Summary Test

A. Three Kinds of Learning salivation, the psychology text has become a (a) .
The roommate’s salivation at the sight of the psychology book,
1. A relatively permanent change in 60
presented alone, is called the (b) . You know
behavior that involves specific stimuli 50 that classical conditioning is established when the neutral
and/or responses that change as a stimulus becomes the (c) and elicits the

Drops of Saliva
40
result of experience is a definition (d) . Compared to the unconditioned response,
of . The change in 30
the conditioned response is usually similar in appearance but
behavior includes both unobservable 20 smaller in amount or magnitude.
mental events and observable behavioral
10
responses.

2. Psychologists have identified three

0 C. Other Conditioning Concepts
1 10 20 30 40 7. The more similar the new stimulus is to the original
different principles that are the basis for Trials
three different kinds of learning. One conditioned stimulus, the stronger or larger the con-
kind of learning can be traced to Pavlov’s well-known experiment ditioned response will usually be. During classical
in which a bell was sounded and then food was placed in a dog’s conditioning, there is a tendency for a stimulus sim-
mouth. After a number of trials in which the bell and food were ilar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a
presented, the dog began to salivate to the bell alone. Pavlov called response similar to the conditioned response. This
this kind of learning a conditioned reflex, which today is called tendency is called .
. 8. During classical conditioning, an organism
3. A second kind of learning grew out of Thorndike’s observa- learns to make a particular response to some stimu-
tions of cats learning to escape from a box. To explain a cat’s li but not to others; this phenomenon is called .
goal-directed behavior of hitting a latch to get food, Thorndike 9. If a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the
formulated a principle of learning called the (a) . unconditioned stimulus, there is a tendency for the conditioned
This law states that if certain random actions are followed by a stimulus to no longer elicit the conditioned response; this phe-
pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened nomenon is called (a) . However, if some time
and will likely occur in the future. Today, the law of effect has later you again presented the psychology text to your roommate
become part of the second kind of learning that is called without giving him a brownie, he would show salivation, the con-
(b) . ditioned response. This recurrence of the conditioned response
4. A third kind of learning involves mental processes, such as after it has been extinguished is called (b) .
attention and memory; may be learned through observation or
imitation; and may not involve any external rewards or require
the person to perform any observable behaviors. This kind of
D. Adaptive Value & Uses
learning is called . 10. After receiving an injection, people may
develop fear or anxiety in the presence of stimuli
associated with the treatment. If we feel fear or
B. Procedure: Classical Conditioning anxiety in the presence of some stimulus that
5. Suppose you wanted to classically precedes a painful or aversive event, we are
condition your roommate to salivate experiencing a .
at the sight of a psychology textbook. 11. A powerful form of classical conditioning
One procedure for establishing classical occurs in real life when a neutral stimulus is
conditioning would be to present two paired with an unpleasant response, such as nausea or vomiting.
stimuli close together in time. The presentation of the two stimuli The result of this conditioning is called . This
is called a trial. In our example, a typical trial would involve form of classical conditioning is unusual in two ways: It may be
first presenting a psychology textbook, initially called the acquired in a single trial and may last a relatively long period of
(a) , which does not elicit salivation. A short time; and there may be a considerable lapse of time between the
time later, you would present a piece of brownie, called the presentations of the two stimuli.
(b) stimulus, which elicits salivation. Salivation,
an innate, automatic, and involuntary physiological reflex, is 12. We now know that animals and humans are biologically
called the (c) . prepared to associate certain combinations of conditioned and
unconditioned stimuli more easily than others. This phenomenon
6. After giving your roommate about a dozen trials, you observe is called .
that, as soon as you show him the psychology text, he begins to
salivate. Because the sight of the psychology textbook itself elicits

208 MODULE 9 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

 13. Classical conditioning of the eye blink reflex, which is a motor G. Cultural Diversity: Conditioning Dental Fears
response, requires a brain structure called the (a) .
Acquiring a classically conditioned emotional response, especially 19. In the United States and Asia, the percentage
involving fear, involves a different brain structure called the of children reporting (a) is
(b) . considerably higher than in Scandinavia. A likely
reason for this difference in dental fears is differ-
14. The occurrence of salivation in response to the thought, sight, ent (b) practices. The majority
or smell of food is helpful to digestion and shows that classical of people with high levels of dental fears report
conditioning has an role or value. that these fears originated in childhood, probably
through the occurrence of (c) .

E. Three Explanations
15. According to Pavlov’s explanation, H. Application: Conditioned Fear & Nausea
classical conditioning occurs because 20. During chemotherapy, 60–70%
a neural bond or association forms of the patients develop nausea in Most Stressful
between the conditioned stimulus 8. Vomiting
anticipation of, or when encountering 7. Feeling nausea
and unconditioned stimulus so that stimuli associated with, the actual 6. Receiving injection
the conditioned stimulus eventually treatment. This type of nausea, which 5. In treatment room
substitutes for the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov’s explanation is called , cannot 4. Smelling chemicals
is called . always be treated with drugs and 3. In waiting room
2. Entering clinic
may persist long after the chemo-
16. The explanation that says that classical conditioning occurs 1. Driving to clinic
therapy ends. Researchers believe
because two stimuli (the neutral and unconditioned stimuli) are
that conditioned nausea is learned
paired close together in time is called the theory.
through classical conditioning.
However, researchers have shown that contiguity or simply pair-
ing stimuli close together does not necessarily produce classical 21. A nondrug treatment for conditioned nausea involves a
conditioning. procedure based on classical conditioning in which a person
imagines or visualizes fearful or anxiety-evoking stimuli and
17. The explanation of classical conditioning that says that an
then immediately uses deep (a) to decrease the
organism learns a relationship between two stimuli such that the
anxiety associated with these stimuli. This procedure, which is
occurrence of one stimulus predicts the occurrence of the other is
called (b) , is a form of counterconditioning
called the (a) . This theory is supported by the
because it uses deep relaxation to replace or decrease the fear or
idea that classical conditioning is not usually learned if the uncon-
anxiety with particular (c) that are arranged
ditioned stimulus appears before the neutral stimulus, a procedure
in a hierarchy.
that is called (b) .

F. Research Focus: Conditioning Little Albert

18. An emotional response, fear,
was classically conditioned in
Little Albert by presenting Answers: 1. learning; 2. classical conditioning; 3. (a) law of effect,
a white rat, which was the (b) operant conditioning; 4. cognitive learning; 5. (a) neutral stimulus,
(a) , and (b) unconditioned stimulus, (c) unconditioned response; 6. (a) conditioned
then making a loud noise, stimulus, (b) conditioned response, (c) conditioned stimulus, (d) uncondi-
which was the (b) ; in turn, the loud noise tioned response; 7. generalization; 8. discrimination; 9. (a) extinction,
elicited crying, which was the (c) . Albert’s (b) spontaneous recovery; 10. conditioned emotional response; 11. taste-
conditioned emotional response, crying, also occurred in the aversion learning; 12. preparedness; 13. (a) cerebellum, (b) amygdala;
14. adaptive, or survival; 15. stimulus substitution; 16. contiguity;
Photo Credit: (rat) © PhotoDisc, Inc.

presence of stimuli similar to the white rat, such as a rabbit;

this phenomenon is called (d) . Albert did not 17. (a) cognitive perspective, (b) backward conditioning; 18. (a) neutral
stimulus, (b) unconditioned stimulus, (c) unconditioned response, (d) gen-
cry at the sight of blocks or papers; this phenomenon is called
eralization, (e) discrimination, (f) conditioned emotional; 19. (a) dental
(e) . Watson and Rayner were the first to
fears, (b) cultural, (c) classical conditioning; 20. anticipatory nausea;
demonstrate that (f) responses could be 21. (a) relaxation, (b) systematic desensitization, (c) stimuli or situations
classically conditioned in humans.

SUMMARY TEST 209