sl ,q,urb ol 1111,·111·1••1c,n\ Jrt· 111 be- prt·parc -d
~P.1n~ full .1ccoun b .,f 111t1·1c-1·p11111h. under
lhe
111-:,lrll( 1iuns of 1lw t, __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____
1111 JI , ,r ~1.111: ::::._
;:;," 1·rn111e nb
 \\nti-Terror 4ws 3fld Human Ricrhts I 91
• ,, . . . ->

'
Table l~.6: ~eview Procedure and Comm.itt(:!es
:Und~ TADA
Under POTA Under
UAPA ZO(J.I
TADA did not iniliaJly ha"·e POfA provided for centnl and stale review -~
a p~ovision for setting up al - ~
committees as ~eguards -~ins~ ~i~~sc of
.~,-....,,
the act Section 69 of POTA laid. down thac
,··-<.
revi~w committee. In th·c
~)4.
·-Kart.a, S~'I, v. Slau oi . ..- '-;/'
(I) Central Govemmenc and each Sta~e
Punjab.' the Constitution Government shaJI, whenever necessary, ·"· ~-.---
,:r" ,;_r)
l '-"°'l¼•·
Ben<ih of the Supreme constitute one or more review commiuecs; ... s-i •
Court suggested that a '
tl) Every such committee shall consist of a ,,.;_ ··..-..
'higher levd of -s~rutiny and c'-""~"'n
-~•_,
and such olhtt .mcmbe_rs not ./"'-
I /"
-
appli~ab,lity o( TADA' excttdingthree and possessing such .-4-~.,,. '-)
should be enstired ·by qualifications as m~y be prescribed; (3) A . ,'-:\ °/".
seumg up a screening or ~ n of the commiltce shall be a ·'\ ·;-._.,
rcv,e,.., commiuee. The penon w~o is, or has been. a judge of a ~ -
commiuee consisting of the High Court, \<,·ho sh~) be appointed ~ c
Home Secretary. Law Cenaral Govemmenl, or as the;9:har'be. •
St:crclary. and ·other Sure Government, howeve the
St--crecari~ '"as to ,c ... ic,~· concurrence of the Chief J u ~ , · he f-f igh
all l"AD:\ cases in:.lituccd Court shall be obtained in ti • . of ;1
h~ the Ce111ral sitting judge: Provided rtfa':2, he case ·of a
G, ,q_•mment. as well a.s 10 union cerril'~,r·y. che ~in~ent uf a· r_ers~m
hJ, t· a· 'liui1rrl~ who is ;a...ju<lge of ~ ~ u r l of a slalc
adm1111s1rali\'C re,·iew. chairperson ~~.n,adc "·irh 1he
r(·\ Wh •ftr ~•pplicalllJI) I ,f concurrcru:e.~,mcerncd High Court.
1.-\D:\ pm~:.iun!> in the •. '~ -
• ,1a1n Sin11lar S<rc-cning fir lln..'icu.: Pmadurc: fiom •
a.dm~til.'e to quaJi·judiciul pm.L•cn:· _
,·craJ complajnts. some of h·hic.:h
.. ,· om the re ... ie_w commiucc ilsdf ah< llll
...... t ' ~ -1-0( cooperation from slatc- -· ····· ...... .
. .};. ~\~mmcnts., an Ordinance was
. :~.9 -.-~ulgatcd on '.28 October :!()([j to amend
.,...•-->ois,..,/::) s«tion _60 of PO~~ to give more ·_t~eth • to
f,,__, -, t~ ~cv1~w comm11le~ Th_us on an
L·i °'••' • applic~ from an aggnc ...cd part~··. th~
' ~v c~ SUie H.'\"l(.'W commiUee!i could
.
•
\.. J n~ decide, "·hether there existc.-d a prima
-, --~,.,~ - fa~ case for proceeding against the accused
,, ·---.~, arrestNt under POTA 'and is.su(' direclio11--
...._'-~>·· accordingly' !section ,;oi.i lj. This am<.'ndm;nt
('\ v nor only madt> the direction binding on the
'J\~-t-1.. .• I 'il'C ·,,,:,
('\"\j ·Con1an11(·d <m nn.1 pa;;,·
It\..;)
,..
•
_..• \ "" ..:--J
'i:(9

·"'· •
 •.

192 Towards Literacy

1
r I

(Continu ed from· pccvious page) j

I

Under UAPA
Unda TADA UndrrP ~A.
2004
'
central and state governm ents arid police No
officers investigating the case (section. fi0(5)(•.it pro,·isio ns.
also pro~cd tha1 the direction issued by the
Central Review Commi a~: would pu,,ail over
any order passed by a state_-·com milltt in any
case of review relating. to tJ:.e same olrence
under PITTA l~tion 60 (~)f.
. .
&uicw proudurc in- t/tL. POTA. &f>MI Ad:
The Preventio n of ·T~rroris m (Rtpca.1) Ac~
2004. provided t!ie ·guidelin es f°' dealing with
the cases thal had. accumul ated over lhe Act"s
short span of life. Scc-~on 3 of the r ~ Acl
directed that the legaJ-judiciaJ process set in
mo~on in cases under POTA \vould be pul on
hold u~til the ~e.vie~ commitlc<: ga,·e its _.,,....,,\
approval .. Under ils new and enhanc~ .• -~,,.·
powers, the review committe e was entrusted.,,;,·'--~.
• I

wirh the task :of reviewin g aJJ cases

'

under tbe AcL to see • ·,

whether or not a_~n~_-• •
"--.....~-

rr.... ..
facie case for· proceedi ng against the ~c11"se~..
could be made. whe1her or n o t ~ ~ ~ for
,~,·•c"' I.ad ken ,nadc: lo the~~~ '\.,
commille e under scc!ion t,o~1'h e Act.· TI1~
•~k of re~1cv.- l~ad __lo bt'~~lc tc~ wit~~t" J .
year. \"/hale rev1ew1n ('.c~'X._~e rcvi('w •
. ~Ii,,· '
comm,nec- had ~owe~ -of a civil court. a_nd
could orde~ r"~.ddu ction of specif~
d<xun1co is~~~t/qu is.itioo puhlic recoJ<ls from
, , ---
a~C?'" \ Q{_ o4c-ce. U l~ revie~,- commiuc e
~.tlle r~·as no pnma facu c~ ag""cl.inst
~ ¼ d . then even if the Court !'a9 1akcn
"\.~~i zance i~ the case~ i~ s~a..11 be deemed ~6
( JV nr·e been withdraw n. S1m1lat"ly cas.c:-s ~II m
\.~ the proce-s~ of in\"l~liga tion \,·ould do~d
' " 'Y Further. ,n cases in \'I, hich Ina.I had not begun.
\ .,) the Act provided that no courl could take
.. C'\....~- - cognila11ce <Jf an offence under the repealed
, ,..., Q P( )T.-\ c,n~ ~-t';sr after rhc cnmm<"nCt'menl of
,,.........,,.<-. '-.,, the iepc-;il ( )rdinanc e.
');"I\( )'"' ----------------------
.... ,.1
. \. ... ~{
/t. .'

v
 Anti-Terror Laws and H R.i
f . ,,. uman ghts 193

A ~rception or Electro~
Com - n1c ) the accused may be charged at the same •....:a1
mun1catipo _,, 7l:..1::-::--:::-n---~ u.a
TADA had n I . a
the offence was connected ~;th the offe~ce
under the Acts. Moreove;, al m the course ol
~o •on or
~-v~A allowed e1-- · • '.
- •
hone t;iinpinP
- ~-r .:,· -:.:~~-:-:-----.
e ecu-onac •••cept.iom which the trial it was found that the accused had
are othenvise n 0 t d . . ' .
. a massable as evidence to commaued any other offence under the Act
b e res l d - ' ce (TADA or POTA) or under any other l~w, . . "'-.'-
., _']"
en e 1n
4. . . special court could·co()vi~t the perso~ of
r -~~-----==t=e ~) the offenc a pass a sentence under the AcL~--
-::::=::::=~~==:: ::::::......,______ ______ ·3 ,al by designated/special courts){_ IJIU1,( L)
prefermu-:-5ection77 ofTADA l~d d o ~ ~
cial Couns \vith E the trial under the Act of 'any offen e ~ e
T.-\.0~~~--~OTA ernpgw~Nl•becenlra l an_d designated court shall have piec over

r~!!"ed' fo as design~ted COUflS (~'TA.DA). . -~y.OUler .court (not being··a· • ·ated court)
and special cour·ts (~ in'.. PofA). with over-· and shall be concluded_11 'RI erence to the
r_idmg powers. (n inslanc·es whn-e the Central trial of such other case ~~r~ingly the lri~
l;overnmenl set up such _a court where one of su<:~other case ~emam an abeyance •
conslil~cd. by th'e Srat·e ·co~ernmcm w a s ~ ta! again.s~ • -'S~ natttJ.!special courts:
alr~:sd~ in place. all cases-~ndin before the ~~gcals at~-~ . ~c•_saons made by the
latter. wer • . ns err~ lolhedC!.i_l,rnated/ d_~s1gnat~ c ~Yunder'=f.WA could be made
')pc.:ci~al cou.n cuusurured b,- the Central unk l upreme Court_ Section 19 of
C, ,, t"l."JuncnL: '"'--',,nu own that while an appeal again~t
:_ : Enluu,udj~rud~·awR-Of-f'a,~IJJ Courts:Th·c emenl or order of the designated court
1urisdicri<m of des,~ri_:i~e~~~d spccial~~urb 1 ..as a n,_atter of rig~t befo~e the

1.,J11:,1,,u1<.·if ·u!•dct TADA ~nd f'()T:r,~r~me Court. no appeal agmnst_any Judge

,.,..,pt·ctiq_·h·. w?-~ l.'~pecia y enhancrd so mcnt.sencence<>ror de_rofthedcsihrnated coun· •.

,1 ~uper\cdnJ the JUnsdiction of all local c ould be made l<t any othc; courL E,·cry appeal.
Ill its area, in r<.·spc•<:( of ufft'ncn ( m ;iittcd . nfr,n:o_vcr. had lo be made ' " - i l h ~ f
11n<ler dw :\ct(s). l\loreovcr. atl ling :TI, {!_!.its f,q, .. lhe eat~ uC•bejodg~mcnl. unless
rc, ~uch ufft·ilccs pending imnMLJ~~~- •fore the Suprt!me Court \,·as satisfied that the
rhc cblt' of J:,~ut.· ul ~u<,;h'°TI 11 • before ap_geilani had sufficient Cause lorn~ making
1.,, ;ii cou rb "ou Id , , a , ~ s erred on that an appi-al within· the stipulate\! _period,
dJ,c- lo l c ~pt:c1(1c¼~' / • .
f· ou.·aJ rfdrsigifu<e_!~rt.s.with u1put to oth~r III. ANTI-TERROR lAWS:
,tr \\"t (_ ,_ f
i1101as: • lt:"n ~f\"'11~:;/an d fence under I.AO:\ PERSPECTIVES AND POSITIONS
and P( )T..\.1h~·He-s.i..;11~tl•·d and ~pecial court'.)
ruuld a o'an)sny (,ther offence \,-ith which •
. OFFICIAL PERSPECTIVES

\Vhile both the supporters of anti-terror laws

and its detractors agree that these la,,·s are

'lh,d '-t•fliun L!: Prc-, t·ntton of Tt>rrurasm _\ct ·11Mn

'"' ''"" .!'• •

 . . .. . - .. -·. -
·•·· - - - - - . p• •

194 Towards Legal Literacy

...
. .
,,
draconian e official ~~l-4'-LLLL..U&rough governance in the ~try; in order to redeem
4ifferentr: emphas_ized the necessity t-he crisis fo national secunty and dieck
e 1 u r en put institul:iei,a:1 eFesian; ihwm impcn tant that such
forw ay be broadly divided into: ~d • ,Ji
uasary amtctioa framework Supeorten ~ r c m g slak. •.i\nti-terror laws a.re j ,,~ _
of anti-terror la"~ often argue that these laws increasingly associated with the idea (!f a , I.
have Lo be brought in Lo control the 'extra· stcong stale. law is often {'/.~ (2_
• _· o~~i~ary siiuations' that emerge primariiy seen as-am~~ of asoft/weak state by _/

o~
beca_use ol the <,penness and freedom '!!.hich those a _.ocatJng anb-t.error laws. · ~:,
democracy allows. In other words, they argue ooptrating IDilll du international !/fort r--...
that µiese-lawsare-oot inimical to democra a inst .laTori.mc AIJ aoti-ten:or l~s .brought .L)
but inte~tothrfuoctioAiR ~ofdemocracy. intostaru'te.~k9 /II hav~loftyclaims, (
~..u ____,__:,..fts necessary ;;d c. uc,al correctives, t~ey dra\'\.;ng fro)n the •mtemational consensus' .-
-------- ser_:e __ __cur~t~ve, and over ·rn~.kipg- •be wo~ld safe f~r dem9<=ra~y:. •;_,,__17"
corrective pu~ses, workmg l<>'~atds ·the M·oreover, the· United Nattons Secunty"\..
pres~r:va • o •legitimate' political authority. Council Resolutio~ 1313 ad~ple~ _on l28\. Jr
(2 ugging tit ltgulal,vt vacuum: lnthe September ~001 w often been cit •
int_erlude between the lapsed TADA and. o_n or anti-terror a~ .
ena_ctment.o(POTA: wbeo theu~ no anti-
terror law in Ind~ there t lament THE SUPREMECouirr'sAF
of a.l~gi crimes
~x mary nature. mis-
sion. for ex p e. in ,ts , l eporl pril. ~~J.p~"'"~~~ lions of
20~0). pointed· at µte necessity of plugging egis a •" na.,...,.,..,,,;r.,..,A s justified
th.is ,·aclJum by puµing in place a law to deal ~u: -~<-;I.:.' 1.·e,whdm.in.gnced'
specifi - • ~'lfilh terrorism. and 'sup,-eq .,. .-rad1er lfian principles
Crisis of nation'aJ ucurity and .irutil7!_tional .. ~'-._)
erosion: Certain arguments pointed at the·
-. . . . . . r~' I•·'~-'\,,
)r(
.
LX ~pl<:mber l(KII. Cvunul
. .
1mperat1vcs of-nallonal sccunty le01sJat1on m . .
&ht' St'Cllrlh
. •
_ . _ c· . ("•~ta inously adopt~d a "·,dc-r;ingtng antt-terrorism
lnd1a. emphaswngihat: (a} there was a chrom~, ulutlf..)11. number ~J,3. calling fur tnter~11onal
crisis of nation~..secunt,· io lrufu! epilo~~"CI.K•J-'<--'IJtlUfl fur suppc-n~~.ind comb.1t1ng intrrnatJ.OJ~JI
by terrorism. organised crime. cri~'-t_a@n"\,: ·rrora~m through 5 ~•'1( ~eps .ind ~lrate51e'i The
o f po l1.l.acs, th-. -
e gro~,ng OU")
b rse - ~ ~oor rn,·,lutum . . .tho e-sublishNI
. ai·committc:e 10 monuor the
. d I d • . d resolution s 1mplemc:ntat1on :and called 00 all stat~ 10 ·1

~n root ess, an ~ssures p o,n an report on actions l~ey had taken lo that end. no laier
consumerism on the limited a csources~ than !IO cia~ s from ib adopcaon Th(' Counter Tcrron:.m
(ii) that matters wo~ned.lh,'\,- facl thal civil Comn1111•·\· \.t't up un<kr th,, rM.Olu1..1on. ;uL;rd for -~c,fic
and judicial admi isfRti~abdicated their mnsurn from membn counlf~s \ 11 .. lc:gi5btaon or
cesponsibilities· ·1e~he judiciary took mt•.isur«·~ fur prohibi&ion of recruitmt.·nt lo terrousi r
recourse to ~iu..,H=,~• rmalism 1he civil grnup,. and the suppl)' of -.·eapoM; 'ilt>p~ being taken 10 h
prt•, t·11t lht· u1mm1~on of l~onSI ,11,l.!,,. procedurf''i for
administratfin cjcd their activitie~ in the den~ mg SJ ft> ha,
en lo terrons&s. 51.i:p~ 1aL.en to esiabl1~h r
face of ~ ~ n e e ; {iii) that a gradual pro- tenu11<J ac .as '.,Criouscnman.il ?fknc<•.-,.. and pm< rduH·s
cess *.!911 had set into all institutions of ,nJ .,.,., hw»m ,n •I•«"'.,,;,.. oth.o """

v~ , ,.,-,,·
/;
-~v'j
...
0- ~;
. J.-9t 0Ii-
I 9-_
( -
V""'r
J/J

\j f j
C
 Anti-Ten-o r Laws and Human fli..,.hts
0 (95
;
or constitu~ onality, especially ~uestions of
der<:>gation of fundamen tal rights.
.iunambigu
• • • - ---QA.', from what
ous position on TA
---

In its.t_idgeme nt in PUCL v. Union India ef 0

(2003}, upfioldm g (Jie CQ~tutio nal~afufi ty It conducted from is premise, a 'full-fledg ed
or POT.'\, the Supreme Court concluded that examinatio n or all aspects of TADA' especially
([in decidine; the legislative competen ~e·or as reports and complaint s of its arbitrary and
~e ~traJ Governm ent on lrgislariog on the abusive use •began flooding_ the Commiss ion
matt r it was necessary to understan d the within weeks ofits establisfuhent'_ f Inscribing
made the criactment of POTA the question of TADA on its re lar end
was •c car lo ar iament that the Commiss ion 'invited periodic meeti .
terrorism was not a usual -law- and -order ,vith oflriciffi ;ofunec:e ooraf-Ed :;ai~~~W
problem' . and that the Court· could not ments. and visit
fact~finding investi
• a matter or or v Arguing that 1:.99:;_'--~·~th~e~Co~:m:.:..:.:m::i:=~~~~rr~~:=~
-;;-;;;
. e. ~-a~. ~po:5sibili_ty 9r ·a~ -CQ~d not b.e '°.~h:.a--;v~e~•l;e::;a;m;;:~~~~~~~hP-jdr-- t. and
counted as a ground for deny.ing the vesting about tfie ,,.rort
gan con tern of the
oflextraor dinaryJ powers· the Supreme Court
which had upheld
. emphasize d. however. that •the fight a~inst Supreme Court jr.
terrorism must be respe~tful t~ human ri hts'. 1hc constil •alidity of TADA. The'
e upre e- o.urt-s position on POT:\ NHRC eafter a "three pronged
slrate • the
·was congruous and contin~ous ~ith its decision
in _l!JY.t upholdin g ·the constituti ona~ry of im~. • .
\.
,f TADA i.n Kartar Singhv. thrStako Plin ah where . or poss, e recourse to the Su
t ; upreme ·ourt maintained rhar ·1ec,;o~- --·~~ e ate for the rene~al
of the Act dr~'"
d
ism·canno rbl'cla'.'>s ificd;,~am cr· •• ~'rose. 11 resorred IQ a :direct approach ' o.f
:f , I •
s~nding letters fr> farliamr ntarian~ c-on,-
of ·public order disturbin th • ' •
not_ t'.e
of t~e life _o~ c-~Jmmuni1y ·of anyy~«\- eel mt'nihng that l_h_~ ljJ~ ~(thl! A~t. should
r .Jcu~crf. ~·hcn 1l exparcd on :lJ Mav l~tb •1
lotal1tv but 111s much morc--'a rrav~o~rc l
1

Act ma<le
situation crca1cd either b\' l. te • al furet·s The.: lefter made it clear thal the
·ii

at the frontier· ·cumidera blc deviation s from the aocmal.la w·

al particu arly
\,·as ·drawnia n in effect and chacacter . ' and
1JI \ anti-natio nals throwi .
hr 'incompat ible "ith (India's) cultural traditions . . ... i.

h~ • al h·stor • and.treat y obli ration •. _h_e___

NHRC conclude d with·the crucial observati on
iO
:rr UMAN RIGH
that it found it·difficult tu maintain human
f INDIA (NHR
fie rights-a charge ,vith which the Parliame nt
vr
ln&3h~s~ 1arge o, m ~ unction t'ntru~1ed 11-·unl~s s the draconian law wa.s
isl
re ·e\•.-mg ~ o r the protectio n o removed from the statute books'_!•
,:7 l'\ 1 g f~ n 1'l o! th(.'
,h'ibr
'-"---
''
------ -----~ -----= t---
:",;HR<: .. \nnual Rt>pon l'l!I~-!•>. p x. L/
•~h -~ \) • r _ ·t1on of If uma~gh ts Act.

':\_,,,-, ("\ _:c:__ ;cl~p! "a i,·elhk>,n ocd a,1d :. ::::· P .,

V\ 1, ){\ ".....} "·I'"'/. --· ·•••' 1• p ·,;! lh,d. Pl•

\).C)\l .
'
\_.I-\ :
"- "' ....

'><!/.'-,j
\ .
 •.
I.
r
19(~ . Towac~ Legal J~ccracy
I
Consistent with its stand O innocent persons from being persecuted and
_!=Ons:dcring llle ~cv~ntion of e~onsm I I,_. p7i,rished', -~or ~y 'proVldtng- for a mfft,r!nt
th e NH RC a ~ two questions: was there and more drastic proce9ure for prosecutJon
a need for the enactment of the proposed law of certain crimcs'. 1l1e NHRC also con-
17

(POTA) and, if there w~. what was the kind ~ded that the Bill would 'hinder rath~r than
of new law that needed to be enacted. enhance, the effective implementa tJon of
NH RC's 'considered unantmous· opinion" as. treaties and other imanatiot;laJ instrumen~ on
stated in its annual report (2001-2002) was _human rights' and· that, in particular. the
~at there was 'no need' to enac-J POfA, since provisions of Bill would not be to con-
t tie kind of -actions that the Prevention of sonance with_. many provisions of the
~arism Bill_. 2000. set ouCto identify in Internationa l Co~enant on Civil and Political
section 3.. were 'substantiall y taken care of Rights (I CCPR) 19 which India was party "'
under the existing laws'.'li Moreover. the
'avowed justification for the new law' viz., the rv. ANTI-TERROR LJ\WS AND
dif(1culty of securing convictions under the PUCATI • FOR HUMAN RJG ,,~,
criminal justice system. and delay in trials.
nti·terror l~,;s bypass co~s,i.J; ~t
were not, in NHRC's opinion. addressed by
safeguards th<Jt ·are- rov1ded 10- helc'oo-
the- proposed law.
stitution in cases of dcte • and
~riminal justice system
irnci.ples of fair trial as.,Ja'rd clown in the
according to it. related to: P j b

·- <"fimMal proced'!!e-. ~a.{~ult these la"·s

g_ ) cf(icic
lac1htate. long-tcrm ~~)¢1 'of large numb_crs
er nHna
of accused/ ~'us ts~.l5'1thout charges being
a~=:;-.,;;~~e~n~~1~n~c~uirf-~i.~_i1:f.o~n~e==o:fF:th~_::':es
brought a!:,rai ti . or proven/disp roven in
~1111..· 111<;: however. ('ould he solved 'hy
a court . •L ___ .
cnanmg laws that did away with the legal
ov~. co~bined '"·ith provisions
!);tle~uards th.1t were- de!)igncd lo
confessi • c officer
•.
ossibilities
•··. In IL'>. "V'_n,011 on th(' l'~t'\ 1·1111,m ur T~nons.in B ~ 0 . y. ignificantly. admission
rh,· '.',; H HL po•n••-d oue ,tu, ,.1n~· :.ictaon -.·h,ch i h r e ~ ~ of confes~ o pelict officers as evidence i;.
th,· 111111,. ir1ll'!,'T11\.
· ' · •
\C'."ca111, "r .0~1·rt·1~n1, c , ~
·
h t d d. I
pro 1 ,ne m or mar)' aw-l>(:causc
l...
t h c I ••
a,,.·
,,a~ Jlrt•,1<l~ cu,·t-c~ b,- •,ec11un l:"d-H/cA\t e n
Pr·nJI Luth.--. IKlill (lf<.:I ·( )fln1t n a~-:ain' • e· --·as maker~t zecl the prevalence of torture
de ah ,,·it h in chapcer VI of IP<-:. , cci ons I'.! 1- and coercion by police, reinforced by custodial
•1.:011spirac~· ·,o o\"l.-ra"·~ b~· 01::;~~ deaths reported lo the NH RC . In che Supr.,£me
,h'"' "' cr1m1~,il fo,~t':. 1p6c ·c_ ng arms ~nd Court judgement in Stolt v. iiohd. Aft.al and
:.inlm111111111w, , ..th the m11·S11JMO \r- 1

,·a~'lng w3f against OIL!:

tL<TS..
k nown as the p ar1·,amenl att.ac k• casc-.
1
~•-. <;," t--rnment j-L·\ {~t-d,iion). Chap1t.-r dehv'ered in August'.l005, the Court expressed
X \ I 1,1.;t·" l'.>l.' dcalr h ·oilt'nccs a~amst the Human
B1,<:f~ .\p,irt rr(n'ti~~ 1 re.
,ht." .-\rrns Act. 1q_)~. 'serious doubts whether it \,·outd be sa.Te ,o
f.,plnw.e, -;\~~"pla-.1 ,·<' Suhsr;:mn-.; AcL l!)(IM. concede the po~•er of reconiing confessions
and llw , \ r ~ t-¥ •Sp1:oal l'o,-<:r..1 Al.I. !~J.l8. M·re to~<: police officer.; to be used i1'i ;-idencc
1..1d1t·r 1 1 ~ ~ • s 1ha1 here ;i.";11lable 10 drat '"!h
\nnual
' f i t . • ~ c • \ ~ ~ ~ : , m• .
1;11)1-:!00'l.
K 1 ·P ' m pp :r.U- ,· lh,d. f'P f!J-~ •
("''~ '\,l '" \.:HFH.". :\nnuai Repon '.!111141 • .-\nnnurt·

/: '~-:.:i'
.. I /
, .....•,
 !
i
I Anti-T(rror Laws and Human Rights 197
f I
d against the accused •• 0 theconfession and Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, 10· bring in
,t . the co-accus specific features of the repealed POTA in
Al~
n /v-J ·c/ provisi<?ns, iall section UA~j\, which was a 'permanent' law. When·
OTA, sun~-nvi~ MPh.--tn, -TTTI'ficd PO I A was repealed , and its extraord inary
on suspicion an provisions pertain i..ng to bail, confessions to a
out spaces o ree om a rty, sti ing police officer, and the period of police and
voicfS.O(poli&cal dissent It aimed al ushering judicial rema.Ad were dropped, cti:'e provisions -"'\...,
in a depoliticize.cl mass society. 'fll·here elements giving evidem.iary value telep~one tapping ~-),'
O!J'\<)
lo

E of publicne ss, lreedom , and democ;a tic were retained through the amended
e
ii
I
-
deliberation are absent The Alrrewing of 2004, WI
democ~tic. spaces of ialogue a "bera- POf A provi e
owever, the
. J'.-1oreove
. ree s a itics or fear and~ there is no piovisio n in~U~A~P.!..A~~~;,~
r,
.,.,.~,,......--.Al ,t'

...--LJon, m
~ iutimldation. lhe tia11mark of the days ~fore lhe Review Commit tee E
an·d durin ~:::.:.:~_.:.:..:.:.:,::..;:._:.;._!J-~~1"¥,'1';..;-mPnTn
e emergency.
·e unfolding of-anti-lerror la,~·s (he .Jaw, aru only-@~..s.-&h
:.·
orld over has shown that 1hey2re usually ..:.i::.n..:.la:.w~.•:.t.:s::;im::..:u .:.:h~an:.:c~q:..;ucd~~....:.._:_..:-;-~"-----
eriodic legislati i~\~·. which was
al uscd in a way so as lo spin~ w~b of suse1cion V

rh c. ension of cxtraordi ary

ar~u~d) iiecd,c. cor,.uf11u1i1ics. tj•pecially nccessan. for
religiou~ n_d raciaf--minori6es,"1mm1grants, laws, e.g., T:~. .- d to be reviewed e,·ery

k and r~cal political groups.·The wide po,,·ers two vear TA every three n~ar:; b~· the
Par_ . '_) _ .
~. , ~-.r o_f arrest~ t - i u n onder""lhe Acts,
rnmoined \\·ith stringent bail conditions. lead rxt:,~. unfol<Jrn_i; of T:\D ...\ and P~T.-\
10 indiscri_;~~jnate arrests. .• .. s~wtd' ~ c > • • ·t,, pr ll~iaolr pat,ua-H a,,:s.
(.:-~:Moreover: there is a more pcrmanc1 ~t"c.'iJh\ ~ strong ,denlu.z-ic.tl
I • • content which \:,·a--
lJ . {' J
_,dfccr that the .-\~-b bJve 00 ardm..:11 ICG~~_.,'tl!mqnstHrtcif7uo:,I \tJrkly ~h~ir
selc-ch\"( •.
.• (\ '1'"
. pmcedu ~ i 1 1 ~ lo what ha~ bce11_1 ~)r-••pp_ic~11on 111 C11pr.. i
Ho .-\ .-\ and f'()T. \ W_; - •
e temporaq . camr 111 rc-spon~e 10 and \\Cre usc:d ;t~a11 •~• -/J·
as th pcrmanc • •
ordinar:· a,,·_s have a ge~eral 1i~ni1 t.ffc.·c1 people\·mm emerH~. ~,g'.11filL
tnbal, in ':>C ,11_1c /

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on the l.n~~-r ch~ _their
·,1and~rds of measurin g flt{~~-
,een in the cas~
1
R.\'\i H
<_>r
heco~1c- slates. and aga ln'>,l_ pol1t1cal r,pponen t~ 1 n_
ra{A~ ofhe~. The~• mark a ~rend" her~ tht'. scop<: of
•Pl lrrronsm and terrorist ac(1\·m 1s broadc,w d
lo include ,I \\ idc ranvc (Jr political ani, it,·
absorbed into o ·1
. •
~eccss,onisU:i:ro,·cmem~
. armed
ial pr ranglng from ____,__. _
_orctry measurc·s. \Ve have 10 exprcss!!U;-<,,.u.p-p,,,r.t-t-e-,-polit~fal 11 1ocrps and
. • 0

----
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wl a the repeal or POT.-\ \,·as political idc:ol.--,gies. \, hich arc Jt \.·;•tria~-. ith
,e. \. amendmenr in rhe L'.nfa\,-ful l11use ~:,_ -
--
-pu,,
Ill L'I. - ,
ed ·'

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