Astm D86-23

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D86 − 23
Standard Test Method for

Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at
Atmospheric Pressure1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D86; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-
1.1 This test method covers the atmospheric distillation of onstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
petroleum products and liquid fuels using a laboratory batch Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing
distillation unit to determine quantitatively the boiling range products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
characteristics of such products as light and middle distillates, for additional information. The potential exists that selling
automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with or without oxy- mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited
genates (see Note 1), aviation gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales
diesel fuels, biodiesel blends up to 30 % volume, marine fuels, in their location.
special petroleum spirits, naphthas, white spirits, kerosines, 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and Grades 1 and 2 burner fuels. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 1—An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2008 involving 11
different laboratories submitting 15 data sets and 15 different samples of priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ethanol-fuel blends containing 25 % volume, 50 % volume, and 75 % mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
volume ethanol. The results indicate that the repeatability limits of these 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
samples are comparable or within the published repeatability of the dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
method (with the exception of FBP of 75 % ethanol-fuel blends). On this ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
basis, it can be concluded that Test Method D86 is applicable to
ethanol-fuel blends such as Ed75 and Ed85 (Specification D5798) or other Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ethanol-fuel blends with greater than 10 % volume ethanol. See ASTM mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
RR:D02-1694 for supporting data.2 Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 The test method is designed for the analysis of distillate
fuels; it is not applicable to products containing appreciable 2. Referenced Documents
quantities of residual material. 2.1 All standards are subject to revision, and parties to
1.3 This test method covers both manual and automated agreement on this test method are to apply the most recent
instruments. edition of the standards indicated below, unless otherwise
specified, such as in contractual agreements or regulatory rules
1.4 Unless otherwise noted, the values stated in SI units are
where earlier versions of the method(s) identified may be
to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses
required.
are provided for information only.
2.2 ASTM Standards:3
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
(Reid Method)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.08 on Volatility.
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
In the IP, the equivalent test method is published under the designation IP 123. Fuels, and Lubricants
It is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved March 1, 2023. Published March 2023. Originally
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D86 – 20b. DOI:
3
10.1520/D0086-23. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
2
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1694. Contact ASTM Customer Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Service at service@astm.org. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D86 − 23
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and 3.1.5 emergent stem effect, n—the offset in temperature
Petroleum Products reading caused by the use of total immersion mercury-in-glass
D4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and thermometers in the partial immersion mode.
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method) 3.1.5.1 Discussion—In the partial immersion mode, a por-
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod- tion of the mercury thread, that is, the emergent portion, is at
ucts (Automatic Method) (Withdrawn 2012)4 a lower temperature than the immersed portion, resulting in a
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod- shrinkage of the mercury thread and a lower temperature
ucts and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method) reading.
D5798 Specification for Ethanol Fuel Blends for Flexible- 3.1.6 end point (EP) or final boiling point (FBP), n—the
Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines maximum corrected thermometer reading obtained during the
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for test.
Volatility Measurement 3.1.6.1 Discussion—This usually occurs after the evapora-
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products tion of all liquid from the bottom of the flask. The term
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method) maximum temperature is a frequently used synonym.
D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
(Automatic Tilt Method) 3.1.7 front end loss, n—loss due to evaporation during
D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products transfer from receiving cylinder to distillation flask, vapor loss
(Rotational Method) during the distillation, and uncondensed vapor in the flask at
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias the end of the distillation.
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, 3.1.8 initial boiling point (IBP), n—in D86 distillation, the
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants corrected temperature reading at the instant the first drop of
D6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement condensate falls from the lower end of the condenser tube.
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that 3.1.9 percent evaporated, n—in distillation, the sum of the
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material percent recovered and the percent loss.
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 3.1.9.1 percent loss, n— in distillation, one hundred minus
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther- the percent total recovery.
mometers
E1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin- 3.1.9.2 corrected loss, n—percent loss corrected for baro-
ders metric pressure.
E1405 Specification for Laboratory Glass Distillation Flasks 3.1.10 percent recovered, n—in distillation, the volume of
2.3 Energy Institute Standards:5 condensate collected relative to the sample charge.
IP 69 Determination of Vapour Pressure—Reid Method 3.1.10.1 percent recovery, n—in distillation, maximum per-
IP 123 Petroleum Products—Determination of Distillation cent recovered relative to the sample charge.
Characteristics 3.1.10.2 corrected percent recovery, n—in distillation, the
IP 394 Determination of Air Saturated Vapour Pressure percent recovery, adjusted for the corrected percent loss.
IP Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum
and Related Products 1996—Appendix A 3.1.10.3 percent total recovery, n—in distillation, the com-
bined percent recovery and percent residue.
3. Terminology 3.1.11 percent residue, n—in distillation, the volume of
residue relative to the sample charge.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 decomposition, n—of a hydrocarbon, the pyrolysis or 3.1.12 rate of change (or slope), n—the change in tempera-
cracking of a molecule yielding smaller molecules with lower ture reading per percent evaporated or recovered, as described
boiling points than the original molecule. in 13.2.
3.1.2 decomposition point, n—in distillation, the corrected 3.1.13 sample charge, n—the amount of sample used in a
temperature reading that coincides with the first indications of test.
thermal decomposition of the specimen. 3.1.14 temperature lag, n—the offset between the tempera-
3.1.3 dry point, n—in distillation, the corrected temperature ture reading obtained by a temperature sensing device and the
reading at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from the true temperature at that time.
lowest point in the flask. 3.1.15 temperature measurement device, n—a thermometer,
3.1.4 dynamic holdup, n—in D86 distillation, the amount of as described in 6.3.1, or a temperature sensor, as described in
material present in the neck of the flask, in the sidearm of the 6.3.2.
flask, and in the condenser tube during the distillation. 3.1.15.1 temperature reading, n—the temperature obtained
by a temperature measuring device or system that is equal to
the thermometer reading described in 3.1.15.3.
4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
3.1.15.2 corrected temperature reading, n—the temperature
www.astm.org.
5
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, reading, as described in 3.1.15.1, corrected for barometric
U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk. pressure.

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D86 − 23
3.1.15.3 thermometer reading (or thermometer result), 5.4 Volatility, as it affects rate of evaporation, is an impor-
n—the temperature of the saturated vapor measured in the neck tant factor in the application of many solvents, particularly
of the flask below the vapor tube, as determined by the those used in paints.
prescribed thermometer under the conditions of the test. 5.5 Distillation limits are often included in petroleum prod-
3.1.15.4 corrected thermometer reading, n—the thermom- uct specifications, in commercial contract agreements, process
eter reading, as described in 3.1.15.3, corrected for barometric refinery/control applications, and for compliance to regulatory
pressure. rules.
4. Summary of Test Method
6. Apparatus
4.1 Based on its composition, vapor pressure, expected IBP
6.1 Basic Components of the Apparatus:
or expected EP, or combination thereof, the sample is placed in
6.1.1 The basic components of the distillation unit are the
one of four groups. Apparatus arrangement, condenser
distillation flask, the condenser and associated cooling bath, a
temperature, and other operational variables are defined by the
metal shield or enclosure for the distillation flask, the heat
group in which the sample falls.
source, the flask support, the temperature measuring device,
4.2 A 100 mL specimen of the sample is distilled under and the receiving cylinder to collect the distillate.
prescribed conditions for the group in which the sample falls. 6.1.2 Figs. 1 and 2 are examples of manual distillation units.
The distillation is performed in a laboratory batch distillation 6.1.3 In addition to the basic components described in 6.1.1,
unit at ambient pressure under conditions that are designed to automated units also are equipped with a system to measure
provide approximately one theoretical plate fractionation. Sys- and automatically record the temperature and the associated
tematic observations of temperature readings and volumes of recovered volume in the receiving cylinder.
condensate are made, depending on the needs of the user of the
6.2 A detailed description of the apparatus is given in Annex
data. The volume of the residue and the losses are also
A2.
recorded.
6.3 Temperature Measuring Device:
4.3 At the conclusion of the distillation, the observed vapor
6.3.1 Mercury-in-glass thermometers, if used, shall be filled
temperatures can be corrected for barometric pressure and the
with an inert gas, graduated on the stem and enamel backed.
data are examined for conformance to procedural
They shall conform to Specification E1 or IP Standard Methods
requirements, such as distillation rates. The test is repeated if
for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products
any specified condition has not been met.
1996—Appendix A, or both, for thermometers ASTM 7C/IP
4.4 Test results are commonly expressed as percent evapo- 5C and ASTM 7F for the low range thermometers, and ASTM
rated or percent recovered versus corresponding temperature, 8C/IP 6C and ASTM 8F for the high range thermometers.
either in a table or graphically, as a plot of the distillation
curve.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The basic test method of determining the boiling range
of a petroleum product by performing a simple batch distilla-
tion has been in use as long as the petroleum industry has
existed. It is one of the oldest test methods under the jurisdic-
tion of ASTM Committee D02, dating from the time when it
was still referred to as the Engler distillation. Since the test
method has been in use for such an extended period, a
tremendous number of historical data bases exist for estimating
end-use sensitivity on products and processes.
5.2 The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocar-
bons have an important effect on their safety and performance,
especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The boiling range
gives information on the composition, the properties, and the
behavior of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the
major determinant of the tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to
produce potentially explosive vapors.
5.3 The distillation characteristics are critically important
for both automotive and aviation gasolines, affecting starting,
warm-up, and tendency to vapor lock at high operating
temperature or at high altitude, or both. The presence of high
boiling point components in these and other fuels can signifi-
cantly affect the degree of formation of solid combustion
deposits. FIG. 1 Apparatus Assembly Using Gas Burner

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D86 − 23
1–Condenser bath 11–Distillation flask

2–Bath cover 12–Temperature sensor
3–Bath temperature sensor 13–Flask support board
4–Bath overflow 14–Flask support platform
5–Bath drain 15–Ground connection
6–Condenser tube 16–Electric heater
7–Shield 17–Knob for adjusting level
8–Viewing window of support platform
9a–Voltage regulator 18–Power source cord
9b–Voltmeter or ammeter 19–Receiver cylinder
9c–Power switch 20–Receiver cooling bath
9d–Power light indicator 21–Receiver cover
10–Vent
FIG. 2 Apparatus Assembly Using Electric Heater

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D86 − 23
6.3.1.1 Thermometers that have been exposed for an ex-
tended period above an observed temperature of 370 °C shall
not be reused without a verification of the ice point or checked
as prescribed in Specification E1 and Test Method E77.
NOTE 2—At an observed thermometer reading of 370 °C, the tempera-
ture of the bulb is approaching a critical range in the glass and the
thermometer may lose its calibration.
6.3.2 Temperature measurement systems other than those
described in 6.3.1 are satisfactory for this test method, pro-
vided that they exhibit the same temperature lag, emergent
stem effect, and accuracy as the equivalent mercury-in-glass
thermometer.
6.3.2.1 The electronic circuitry or the algorithms, or both,
used shall include the capability to simulate the temperature lag
of a mercury-in-glass thermometer.
6.3.2.2 Alternatively, the sensor can also be placed in a
casing with the tip of the sensor covered so that the assembly,
because of its adjusted thermal mass and conductivity, has a
temperature lag time similar to that of a mercury-in-glass
thermometer.
NOTE 3—In a region where the temperature is changing rapidly during
the distillation, the temperature lag of a thermometer can be as much as
3 s.
FIG. 4 Example of Centering Device Designs for Straight-Bore
6.3.3 In case of dispute, the referee test method shall be Neck Flasks
carried out with the specified mercury-in-glass thermometer.
6.4 Temperature Sensor Centering Device:
6.4.1 The temperature sensor shall be mounted through a
snug-fitting device designed for mechanically centering the
sensor in the neck of the flask without vapor leakage. Examples
of acceptable centering devices are shown in Figs. 3 and 4.
(Warning—The use of a plain stopper with a hole drilled
through the center is not acceptable for the purpose described
in 6.4.1.)
NOTE 4—Other centering devices are also acceptable, as long as they
position and hold the temperature sensing device in the proper position in
the neck of the distillation column, as shown in Fig. 5 and described in
10.5.
NOTE 5—When running the test by the manual method, products with
a low IBP may have one or more readings obscured by the centering FIG. 5 Position of Thermometer in Distillation Flask
device. See also 10.14.3.1.
6.5 Automated equipment manufactured in 1999 and later

shall be equipped with a device to automatically shut down
power to the unit and to spray an inert gas or vapor in the
chamber where the distillation flask is mounted in the event of
fire.
NOTE 6—Some causes of fires are breakage of the distillation flask,
electrical shorts, and foaming and spilling of liquid sample through the top
opening of the flask.
6.6 Barometer—A pressure measuring device capable of
measuring local station pressure with an accuracy of 0.1 kPa
(1 mm Hg) or better, at the same elevation relative to sea level
as the apparatus in the laboratory. (Warning—Do not take
FIG. 3 PTFE Centering Device for Ground Glass Joint readings from ordinary aneroid barometers, such as those used

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D86 − 23
at weather stations and airports, since these are precorrected to provided the operator ensures that the sample container is tightly closed
give sea level readings.) and leak-free.
7.3.4 Groups 3 and 4—Store the sample at ambient or lower
7. Sampling, Storage, and Sample Conditioning temperature.
7.1 Determine the Group characteristics that correspond to 7.4 Sample Conditioning Prior to Analysis:
the sample to be tested (see Table 1). Where the procedure is 7.4.1 Samples shall be conditioned to the temperature
dependent upon the group, the section headings will be so shown in Table 2 before opening the sample container.
marked. 7.4.1.1 Groups 1 and 2—Samples shall be conditioned to a
7.2 Sampling: temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F) before opening the
7.2.1 Sampling shall be done in accordance with Practice sample container, except when the sample is to be immediately
D4057 or D4177 and as described in Table 2. tested and is already at the prescribed sample temperature in
7.2.1.1 Group 1—Condition the sample container to below Table 3.
10 °C, preferably by filling the container with the cold liquid 7.4.1.2 Groups 3 and 4—If the sample is not fluid at ambient
sample and discarding the first sample. If this is not possible temperature, it is to be heated to a temperature of 9 °C to 21 °C
because, for instance, the product to be sampled is at ambient above its pour point (Test Method D97, D5949, or D5985)
temperature, the sample shall be drawn into a container and prior to analysis. If the sample has partially or completely
then discarded, to condition the container, and then refilled in solidified during storage, it shall be vigorously shaken after
such a manner that agitation is kept at a minimum. Close the melting prior to opening the sample container to ensure
container immediately with a tight-fitting closure. homogeneity.
(Warning—Do not completely fill and tightly seal a cold 7.4.1.3 If the sample is not fluid at room temperature, the
container of sample because of the likelihood of expansion and temperature ranges shown in Table 2 for the flask and for the
breakage on warming.) sample do not apply.
7.2.1.2 Groups 2, 3, and 4—Collect the sample at ambient 7.5 Wet Samples:
temperature. After sampling, close the sample container imme- 7.5.1 Samples of materials that visibly contain water are not
diately with a tight-fitting closure. suitable for testing. If the sample is not dry, obtain another
7.2.1.3 If the sample received by the testing laboratory has sample that is free from suspended water.
been sampled by others and it is not known whether sampling 7.5.2 Groups 1 and 2—If such a sample cannot be obtained,
has been performed as described in 7.2, the sample shall be the suspended water can be removed by maintaining the
assumed to have been so sampled. sample at 0 °C to 10 °C, adding approximately 10 g of anhy-
7.3 Sample Storage: drous sodium sulfate per 100 mL of sample, shaking the
7.3.1 If testing is not to start immediately after collection, mixture for approximately 2 min, and then allowing the mix-
store the samples as indicated in 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and Table 2. All ture to settle for approximately 15 min. Once the sample shows
samples shall be stored away from direct sunlight or sources of no visible signs of water, use a decanted portion of the sample,
direct heat. maintained between 1 °C and 10 °C, for the analysis. Note in
7.3.2 Group 1—Store the sample at a temperature below the report that the sample has been dried by the addition of a
10 °C. desiccant.
NOTE 7—If there are no, or inadequate, facilities for storage below NOTE 9—Suspended water in hazy samples in Groups 1 and 2 can be
10°C, the sample may also be stored at a temperature below 20 °C, removed by the addition of anhydrous sodium sulfate and separating the
provided the operator ensures that the sample container is tightly closed liquid sample from the drying agent by decanting without statistically
and leak-free. affecting the results of the test.6
7.3.3 Group 2—Store the sample at a temperature below 7.5.3 Groups 3 and 4—In cases in which a water-free
10 °C. sample is not practical, the suspended water can be removed by
shaking the sample with anhydrous sodium sulfate or other
NOTE 8—If there are no, or inadequate, facilities for storage below
10 °C, the sample may also be stored at a temperature below 20 °C,
suitable drying agent and separating it from the drying agent by
decanting. Note in the report that the sample has been dried by
the addition of a desiccant.
TABLE 1 Group Characteristics
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 8. Preparation of Apparatus
Sample 8.1 Refer to Table 3 and prepare the apparatus by choosing
characteristics
Distillate type the appropriate distillation flask, temperature measuring
Vapor pressure at device, and flask support board, as directed for the indicated
37.8 °C, kPa $65.5 <65.5 <65.5 <65.5 group. Bring the temperature of the receiving cylinder, the
100 °F, psi $9.5 <9.5 <9.5 <9.5
(Test Methods D323, D4953, D5190, D5191, flask, and the condenser bath to the indicated temperature.
D5842, IP 69 or IP 394)
Distillation, IBP °C #100 >100
°F #212 >212
6
EP °C #250 #250 >250 >250 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
°F #482 #482 >482 >482 be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1455. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at service@astm.org.

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D86 − 23
TABLE 2 Sampling, Storage, and Sample Conditioning
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Temperature of sample container °C <10A
°F <50A
Temperature of stored sample °C <10B <10 ambient ambient
°F <50B <50 ambient ambient
Temperature of sample after °C <10C <10C Ambient or Ambient or
conditioning prior to analysis 9 °C to 21 °C above pour pointD
°F <50 <50 Ambient or Ambient or
48 °F to 70 °F above pour pointD
If sample is wet resample resample dry in accordance with 7.5.3
If resample is still wetE dry in accordance with 7.5.2
A
If sample is warmer than 10 °C, see 7.2.1.1.
B
Under certain circumstances, samples can also be stored at temperatures below 20 °C (68 °F). See also 7.3.2 and 7.3.3.
C
If sample is to be immediately tested and is already at the temperature prescribed in Table 3, see 7.4.1.1.
D
If sample is (semi)-solid at ambient temperature, see also 10.3.1.1.
E
If sample is known to be wet, resampling may be omitted. Dry sample in accordance with 7.5.2 and 7.5.3.
TABLE 3 Preparation of Apparatus and Specimen

Flask, mL 125 125 125 125
ASTM distillation thermometer 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 7C (7F) 8C (8F)
IP distillation thermometer range low low low high
Flask support board B B C C
diameter of hole, mm 38 38 50 50
Temperature at start of test
Flask °C 13–18 13–18 13–18 not above
°F 55–65 55–65 55–65 ambient
Flask support and shield not above not above not above
ambient ambient ambient
Receiving cylinder and sample
°C 13–18 13–18 13–18A 13–ambientA
°F 55–65 55–65 55–65A 55–ambientA
A
See 10.3.1.1 for exceptions.
8.2 Make any necessary provisions so that the temperature the use of a standard precision resistance bench. When per-
of the condenser bath and the receiving cylinder will be forming this verification, no algorithms shall be used to correct
maintained at the required temperatures. The receiving cylin- the temperature for lag and the emergent stem effect (see
der shall be in a bath such that either the liquid level is at least manufacturer’s instructions).
as high as the 100 mL mark or the entire receiving cylinder is 9.1.2 Verification of the calibration of temperature measur-
surrounded by an air circulation chamber. ing devices shall be conducted by distilling toluene in accor-
8.2.1 Groups 1, 2, and 3—Suitable media for low tempera- dance with Group 1 of this test method and comparing the
ture baths include, but are not limited to, chopped ice and 50 % recovered temperature with that shown in Table 4.7
water, refrigerated brine, and refrigerated ethylene glycol. 9.1.2.1 If the temperature reading is not within the values
8.2.2 Group 4—Suitable media for ambient and higher bath shown in Table 4 for the respective apparatus being used (see
temperatures include, but are not limited to, cold water, hot Note 11 and Table 4), the temperature measurement system
water, and heated ethylene glycol. shall be considered defective and shall not be used for the test.
8.3 Remove any residual liquid in the condenser tube by NOTE 10—Toluene is used as a verification fluid for calibration; it will
swabbing with a piece of soft, lint-free cloth attached to a cord yield almost no information on how well an electronic measurement
or wire. system simulates the temperature lag of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
9.1.2.2 Reagent grade toluene and hexadecane (cetane),
9. Calibration and Standardization conforming to the specifications of the Committee on Analyti-
9.1 Temperature Measurement System—Temperature mea- cal Reagents of the American Chemical Society,8 shall be used.
surement systems using other than the specified mercury-in-
glass thermometers shall exhibit the same temperature lag,
7
emergent stem effect, and accuracy as the equivalent mercury- Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1580. Contact ASTM Customer
in-glass thermometer. Confirmation of the calibration of these Service at service@astm.org.
temperature measuring systems shall be made at intervals of 8
ACS Reagent Chemicals, Specifications and Procedures for Reagents and
not more than six months, and after the system has been Standard-Grade Reference Materials, American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by the American Chemical
replaced or repaired.
Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset,
9.1.1 The accuracy and the calibration of the electronic U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, U.S. Pharma-
circuitry or computer algorithms, or both, shall be verified by copeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.

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D86 − 23
TABLE 4 True and Min and Max D86 50 % Recovered Boiling Points (°C)A
Manual Automated
Distillation con- Distillation Distillation condi- Distillation con-
ditions min D86 conditions tions min D86 ditions max
50 % boiling max D86 50 % boiling D86 50 % boil-
point 50 % boiling point ing point
point
ASTM/IP true boil- Group 1, 2, and Group 1, 2, Group 1, 2, and Group 1, 2,
Toluene ing point 3 and 3 3 and 3
110.6 105.9 111.8 108.5 109.7
ASTM/IP true boil- Group 4 Group 4 Group 4 Group 4

Hexadecane ing point
287.0 272.2 283.1 277.0 280.0
A
The manual and automated temperatures show in this table are the values for the 95 % tolerance interval for the 99 % population coverage. The proposed tolerance
is approximately 3× sigma. Information on the values in this table can be found in RR:D02-1580.
However, other grades may also be used, provided it is first 10.2 Groups 1 and 2—Ensure that the sample is conditioned
ascertained that the reagent is of sufficient purity to permit its in accordance with Table 2. Fit a low range thermometer
use without lessening the accuracy of the determination. provided with a snug-fitting cork or stopper of silicone rubber,
NOTE 11—At 101.3 kPa, toluene is shown in reference manuals as
or equivalent polymeric material, tightly into the neck of the
boiling at 110.6 °C when measured using a partial immersion thermom- sample container and bring the temperature of the sample to the
eter. Because this test method uses thermometers calibrated for total temperature indicated in Table 3.
immersion, the results typically will be lower and, depending on the
thermometer and the situation, may be different for each thermometer. At 10.3 Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4—Check that the temperature of
101.3 kPa, hexadecane is shown in reference manuals as boiling at the sample is as shown in Table 3. Pour the specimen precisely
287.0 °C when measured using a partial immersion thermometer. Because to the 100 mL mark of the receiving cylinder, and transfer the
this test method uses thermometers calibrated for total immersion, the contents of the receiving cylinder as completely as practical
results typically will be lower, and, depending on the thermometer and the into the distillation flask, ensuring that none of the liquid flows
situation, may be different for each thermometer.
into the vapor tube.
9.1.3 A procedure to determine the magnitude of the tem-
perature lag is described in Annex A3. NOTE 14—It is important that the difference between the temperature of
the specimen and the temperature of the bath around the receiving cylinder
9.1.4 A procedure to emulate the emergent stem effect is is as small as practically possible. A difference of 5 °C can make a
described in Appendix X4. difference of 0.7 mL.
9.1.5 To verify the calibration of the temperature measure-
ment system at elevated temperatures, use hexadecane. The 10.3.1 Groups 3 and 4—If the sample is not fluid at ambient
temperature measurement system shall indicate, at 50 % temperature, it is to be heated to a temperature between 9 °C
recovered, a temperature comparable to that shown in Table 4 and 21 °C above its pour point (Test Methods D97, D5949,
for the respective apparatus under Group 4 distillation condi- D5950, or D5985) prior to analysis. If the sample has partially
tions. or completely solidified in the intervening period, it shall be
vigorously shaken after melting, and prior to sampling, to
NOTE 12—Because of the high melting point of hexadecane, Group 4 ensure homogeneity.
verification distillations will have to be carried out with condenser
temperatures >20 °C.
10.3.1.1 If the sample is not fluid at ambient temperatures,
disregard the temperature range shown in Table 3 for the
9.2 Automated Method: receiving cylinder and sample. Prior to analysis, heat the
9.2.1 Level Follower—For an automated distillation receiving cylinder to approximately the same temperature as
apparatus, the level follower/recording mechanism of the the sample. Pour the heated specimen precisely to the 100 mL
apparatus shall have a resolution of 0.1 % volume or better mark of the receiving cylinder, and transfer the contents of the
with a maximum error of 0.3 % volume between the 5 % and receiving cylinder as completely as practical into the distilla-
100 % volume points. The calibration of the assembly shall be tion flask, ensuring that none of the liquid flows into the vapor
verified in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions at tube.
intervals of not more than three months and after the system
has been replaced or repaired. NOTE 15—Any material that evaporates during the transfer will
contribute to the loss; any material that remains in the receiving cylinder
NOTE 13—The typical calibration procedure involves verifying the will contribute to the observed recovery volume at the time of the IBP.
output with the receiver containing 5 % and 100 % volume of material
respectively. 10.4 If the sample can be expected to demonstrate irregular
boiling behavior, that is, bumping, add a few boiling chips to
9.2.2 Barometric Pressure—At intervals of not more than
the specimen. The addition of a few boiling chips is acceptable
six months, and after the system has been replaced or repaired,
for any distillation.
the barometric reading of the instrument shall be verified
against a barometer, as described in 6.6. 10.5 Fit the temperature sensor through a snug-fitting
device, as described in 6.4, to mechanically center the sensor in
10. Procedure the neck of the flask. In the case of a thermometer, the bulb is
10.1 Record the prevailing barometric pressure. centered in the neck and the lower end of the capillary is level

8
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D86 − 23
with the highest point on the bottom of the inner wall of the being used, immediately move the receiving cylinder so that
vapor tube (see Fig. 5). In the case of a thermocouple or the tip of the condenser touches its inner wall.
resistance thermometer, follow the manufacturer’s instructions 10.8.2 Automated Method—To reduce evaporation loss of
as to placement (see Fig. 6). the distillate, use the device provided by the instrument
NOTE 16—If vacuum grease is used on the mating surface of the
manufacturer for this purpose. Apply heat to the distillation
centering device, use the minimum amount of grease that is practical. flask and contents with the tip of the receiver deflector just
touching the wall of the receiving cylinder. Note the start time.
10.6 Fit the flask vapor tube, provided with a snug-fitting
Record the IBP to the nearest 0.1 °C (0.2 °F).
cork or rubber stopper of silicone, or equivalent polymeric
material, tightly into the condenser tube. Adjust the flask in a 10.9 Regulate the heating so that the time interval between
vertical position so that the vapor tube extends into the the first application of heat and the IBP is as specified in
condenser tube for a distance from 25 mm to 50 mm. Raise and Table 5.
adjust the flask support board to fit it snugly against the bottom 10.10 Regulate the heating so that the time from IBP to 5 %
of the flask. recovered is as indicated in Table 5.
10.7 Place the receiving cylinder that was used to measure 10.11 Continue to regulate the heating so that the uniform
the specimen, without drying the inside of the cylinder, into its average rate of condensation from 5 % recovered to 5 mL
temperature-controlled bath under the lower end of the con- residue in the flask is 4 mL to 5 mL per minute. (Warning—
denser tube. The end of the condenser tube shall be centered in Due to the configuration of the boiling flask and the conditions
the receiving cylinder and shall extend therein for a distance of of the test, the vapor and liquid around the temperature sensor
at least 25 mm, but not below the 100 mL mark. are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. The distillation rate will
10.8 Initial Boiling Point: consequently have an effect on the measured vapor tempera-
10.8.1 Manual Method—To reduce evaporation loss of the ture. The distillation rate shall, therefore, be kept as constant as
distillate, cover the receiving cylinder with a piece of blotting possible throughout the test.)
paper, or similar material, that has been cut to fit the condenser 10.11.1 In the context of this test method, “uniform average
tube snugly. If a receiver deflector is being used, start the rate of condensation” has the following intention. Heating of
distillation with the tip of the deflector just touching the wall of the boiling flask shall be regulated to maintain as best as
the receiving cylinder. If a receiver deflector is not used, keep possible a uniform flow of condensation, which will then
the drip tip of the condenser away from the wall of the provide the most desired precision for the test. However, some
receiving cylinder. Note the start time. Observe and record the distillation tests can have one or more short-term rates of
IBP to the nearest 0.5 °C (1.0 °F). If a receiver deflector is not condensation which deviate from the 4 mL ⁄min to 5 mL ⁄min
FIG. 6 Example of One Manufacturer’s Recommended Placement

of Pt-100 Probe Relative to Distillation Flask Sidearm for Auto-
mated D86 Distillation Instrument

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TABLE 5 Conditions During Test Procedure
Temperature of cooling bathA °C 0–1 0–5 0–5 0–60
°F 32–34 32–40 32–40 32–140
Temperature of bath around °C 13–18 13–18 13–18 ±3
receiving cylinder °F 55–65 55–65 55–65 ±5
of charge
temperature
Time from first application of heat to
initial boiling point, min 5–10 5–10 5–10 5–15
Time from initial boiling point
to 5 % recovered, s 60–100 60–100
Uniform average rate of condensation
from 5 % recovered to 5 mL
in flask, mL/min 4–5 4–5 4–5 4–5
Time recorded from 5 mL residue to
end point, min 5 max 5 max 5 max 5 max
A
The proper condenser bath temperature will depend upon the wax content of the sample and of its distillation fractions. The test is generally performed using one single
condenser temperature. Wax formation in the condenser can be deduced from (a) the presence of wax particles in the distillate coming off the drip tip, (b) a higher distillation
loss than what would be expected based on the initial boiling point of the specimen, (c) an erratic recovery rate and (d) the presence of wax particles during the removal
of residual liquid by swabbing with a lint-free cloth (see 8.3). The minimum temperature that permits satisfactory operation shall be used. In general, a bath temperature
in the 0 °C to 4 °C range is suitable for kerosine, Grade No. 1 fuel oil and Grade No. 1-D diesel fuel oil. In some cases involving Grade No. 2 fuel oil, Grade No. 2-D diesel
fuel oil, gas oils and similar distillates, it may be necessary to hold the condenser bath temperature in the 38 °C to 60 °C range.
indicated in 10.11 and Table 5, this is a common occurrence for specification involved, or as previously established for the
some sample types. The periods of these short-term deviations sample under test. These observed data can include tempera-
may last for several percent of material condensed until the ture readings at prescribed percentages recovered or percent-
temperature slope becomes constant again, and may occur at ages recovered at prescribed temperature readings, or both.
several periods along the entire condensation range. These 10.14.1 Manual Method—Record all volumes in the gradu-
deviations will typically correct after the temperature slope ated cylinder to the nearest 0.5 mL, and all temperature
again becomes constant. These short-term deviations shall not readings to the nearest 0.5 °C (1.0 °F).
occur over the entire range of condensation. Typically, these
short-term deviations should not occur for more than ten 10.14.2 Automated Method—Record all volumes in the
contiguous percent volume. The precision of the temperature receiving cylinder to the nearest 0.1 mL, and all temperature
readings will be significantly affected during these periods. readings to the nearest 0.1 °C (0.2 °F).
When the overall calculated average rate of condensation 10.14.3 Group 1, 2, 3, and 4—In cases in which no specific
between 5 % recovered and 5 mL residue is within the pre- data requirements have been indicated, record the IBP and the
scribed rate, the requirement of 10.11 and Table 5 is satisfied. EP (FBP) or the dry point, or both, and temperature readings at
As example, those samples containing a 10 % ethanol-fuel 5 %, 15 %, 85 %, and 95 % recovered, and at each 10 %
blend or those that exhibit a significant change of temperature multiple of volume recovered from 10 to 90, inclusive.
slope at points during the distillation can have a short-term rate 10.14.3.1 Group 4—When a high range thermometer is used
of condensation which deviates from the 4 mL ⁄min to in testing aviation turbine fuels and similar products, pertinent
5 mL ⁄min indicated in 10.11 and Table 5. thermometer readings can be obscured by the centering device.
NOTE 17—When testing gasoline samples, it is not uncommon to see If these readings are required, perform a second distillation in
the condensate suddenly form non-miscible liquid phases and bead up on accordance with Group 3. In such cases, reading from a low
the temperature measuring device and in the neck of the boiling flask at a range thermometer can be reported in place of the obscured
vapor temperature of around 160 °C. This may be accompanied by a sharp
(about 3 °C) dip in the vapor temperature and a drop in the recovery rate. high range thermometer readings, and the test report shall so
The phenomenon, which may be due to the presence of trace water in the indicate. If, by agreement, the obscured readings are waived,
sample, may last for 10 s to 30 s before the temperature recovers and the the test report shall so indicate.
condensate starts flowing smoothly again. This point is sometimes
colloquially referred to as the Hesitation Point. 10.14.4 When it is required to report the temperature
reading at a prescribed percent evaporated or recovered for a
10.12 Repeat any distillation that did not meet the require-
sample that has a rapidly changing slope of the distillation
ments described in 10.9, 10.10, and 10.11.
curve in the region of the prescribed percent evaporated or
10.13 If a decomposition point is observed, discontinue the recovered reading, record temperature readings at every 1 %
heating and proceed as directed in 10.17. recovered. The slope is considered rapidly changing if the
NOTE 18—Characteristic indications of thermal decomposition are change in slope (C) of the data points described in 10.14.2 in
evolution of fumes and erratic, typically decreasing, temperature readings that particular area is greater than 0.6 (change of slope (F) is
that occur during the final stages of the distillation. greater than 1.0) as calculated by Eq 1 (Eq 2).
10.14 In the interval between the IBP and the end of the Change of Slope ~ C ! 5 (1)
distillation, observe and record data necessary for the calcula-
tion and reporting of the results of the test as required by the ~ C 2 2 C 1! / ~ V 2 2 V 1! 2 ~ C 3 2 C 2! / ~ V 3 2 V 2!

10
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D86 − 23
Change of Slope ~ F ! 5 (2) temperature will start and continue to decrease. If the vapor temperature
starts to decrease but then increases and repeats this cycle while the vapor
~ F 2 2 F 1! / ~ V 2 2 V 1! 2 ~ F 3 2 F 2! / ~ V 3 2 V 2! temperature continues to increase you have added too much heat to the
final heat adjustment. If this is the case, it would be advisable to repeat the
where: test lowering final heat setting.
C1 = temperature at the volume % recorded one reading Groups 3 and 4, many Group 3 and 4 samples will have the same
distillation characteristics in regards to dry point and endpoint as Groups
prior to the volume % in question, °C, 1 and 2. With samples that contain higher temperature boiling materials it
C2 = temperature at the volume % recorded in question, °C, may not be possible to detect a dry point or an end point before the
decomposition point occurs.
C3 = temperature at the volume % recorded following the 10.17 Allow the distillate to drain into the receiving
volume % in question, °C, cylinder, after heating has been discontinued.
F1 = temperature at the volume % recorded one reading 10.17.1 Manual Method—While the condenser tube contin-
prior to the volume % in question, °F, ues to drain into the graduated cylinder, observe and note the
F2 = temperature at the volume % recorded in question, °F,
volume of condensate to the nearest 0.5 mL at 2 min intervals
until two successive observations agree. Measure the volume
F3 = temperature at the volume % recorded following the
in the receiving cylinder accurately, and record it to the nearest
volume % in question, °F,
V1 = volume % recorded one reading prior to the volume % 0.5 mL.
in question, 10.17.2 Automated Method—The apparatus shall continu-
V2 = volume % recorded at the volume % in question, and ally monitor the recovered volume until this volume changes
by no more than 0.1 mL in 2 min. Record the volume in the
V3 = volume % recorded following the volume % in ques- receiving cylinder accurately to the nearest 0.1 mL.
tion. 10.18 Record the volume in the receiving cylinder as
10.15 When the residual liquid in the flask is approximately percent recovery. If the distillation was previously discontin-
5 mL, make a final adjustment of the heat. The time from the ued under the conditions of a decomposition point, deduct the
5 mL of liquid residue in the flask to the EP (FBP) shall be percent recovered from 100, report this difference as the sum of
within the limits prescribed in Table 5. If this condition is not percent residue and percent loss, and omit the procedure given
satisfied, repeat the test with appropriate modification of the in 10.19.
final heat adjustment. 10.19 After the flask has cooled and no more vapor is
NOTE 19—Since it is difficult to determine when there is 5 mL of
observed, disconnect the flask from the condenser, pour its
boiling liquid left in the flask, this time is determined by observing the contents into a 5 mL graduated cylinder, and with the flask
amount of liquid recovered in the receiving cylinder. The dynamic holdup suspended over the cylinder, allow the flask to drain until no
has been determined to be approximately 1.5 mL at this point. If there are appreciable increase in the volume of liquid in the cylinder is
no front end losses, the amount of 5 mL in the flask can be assumed to observed. Measure the volume in the graduated cylinder to the
correspond with an amount of 93.5 mL in the receiving cylinder. This
amount has to be adjusted for the estimated amount of front end loss. nearest 0.1 mL, and record as percent residue.
10.19.1 If the 5 mL graduated cylinder does not have
10.15.1 If the actual front end loss differs more than 2 mL graduations below 1 mL and the volume of liquid is less than
from the estimated value, the test shall be rerun. 1 mL, prefill the cylinder with 1 mL of a heavy oil to allow a
10.16 Observe and record the EP (FBP) or the dry point, or better estimate of the volume of the material recovered.
both, as required, and discontinue the heating. 10.19.1.1 If a residue greater than expected is obtained, and
NOTE 20—The end point (final boiling point), rather than the dry point,
the distillation was not purposely terminated before the EP,
is intended for general use. The dry point can be reported in connection check whether adequate heat was applied towards the end of
with special purpose naphthas, such as those used in the paint industry. the distillation and whether conditions during the test con-
Also, it is substituted for the end point (final boiling point) whenever the formed to those specified in Table 5. If not, repeat test.
sample is of such a nature that the precision of the end point (final boiling
point) cannot consistently meet the requirements given in the precision NOTE 22—The distillation residues of this test method for gasoline,
section. kerosine, and distillate diesel are typically 0.9 % to 1.2 %, 0.9 % to 1.3 %,
NOTE 21—Groups 1 and 2, once the final heat adjustment is made, the and 1.0 % to 1.4 % volume, respectively.
vapor temperature/thermometer reading will continue to increase. As the NOTE 23—The test method is not designed for the analysis of distillate
distillation nears the end point (final boiling point) the distillation typically fuels containing appreciable quantities of residual material (see 1.2).
achieves dry point first. After the dry point has been achieved the vapor 10.19.2 Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4—Record the volume in the
temperature/thermometer reading should continue to increase. The bottom
of the flask will be dry but the sides and neck of the flask and the
5 mL graduated cylinder, to the nearest 0.1 mL, as percent
temperature sensor will still have vapor condensate present. The vapor residue.
condensate may have the appearance of a white cloud of fumes. This 10.20 If the intent of the distillation is to determine the
vapor condensate/cloud of fumes should totally engulf the temperature-
measuring sensor before the vapor temperature starts to decrease. If these percent evaporated or percent recovered at a predetermined
observations do not occur, the end point may not have been reached. It corrected temperature reading, modify the procedure to con-
would be advisable to repeat the test adding additional heat to the final form to the instructions described in Annex A4.
heat adjustment. Typically the vapor temperature will continue to rise as
the dry point is reached and the vapor cloud engulfs the temperature- 10.21 Examine the condenser tube and the side arm of the
measuring sensor. When the end point is near, the rate of temperature flask for waxy or solid deposits. If found, repeat the test after
increase will slow and level off. Once the endpoint is reached the vapor making adjustments described in Footnote A of Table 5.

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11. Calculations After applying the corrections and rounding each result to
11.1 The percent total recovery is the sum of the percent the nearest 0.5 °C (1.0 °F) or 0.1 °C (0.2 °F), as appropriate to
recovery (see 10.18) and the percent residue (see 10.19). the apparatus being used, use the corrected temperature read-
Deduct the percent total recovery from 100 to obtain the ings in all further calculations and reporting.
percent loss. NOTE 25—Temperature readings are not corrected to 101.3 kPa
11.2 Do not correct the barometric pressure for meniscus (760 mm Hg) when product definitions, specifications, or agreements
between the parties involved indicate, specifically, that such correction is
depression, and do not adjust the pressure to what it would be
not required or that correction shall be made to some other base pressure.
at sea level.
11.4 Correct the actual loss to 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg)
NOTE 24—The observed barometric reading does not have to be
corrected to a standard temperature and to standard gravity. Even without pressure when temperature readings are corrected to 101.3 kPa
performing these corrections, the corrected temperature readings for the pressure. The corrected loss, Lc, is calculated from Eq 6 or Eq
same sample between laboratories at two different locations in the world 7, as appropriate, or can be read from the tables presented as
will, in general, differ less than 0.1 °C at 100 °C. Almost all data obtained Fig. X3.1 or Fig. X3.2.
earlier have been reported at barometric pressures that have not been
corrected to standard temperature and to standard gravity. L c 5 0.51 ~ L 2 0.5! / $ 11 ~ 101.3 2 P k ! /8.00% (6)
11.3 Correct temperature readings to 101.3 kPa L c 5 0.51 ~ L 2 0.5! / $ 11 ~ 760 2 P ! /60.0% (7)
(760 mm Hg) pressure. Obtain the correction to be applied to where:
each temperature reading by means of the Sydney Young
equation as given in Eq 3, Eq 4, or Eq 5, as appropriate, or by L = observed loss,
Lc = corrected loss,
the use of Table 6. For Celsius temperatures:
Pk = pressure, kPa, and
C c 5 0.0009 ~ 101.3 2 P k ! ~ 2731t c ! (3) P = pressure, mm Hg.
C c 5 0.00012 ~ 760 2 P ! ~ 2731t c ! (4) NOTE 26—Eq 6 and 7 above have been derived from the data in Table
A4.3 and Eqs 5 and 6 in Test Method D86 – 95 and earlier versions. It is
For Fahrenheit temperatures: probable that Eq 6 and 7 shown were the original empirical equations from
which the table and equations in the Test Method D86 – 95 and earlier
C f 5 0.00012 ~ 760 2 P ! ~ 4601t f ! (5)
versions were derived.
where: 11.4.1 Calculate the corresponding corrected percent recov-
tc = the observed temperature reading in °C, ery in accordance with the following equation:
tf = the observed temperature reading in °F,
Cc and Cf = corrections to be added algebraically to the R c 5 R1 ~ L 2 L c ! (8)
observed temperature readings, where:
Pk = barometric pressure, prevailing at the time and L = percent loss or observed loss,
location of the test, kPa, and Lc = corrected loss,
P = barometric pressure, prevailing at the time and R = percent recovery, and
location of the test, mm Hg. Rc = corrected percent recovery.
11.5 To obtain the percent evaporated at a prescribed
TABLE 6 Approximate Thermometer Reading Correction
temperature reading, add the percent loss to each of the
observed percent recovered at the prescribed temperature
Temperature Range CorrectionA per 1.3 kPa (10 mm Hg)
Difference in Pressure readings, and report these results as the respective percent
°C °F °C °F evaporated, that is:
10–30 50–86 0.35 0.63 P e 5 P r 1L (9)
30–50 86–122 0.38 0.68
50–70 122–158 0.40 0.72 where:
70–90 158–194 0.42 0.76
90–110 194–230 0.45 0.81 L = observed loss,
110–130 230–266 0.47 0.85 Pe = percent evaporated, and
130–150 266–302 0.50 0.89 Pr = percent recovered.
150–170 302–338 0.52 0.94
170–190 338–374 0.54 0.98 11.6 To obtain temperature readings at prescribed percent
190–210 374–410 0.57 1.02
210–230 410–446 0.59 1.07 evaporated, and if no recorded temperature data is available
230–250 446–482 0.62 1.11 within 0.1 % by volume of the prescribed percent evaporated,
250–270 482–518 0.64 1.15
use either of the two following procedures, and indicate on the
270–290 518–554 0.66 1.20
290–310 554–590 0.69 1.24 report whether the arithmetical procedure or the graphical
310–330 590–626 0.71 1.28 procedure has been used.
330–350 626–662 0.74 1.33
350–370 662–698 0.76 1.37 11.6.1 Arithmetical Procedure—Deduct the observed loss
370–390 698–734 0.78 1.41 from each prescribed percent evaporated to obtain the corre-
390–410 734–770 0.81 1.46 sponding percent recovered. Calculate each required tempera-
A
Values to be added when barometric pressure is below 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) ture reading as follows:
and to be subtracted when barometric pressure is above 101.3 kPa.
T 5 T L 1 ~ T H 2 T L ! ~ P r 2 P rL! / ~ P rH 2 P rL! (10)

12
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where: 12.6 When the temperature readings have not been cor-
Pr = percent recovered corresponding to the prescribed rected to 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) pressure, report the percent
percent evaporated, residue and percent loss as observed in accordance with 10.19
PrH = percent recovered adjacent to, and higher than Pr, and 11.1, respectively.
PrL = percent recovered adjacent to, and lower than Pr, 12.7 Do not use the corrected loss in the calculation of
T = temperature reading at the prescribed percent percent evaporated.
evaporated,
TH = temperature reading recorded at PrH, and 12.8 It is advisable to base the report on relationships
TL = temperature reading recorded at PrL. between temperature readings and percent evaporated when the
sample is a gasoline, or any other product classified under
Values obtained by the arithmetical procedure are affected by
Group 1, or in which the percent loss is greater than 2.0.
the extent to which the distillation graphs are nonlinear.
Otherwise, the report can be based on relationships between
Intervals between successive data points can, at any stage of
temperature readings and percent evaporated or percent recov-
the test, be no wider than the intervals indicated in 10.18. In no
ered. Every report must indicate clearly which basis has been
case shall a calculation be made that involves extrapolation.
used.
11.6.2 Graphical Procedure—Using graph paper with uni-
12.8.1 In the manual method, if results are given in percent
form subdivisions, plot each temperature reading corrected for
evaporated versus temperature readings, report if the arithmeti-
barometric pressure, if required (see 11.3), against its corre-
cal or the graphical procedure was used (see 11.6).
sponding percent recovered. Plot the IBP at 0 % recovered.
Draw a smooth curve connecting the points. For each pre- 12.9 Report if a drying agent, as described in 7.5.2 or 7.5.3,
scribed percent evaporated, deduct the distillation loss to was used.
obtain the corresponding percent recovered and take from the 12.10 Fig. X1.1 is an example of a tabular report. It shows
graph the temperature reading that this percent recovered the percent recovered versus the corresponding temperature
indicates. Values obtained by graphical interpolation proce- reading and versus the corrected temperature reading. It also
dures are affected by the care with which the plot is made. shows the percent loss, the corrected loss, and the percent
NOTE 27—See Appendix X1 for numerical examples illustrating the evaporated versus the corrected temperature reading.
arithmetical procedure.
13. Precision and Bias
11.6.3 In most automated instruments, temperature-volume
data are collected at 0.1 % by volume intervals or less and 13.1 Precision (Group 1, 2, 3 automated method and Group
stored in memory. To report a temperature reading at a 1 manual method)—The precision of this test method is as
prescribed percent evaporated, neither of the procedures de- follows:
scribed in 11.6.1 and 11.6.2 have to be used. Obtain the desired NOTE 28—Information on the precision of percent evaporated or
temperature directly from the database as the temperature percent recovered at a prescribed temperature can be found in Annex A4.
closest to and within 0.1 % volume of the prescribed percent NOTE 29—For naphthas, solvents, and other similar materials where
evaporated. percent recovered are reported and the percent loss is typically less than
one percent, the percent recovered temperatures can be considered
identical to the percent evaporated temperatures and precision can be
12. Report calculated as shown for Group 1, 2, 3.
12.1 Report the following information (see Appendix X5 13.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between two indepen-
for examples of reports): dent results obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory
12.2 Report the procedure used for the test as: D86 Manual applying the same test method with the same apparatus under
Method or D86 Automated Method. constant operating conditions on identical test material within
short intervals of time would exceed the values in Table 7,
12.3 Report the barometric pressure to the nearest 0.1 kPa Table 8, and Table 9 about 5 % of the time (1 case in 20 in the
(1 mm Hg). long run) in the normal and correct operation of the test
12.4 Report all volumetric readings in percentages. method.
12.4.1 Manual Method—Report volumetric readings to the 13.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
nearest 0.5, and all temperature readings to the nearest 0.5 °C and independent results obtained by different operators apply-
(1.0 °F). ing the same test method in different laboratories using
12.4.2 Automated Method—Report volumetric readings to different apparatus on identical test material would exceed the
the nearest 0.1, and all temperature readings to the nearest one values in Table 7, Table 8, and Table 9 about 5 % of the time
tenth degree. (1 case in 20 in the long run) in the normal and correct
operation of the test method.
12.5 After barometric corrections of the temperature read-
13.1.3 The precision statements for the automated method
ings have been made, the following data require no further
were derived from a 2010 interlaboratory cooperative test
calculation prior to reporting: IBP, dry point, EP (FBP),
decomposition point, and all pairs of corresponding values
involving percent recovered and temperature readings.
12.5.1 The report shall state if the temperature readings
have not been corrected for barometric pressure.

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TABLE 7 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Group 1, 2, 3 13.1.4 Table 8 precision data obtained from RR study on
(Automated Method) manual method units by North American and IP laboratories.
(Valid Range 20 °C to 260 °C)
13.1.5 Table 9 has been derived from the monographs in
Percent Repeatability °C Reproducibility °C
Evaporated
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 in D86 – 97.
IBP 2.7 4.7 13.2 Precision (Group 4 automated method and manual
5 1.4 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 2.5 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24)
10 0.9 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 1.9 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) method)—The precision of this test method is as follows:
20 0.9 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 2.0 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24)
30 0.8 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 1.8 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24)
NOTE 30—Information on the precision of percent evaporated or
40 0.9 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 2.0 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) percent recovered at a prescribed temperature can be found in Annex A4.
50 1.0 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 1.9 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) NOTE 31—The precision for B30 biodiesel blends has not been
60 1.1 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 2.0 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) determined. See Research Report RR:D02-200710 for information on B30
70 1.5 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 2.1 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) performance estimates.
80 1.1 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 2.0 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24)
90 1.8 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 2.8 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 13.2.1 Repeatability—The difference between two indepen-
95 2.0 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) 3.6 + 2.8(0.43Sc + 0.24) dent results obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory
FBP 3.3 7.1 applying the same test method with the same apparatus under
where: constant operating conditions on identical test material within
Sc = average slope or rate of change of temperature in degrees Celcius short intervals of time would exceed the values in Table 9 and
calculated using A4.10.1, where T is the average of the two results being
compared.
Table 10 about 5 % of the time (1 case in 20 in the long run)
in the normal and correct operation of the test method.
13.2.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
TABLE 8 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Group 1 (Manual and independent results obtained by different operators apply-
Method) ing the same test method in different laboratories using
Evaporated Manual RepeatabilityA Manual ReproducibilityA different apparatus on identical test material would exceed the
Point, % °C °F °C °F values in Table 9 and Table 10 about 5 % of the time (1 case
IBP 3.3 6 5.6 10 in 20 in the long run) in the normal and correct operation of the
5 1.9 + 0.86Sc 3.4 + 0.86Sf 3.1 + 1.74Sc 5.6 + 1.74Sf
10 1.2 + 0.86Sc 2.2 + 0.86Sf 2.0 + 1.74Sc 3.6 + 1.74Sf test method.
20 1.2 + 0.86Sc 2.2 + 0.86Sf 2.0 + 1.74Sc 3.6 + 1.74Sf 13.2.3 The precision statements for the automated method
30–70 1.2 + 0.86Sc 2.2 + 0.86Sf 2.0 + 1.74Sc 3.6 + 1.74Sf were derived from a 2005 interlaboratory cooperative test
80 1.2 + 0.86Sc 2.2 + 0.86Sf 2.0 + 1.74Sc 3.6 + 1.74Sf
90 1.2 + 0.86Sc 2.2 + 0.86Sf 0.8 + 1.74Sc 1.4 + 1.74Sf program.11 Sixteen laboratories participated and analyzed
95 1.2 + 0.86Sc 2.2 + 0.86Sf 1.1 + 1.74Sc 1.9 + 1.74Sf sample sets comprised of; specification grade diesel, with a B5
FBP 3.9 7 7.2 13 and B20 biodiesel, specification grade heating oil, aviation
A
Sc or Sf is the average slope (or rate of change) calculated in accordance with turbine fuels, marine fuels, mineral spirits and toluene. The
A4.10.1, where T is the average of the two results being compared.
TABLE 9 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Groups 2, 3, and 4 10

Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
(Manual Method) be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-2007. Contact ASTM Customer
RepeatibilityA ReproducibilityA Service at service@astm.org.
11
°C °F °C °F Supporting data (results of the 2005 Interlaboratory Cooperative Test Program)
IBP 1.0 + 0.35Sc 1.9 + 0.35Sf 2.8 + 0.93Sc 5.0 + 0.93Sf have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by
5 % to requesting Research Report RR:D02-1621.
1.0 + 0.41Sc 1.8 + 0.41Sf 1.8 + 1.33Sc 3.3 + 1.33Sf
95 %
FBP 0.7 + 0.36Sc 1.3 + 0.36Sf 3.1 + 0.42Sc 5.7 + 0.42Sf
% volume TABLE 10 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Group 4
at (Automated Method)A
0.7 + 0.92/Sc 0.7 + 1.66/Sf 1.5 + 1.78/Sc 1.53 + 3.20/Sf
temperature Percent Repeatability °C Reproducibility °C Valid Range °C
reading Recovered
A
Sc or Sf is the average slope (or rate of change) calculated in accordance with IBP 0.018T 0.055T 145 to 220
A4.10.1, where T is the average of the two results being compared. 5% 0.0109T 0.03T 160 to 255
10 % 0.0094T 0.022T 160 to 265
20 % 0.00728T 0.0208T 175 to 275
30 % 0.00582T 0.0165T 185 to 285
40 % 0.005T 0.014T 195 to 290
50 % 1.0 3.0 170 to 295
program.9 Twenty six laboratories participated and analyzed 60 % 0.00357T 0.0117T 220 to 305
twenty one sample sets comprised of; specification grade 70 % 0.00355T 0.0125T 230 to 315
gasoline, both conventional and oxygenated, some containing 80 % 0.00377T 0.0136T 240 to 325
90 % 0.0041T 0.015T 180 to 340
up to 20 % ethanol. The temperature range covered was 20 °C 95 % 0.01318(T-140) 0.04105(T-140) 260 to 360
to 220 °C. Information on the type of samples and their average FBP 2.2 7.1 195 to 365
boiling points are in the research report. where:
T = average barometric pressure corrected percent recovered temperature
within valid range prescribed, where T is the average of the two results
9 being compared.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1807. Contact ASTM Customer A
Refer to Annex A1 for tables of calculated repeatability and reproducibility.

14
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
temperature range covered was 145 °C to 365 °C. Information manual and automated apparatus has concluded that there is no
on the type of samples and their average boiling points are in statistical evidence to suggest that there is a bias between
the research report. manual and automated results.
13.2.4 Table 9 has been derived from the monographs in
Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 in D86 – 97. NOTE 32—See A2.1 for information on the application and use of
borosilicate and quartz distillation flasks.
13.3 Bias:
13.3.1 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material 14. Keywords
suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in these test
methods, bias has not been determined. 14.1 batch distillation; distillates; distillation; laboratory
13.3.2 Relative Bias between Manual and Automated distillation; petroleum products
Apparatus—An interlaboratory study7 conducted in 2003 using
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. PRECISION TABLES FOR REPEATABILITY (r) AND REPRODUCIBILITY (R)
A1.1 Tables: 170 1.60 3.74

175 1.65 3.85
Recovered IBP IBP_GRP4
180 1.69 3.96
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
185 1.74 4.07
145 2.61 7.98
190 1.79 4.18
150 2.70 8.25
195 1.83 4.29
155 2.79 8.53
200 1.88 4.40
160 2.88 8.80
205 1.93 4.51
165 2.97 9.08
210 1.97 4.62
170 3.06 9.35
215 2.02 4.73
175 3.15 9.63
220 2.07 4.84
180 3.24 9.90
225 2.12 4.95
185 3.33 10.18
230 2.16 5.06
190 3.42 10.45
235 2.21 5.17
195 3.51 10.73
240 2.26 5.28
200 3.60 11.00
245 2.30 5.39
205 3.69 11.28
250 2.35 5.50
210 3.78 11.55
255 2.40 5.61
215 3.87 11.83
260 2.44 5.72
220 3.96 12.10
265 2.49 5.83
Recovered 20 % T20_GRP4
175 1.27 3.64
160 1.74 4.80
180 1.31 3.74
165 1.80 4.95
185 1.35 3.85
170 1.85 5.10
190 1.38 3.95
175 1.91 5.25
195 1.42 4.06
180 1.96 5.40
200 1.46 4.16
185 2.02 5.55
205 1.49 4.26
190 2.07 5.70
210 1.53 4.37
195 2.13 5.85
215 1.57 4.47
200 2.18 6.00
220 1.60 4.58
205 2.23 6.15
225 1.64 4.68
210 2.29 6.30
230 1.67 4.78
215 2.34 6.45
235 1.71 4.89
220 2.40 6.60
240 1.75 4.99
225 2.45 6.75
245 1.78 5.10
230 2.51 6.90
250 1.82 5.20
235 2.56 7.05
255 1.86 5.30
240 2.62 7.20
260 1.89 5.41
245 2.67 7.35
265 1.93 5.51
250 2.73 7.50
270 1.97 5.62
255 2.78 7.65
275 2.00 5.72
185 1.08 3.05
190 1.11 3.14
160 1.50 3.52
195 1.13 3.22
165 1.55 3.63

15
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
200 1.16 3.30 285 1.01 3.56

205 1.19 3.38 290 1.03 3.63
210 1.22 3.47 295 1.05 3.69
215 1.25 3.55 300 1.07 3.75
220 1.28 3.63 305 1.08 3.81
225 1.31 3.71 310 1.10 3.88
230 1.34 3.80 315 1.12 3.94
235 1.37 3.88 Recovered 80 % T80_GRP4
240 1.40 3.96 Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
245 1.43 4.04 240 0.90 3.26
250 1.46 4.13 245 0.92 3.33
255 1.48 4.21 250 0.94 3.40
260 1.51 4.29 255 0.96 3.47
265 1.54 4.37 260 0.98 3.54
270 1.57 4.46 265 1.00 3.60
275 1.60 4.54 270 1.02 3.67
280 1.63 4.62 275 1.04 3.74
285 1.66 4.70 280 1.06 3.81
Recovered 40 % T40_GRP4 285 1.07 3.88
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto 290 1.09 3.94
195 0.98 2.73 295 1.11 4.01
200 1.00 2.80 300 1.13 4.08
205 1.03 2.87 305 1.15 4.15
210 1.05 2.94 310 1.17 4.22
215 1.08 3.01 315 1.19 4.28
220 1.10 3.08 320 1.21 4.35
225 1.13 3.15 325 1.23 4.42
230 1.15 3.22 Recovered 90 % T90_GRP4
240 1.20 3.36 180 0.74 2.70
245 1.23 3.43 185 0.76 2.78
250 1.25 3.50 190 0.78 2.85
255 1.28 3.57 195 0.80 2.93
260 1.30 3.64 200 0.82 3.00
265 1.33 3.71 205 0.84 3.08
270 1.35 3.78 210 0.86 3.15
275 1.38 3.85 215 0.88 3.23
280 1.40 3.92 220 0.90 3.30
285 1.43 3.99 225 0.92 3.38
290 1.45 4.06 230 0.94 3.45
Recovered 50 % T50_GRP4 235 0.96 3.53
170–295 1.0 3.0 245 1.00 3.68
Recovered 60 % T60_GRP4 250 1.03 3.75
220 0.79 2.57 260 1.07 3.90
225 0.80 2.63 265 1.09 3.98
230 0.82 2.69 270 1.11 4.05
235 0.84 2.75 275 1.13 4.13
240 0.86 2.81 280 1.15 4.20
245 0.87 2.87 285 1.17 4.28
250 0.89 2.93 290 1.19 4.35
255 0.91 2.98 295 1.21 4.43
260 0.93 3.04 300 1.23 4.50
265 0.95 3.10 305 1.25 4.58
270 0.96 3.16 310 1.27 4.65
275 0.98 3.22 315 1.29 4.73
280 1.00 3.28 320 1.31 4.80
285 1.02 3.33 325 1.33 4.88
290 1.04 3.39 330 1.35 4.95
295 1.05 3.45 335 1.37 5.03
300 1.07 3.51 340 1.39 5.10
305 1.09 3.57
Recovered 70 % T70_GRP4 Recovered 95 % T95_GRP4
Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto Temperature (°C) r_D86auto R_D86auto
230 0.82 2.88 260 1.58 4.93
235 0.83 2.94 265 1.65 5.13
240 0.85 3.00 270 1.71 5.34
245 0.87 3.06 275 1.78 5.54
250 0.89 3.13 280 1.85 5.75
255 0.91 3.19 285 1.91 5.95
260 0.92 3.25 290 1.98 6.16
265 0.94 3.31 295 2.04 6.36
270 0.96 3.38 300 2.11 6.57
275 0.98 3.44 305 2.17 6.77
280 0.99 3.50 310 2.24 6.98

16
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
315 2.31 7.18 350 2.77 8.62

320 2.37 7.39 355 2.83 8.83
325 2.44 7.59 360 2.90 9.03
330 2.50 7.80 Recovered FBP FBP_GRP4
340 2.64 8.21 195–365 2.2 7.1
345 2.70 8.42
A2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
A2.1 Distillation Flasks—Flasks shall be of heat-resistant and distillate fuels may further minimize the differences in D86
glass, constructed to the dimensions and tolerances shown in IBP and FBP when using borosilicate versus quartz flask. Bias
Fig. A2.1 and Fig. A2.2. Flasks made of borosilicate glass shall can conceivably occur for materials and temperatures not
comply with the requirements of Specification E1405. Flasks studied in this limited program.
made of quartz shall be composed of 99.9+ % SiO2. Flasks A2.1.1.1 For motor gasoline in the temperature range of
may also be constructed with a ground glass joint. 25 °C to 220 °C:
NOTE A2.1—Since the thermal response of borosilicate glass and quartz Borosilicate = 1.0054 Quartz – 0.73
can be different, consider appropriate adjustments for the initial and final A2.1.1.2 For kerosene, aviation turbine fuel, fuel oil, and
heat regulation to attain the time limits stated in the procedure.
NOTE A2.2—For tests specifying dry point, specially selected flasks
diesel fuel in the temperature range of 140 °C to 350 °C:
with bottoms and walls of uniform thickness are desirable. Borosilicate = Quartz + 0.40
A2.1.1 Intralaboratory and interlaboratory data12 for motor A2.2 Condenser and Condenser Bath—Typical types of
gasoline, kerosene, aviation turbine fuel, fuel oil, and diesel condenser and condenser baths are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.
fuel were assessed by Practice D6708 indicating that some
correction could improve the degree of agreement between A2.2.1 The condenser shall be made of seamless noncorro-
quartz and borosilicate flask results. The level of correction sive metal tubing, 560 mm 6 5 mm in length, with an outside
could be considered practically not significant. Correction is diameter of 14 mm and a wall thickness of 0.8 mm to 0.9 mm.
more probable at the IBP and FBP of both motor gasoline and NOTE A2.3—Brass or stainless steel has been found to be a suitable
distillate fuels. Optimizing D86 parameters for motor gasoline material for this purpose.
A2.2.2 The condenser shall be set so that 393 mm 6 3 mm
of the tube is in contact with the cooling medium, with 50 mm
12
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may 6 3 mm outside the cooling bath at the upper end, and with
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1753. Contact ASTM Customer
114 mm 6 3 mm outside at the lower end. The portion of the
FIG. A2.1 125 mL Flask and 125 mL Flask with Ground Glass Joint

17
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
FIG. A2.2 Detail of Upper Neck Section
tube projecting at the upper end shall be set at an angle of 75° portion of the condenser tube can be curved slightly backward
6 3° with the vertical. The portion of the tube inside the to ensure contact with the wall of the receiving cylinder at a
condenser bath shall be either straight or bent in any suitable point 25 mm to 32 mm below the top of the receiving cylinder.
continuous smooth curve. The average gradient shall be 15° 6 Fig. A2.3 is a drawing of an acceptable configuration of the
1° with respect to the horizontal, with no 10 cm section having lower end of the condenser tube.
a gradient outside of the 15° 6 3° range. The projecting lower
portion of the condenser tube shall be curved downward for a A2.2.3 The volume and the design of the bath will depend
length of 76 mm and the lower end shall be cut off at an acute on the cooling medium employed. The cooling capacity of the
angle. Provisions shall be made to enable the flow of the bath shall be adequate to maintain the required temperature for
distillate to run down the side of the receiving cylinder. This the desired condenser performance. A single condenser bath
can be accomplished by using a drip-deflector, which is may be used for several condenser tubes.
attached to the outlet of the tube. Alternatively, the lower

18
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
ported on a stand inside the shield, or a platform adjustable
from the outside of the shield. On this ring or platform is
mounted a hard board made of ceramic or other heat-resistant
material, 3 mm to 6 mm in thickness, with a central opening
76 mm to 100 mm in diameter, and outside line dimensions
slightly smaller than the inside boundaries of the shield.
A2.5.2 Type 2—Use a Type 2 flask support assembly with
electric heating (see Fig. 2 as one example). The assembly
consists of an adjustable system onto which the electric heater
is mounted with provision for placement of a flask support
board (see A2.6) above the electric heater. The whole assembly
is adjustable from the outside of the shield.
A2.6 Flask Support Board—The flask support board shall
be constructed of ceramic or other heat-resistant material,
3 mm to 6 mm in thickness. Flask support boards are classified
as A, B, or C, based on the size of the centrally located
opening, the dimension of which is shown in Table 3. The flask
support board shall be of sufficient dimension to ensure that
thermal heat to the flask only comes from the central opening
and that extraneous heat to the flask other than through the
central opening is minimized. (Warning—Asbestos-
containing materials shall not be used in the construction of the
FIG. A2.3 Lower End of Condenser Tube
flask support board.)
A2.7 The flask support board can be moved slightly in
different directions on the horizontal plane to position the
A2.3 Metal Shield or Enclosure for Flask. (Manual units distillation flask so that direct heat is applied to the flask only
only). through the opening in this board. Usually, the position of the
A2.3.1 Shield for Gas Burner (see Fig. 1)—The purpose of flask is set by adjusting the length of the side-arm inserted into
this shield is to provide protection for the operator and yet the condenser.
allow easy access to the burner and to the distillation flask
during operation. A typical shield would be 480 mm high, A2.8 Provision shall be made for moving the flask support
280 mm long, and 200 mm wide, made of sheet metal of assembly vertically so that the flask support board is in direct
0.8 mm thickness (22 gauge). The shield shall be provided with contact with the bottom of the distillation flask during the
at least one window to observe the dry point at the end of the distillation. The assembly is moved down to allow for easy
distillation. mounting and removal of the distillation flask from the unit.
A2.3.2 Shield for Electric Heater (see Fig. 2)—A typical A2.9 Receiving Cylinders—The receiving cylinder shall
shield would be 440 mm high, 200 mm long, and 200 mm have a capacity to measure and collect 100 mL 6 1.0 mL. The
wide, made of sheet metal of approximately 0.8 mm thickness shape of the base shall be such that the receiver does not topple
(22 gauge) and with a window in the front side. The shield shall when placed empty on a surface inclined at an angle of 13°
be provided with at least one window to observe the dry point from the horizontal.
at the end of the distillation.
A2.9.1 Manual Method—The cylinder shall be graduated at
A2.4 Heat Source intervals of 1 mL beginning at least at 5 mL and have a
graduation at the 100 mL mark. Construction details and
A2.4.1 Gas Burner (see Fig. 1), capable of bringing over the
tolerances for the graduated cylinder are shown in Fig. A2.4.
first drop from a cold start within the time specified and of
continuing the distillation at the specified rate. A sensitive A2.9.2 Automated Method—The cylinder shall conform to
manual control valve and gas pressure regulator to give the scale length specifications described in Fig. A2.4, except
complete control of heating shall be provided. that graduations below the 100 mL mark are permitted, as long
A2.4.2 Electric Heater (see Fig. 2), of low heat retention. as they do not interfere with the operation of the level follower.
Receiving cylinders for use in automated units may also have
NOTE A2.4—Heaters, adjustable from 0 W to 1000 W, have been found a metal base. External dimensions of receiving cylinder shall
to be suitable for this purpose.
ensure that the receiving cylinder is properly placed and
A2.5 Flask Support aligned to the level follower and therefore conform to the
specific model of the manufacturer of the distillation apparatus.
A2.5.1 Type 1—Use a Type 1 flask support with a gas burner
(see Fig. 1). This support consists of either a ring support of the A2.9.3 If required, the receiving cylinder shall be immersed
ordinary laboratory type, 100 mm or larger in diameter, sup- during the distillation to above the 100 mL graduation line in a

19
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
cooling liquid contained in a cooling bath, such as a tall-form
beaker of clear glass or transparent plastic. Alternatively, the
receiving cylinder may be placed in a thermostated bath air
circulation chamber.
A2.10 Residue Cylinder—The graduated cylinder shall
have a capacity of 5 mL or 10 mL, with graduations into
0.1 mL subdivisions, beginning at 0.1 mL. The top of the
cylinder may be flared, the other properties shall conform to
Specification E1272.
NOTE 1—1 mL graduations – minimum 5 mL to 100 mL

FIG. A2.4 100 mL Graduated Cylinder
A3. DETERMINATION OF THE DIFFERENCE IN LAG TIME BETWEEN AN ELECTRONIC TEMPERATURE MEASURE-
MENT SYSTEM AND A MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER
A3.1 The response time of an electronic temperature mea- A3.3 Replace the electronic temperature measuring device
suring device is inherently more rapid than that of a mercury- with a low range or a high range mercury-in-glass
in-glass thermometer. The temperature measuring device as- thermometer, depending on the boiling range of the sample.
sembly in general use, consisting of the sensor and its casing,
or an electronic system and its associated software, or both, is A3.4 Repeat the distillation with this thermometer, and
so designed that the temperature measuring system will simu- manually record the temperature at the various percent recov-
late the temperature lag of the mercury-in-glass thermometer. ered as described in 10.14.
A3.2 To determine the difference in lag time between such A3.5 Calculate the values for the repeatability for the
a temperature measuring system and a mercury-in-glass observed slope (∆T/∆V) for the different readings in the test.
thermometer, analyze a sample such as gasoline, kerosine, jet
fuel, or light diesel fuel with the electronic temperature A3.6 Compare the test data obtained using these two tem-
measurement system in place and in accordance with the perature measuring devices. The difference at any point shall
procedures described in this test method. In most cases this is be equal to, or less than, the repeatability of the method at that
the standard distillation step performed with an automated unit. point. If this difference is larger, replace the electronic tem-
A3.2.1 Do not use a single pure compound, a very narrow perature measuring device or adjust the electronics involved, or
boiling range product, or a synthetic blend of less than six both.
compounds for this test.
A3.2.2 Best results are obtained with a sample that is typical
of the sample load of the laboratory. Alternatively, use a
full-range mixture with a 5 % to 95 % boiling range of at least
100 °C.

20
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
A4. PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE PERCENT EVAPORATED OR PERCENT RECOVERED AT A PRESCRIBED TEM-
PERATURE READING
A4.1 Many specifications require specific percentages graduate. Allow the contents of the flask to cool to below
evaporated or recovered at prescribed temperature readings, approximately 40 °C and then drain its contents into the
either as maxima, minima, or ranges. The procedures to receiving graduate. Note the volume of product in the receiving
determine these values are frequently designated by the terms graduate to the nearest 0.5 mL at 2 min intervals until two
Exxx or Rxxx, where xxx is the desired temperature. successive observations agree.
NOTE A4.1—Regulatory standards on the certification of reformulated
gasoline under the complex model procedure require the determination of A4.5.2.2 The amount recovered in the receiving graduate is
E200 and E300, defined as the percent evaporated fuel at 93.3 °C (200 °F) the percent recovery. Determine the amount of observed loss
and 148.9 °C (300 °F), respectively. E158, the percent evaporated at a by subtracting the percent recovery from 100.0.
distillation temperature of 70 °C (158 °F), is also used in describing fuel
volatility characteristics. Other typical temperatures are R 200 for kero- A4.6 Automated Distillation
sines and R 250 and R 350 for gas oils, where R 200, R 250, and R 350
are the percent recovered fuel at 200 °C, 250 °C, and 350 °C, respectively. A4.6.1 In the region between about 10 °C below and 10 °C
A4.2 Determine the barometric pressure, and calculate the above the desired expected temperature reading determined in
correction to the desired temperature reading using Eq 3, Eq 4, A4.3, collect temperature-volume data at 0.1 % volume inter-
or Eq 5 for t = xxx°C (or tf = xxx°F). vals or less.
A4.2.1 Manual Method—Determine this correction to A4.6.2 Continue the distillation, as described in Section 10,
0.5 °C (1 °F). and determine the percent loss, as described in 11.1.
A4.2.2 Automated Method—Determine this correction to A4.7 Calculations
0.1 °C (0.2 °F).
A4.7.1 Manual Method—If a volume percent recovered
A4.3 Determine the expected temperature reading to yield reading is not available at the exact temperature calculated in
xxx °C (or xxx °F) after the barometric correction. To obtain A4.3, determine the percent recovered by interpolation be-
the expected value, add the absolute value of the calculated tween the two adjacent readings. Either the linear, as described
correction to the desired temperature if the barometric pressure in 11.6.1, or the graphical procedure, as described in 11.6.2, is
is above 101.3 kPa. If the barometric pressure is below
permitted. The percent recovered is equal to Rxxx.
101.3 kPa, subtract the absolute value of the calculated correc-
tion from the desired temperature. A4.7.2 Automated Method—Report the observed volume to
0.1 % volume corresponding to the temperature closest to the
A4.4 Perform the distillation, as described in Section 10, expected temperature reading. This is the percent recovered, or
while taking into account A4.5 and A4.6.
Rxxx.
A4.5 Manual Distillation A4.7.3 Manual and Automated Methods—To determine the
A4.5.1 In the region between about 10 °C below and 10 °C value of Exxx, add the observed loss to the percent recovered,
above the desired expected temperature reading determined in Rxxx, as determined in A4.7.1 or A4.7.2 and as described in
A4.3 record the temperature reading in intervals of 1 % volume Eq 9.
. A4.7.3.1 As prescribed in 12.7, do not use the corrected
A4.5.2 If the intent of the distillation is to solely determine loss.
the value of Exxx or Rxxx, discontinue the distillation after at
least another 2 mL of distillate have been collected. Otherwise, A4.8 Precision—The statistical determination of the preci-
continue the distillation, as described in Section 10, and sion of the volume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed
determine the observed loss, as described in 11.1. temperature for automated apparatus were derived according to
A4.5.2.1 If the intent of the distillation is to determine the Practice D6300 from a 2005 interlaboratory program.11 Table
value of Exxx and the distillation was terminated after about A4.1 shows the consolidated equations for volume percent
2 mL of distillate was collected beyond the desired evaporated for gasoline, Table A4.2 shows the precision for
temperature, allow the distillate to drain into the receiving volume percent recovered for diesel. The precision is valid
TABLE A4.1 Precision for Percent Evaporated at a Prescribed Temperature—Gasoline (Consolidated Equation)
Valid Range E70 – E180°C (Automated Apparatus)
D86 Auto r R
0.00836 (150 – X) 0.0200 (150 – X)
where: X = percent evaporated at the prescribed temperature

21
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D86 − 23
TABLE A4.2 Precision for Percent Recovered at a Prescribed Temperature—Diesel (Rxxx)
Valid Range R200 – R300°C (Automated Apparatus)
R200C, R250C, R300C
D86 Auto
r R
1.07 2.66
only for the range of temperatures stated. The estimation of where:

precision for temperature points outside the stated range can be SC = the slope, °C/volume %,
calculated from the procedures in A4.10 and the precision SF = the slope, °F/volume %,
tables in Annex A1. TU = the upper temperature, °C (or °F),
TL = the lower temperature, °C (or °F),
A4.9 The statistical determination of the precision of the VU = the volume % recovered or evaporated corresponding
volume percent evaporated or recovered at a prescribed tem- to TU,
perature for manual apparatus has not been directly measured VL = the volume % recovered or evaporated corresponding
in an interlaboratory program. It can be shown that the to TL, and
precision of the volume percent evaporated or recovered at a VEP = the volume % recovered or evaporated corresponding
prescribed temperature is equivalent to the precision of the to the end point.
temperature measurement at that point divided by the rate of
A4.10.1.4 In the event that the distillation end point occurs
change of temperature versus volume percent evaporated or
prior to the 95 % point, the slope at the end point is calculated
recovered. The estimation of precision becomes less precise at
as follows:
high slope values.
S C ~ or S F ! 5 ~ T EP 2 T HR! / ~ V EP 2 V HR! (A4.2)
A4.10 Calculate the slope or rate of change in temperature
reading, SC (or SF), as described in A4.10.1 and Eq A4.1 and where:
using temperature values bracketing the desired temperature. TEP or THR = the temperature, in °C or °F, at the percent
volume recovered indicated by the
A4.10.1 Slope or Rate of Change of Temperature:
subscript, and
NOTE A4.2—The slope can have a dramatic influence on precision for VEP or VHR = the volume % recovered.
some samples, typically those containing oxygenates, and the calculated Subscript EP = end point, and
precision obtained using the values in Table A4.3 may not reflect this in Subscript HR = highest reading, either 80 % or 90 %, prior
all cases. This can be due to the changing composition of the sample, to the end point.
causing the slope to change rapidly over a short interval. This change may
occur either during the data increments prior to, or subsequent to, the data A4.10.1.5 For points between 10 % to 85 % recovered that
point under calculation. are not shown in Table A4.3, the slope is calculated as follows:
A4.10.1.1 To determine the precision of a result, it is S C ~ or S F ! 5 0.05 ~ T ~ V110! 2 T ~ V210! ! (A4.3)
generally necessary to determine the slope or rate of change of
the temperature at that particular point. This variable, denoted A4.10.2 Calculate the repeatability, r, or the reproducibility,
as SC or SF, is equal to the change in temperature, either in °C R, from the slope, SC (or SF) and the data in Tables A4.4 and
or in °F, respectively, per percent recovered or evaporated. A4.5.
A4.10.1.2 The precision of the IBP and EP does not require A4.10.3 Determine the repeatability or reproducibility, or
any slope calculation. both, of the volume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed
A4.10.1.3 With the exception stated in A4.10.1.2, the slope temperature from the following formulas:
at any point during the distillation is calculated from the
following equations, using the values shown in Table A4.3: r volume % 5 r/S C ~ S F ! (A4.4)
S C ~ or S F ! 5 ~ T U 2 T L ! / ~ V U 2 V L ! (A4.1) R volume % 5 R/S C ~ S F ! (A4.5)
TABLE A4.3 Data Points for Determining Slope, SC or SF

Slope at % IBP 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95 EP
TL at % 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 95
TU at % 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 90 95 VEP
VU - VL 5 10 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 5 VEP −95

22
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D86 − 23
TABLE A4.4 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Group 1
Manual Manual
Evaporated RepeatabilityA ReproducibilityA
Point, %
°C °F °C °F
IBP 3.3 6 5.6 10
5 1.9+0.86SC 3.4+0.86SF 3.1+1.74SC 5.6+1.74SF
10 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
20 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
30–70 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
80 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 2.0+1.74SC 3.6+1.74SF
90 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 0.8+1.74SC 1.4+1.74SF
95 1.2+0.86SC 2.2+0.86SF 1.1+1.74SC 1.9+1.74SF
FBP 3.9 7 7.2 13
A
SC or SF is the average slope (or rate of change) calculated in accordance with A4.10.1. Table A4.4 precision data obtained from RR study on both manual and automated
D86 units by North American and IP laboratories.
TABLE A4.5 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Groups 2, 3 and 4 (Manual Method)
RepeatabilityA ReproducibilityA
°C °F °C °F
IBP 1.0+0.35SC 1.9+0.35SF 2.8+0.93SC 5.0+0.93SF
5—95 % 1.0+0.41SC 1.8+0.41SF 1.8+1.33SC 3.3+1.33SF
FBP 0.7+0.36SC 1.3+0.36SF 3.1+0.42SC 5.7+0.42SF
% volume at 0.7+0.92/SC 0.7+1.66/SF 1.5+1.78/SC 1.53+3.20/SF

temperature reading
A
SC or SF is the average slope (or rate of change) calculated in accordance with A4.10.1. Table A4.5 has been derived from the monographs in Figs. 6 and 7 in D86–97.
where: R = reproducibility of the temperature at the pre-

rvolume % = repeatability of the volume percent evaporated scribed temperature at the observed percent
or recovered, distilled, and
Rvolume % = reproducibility of the volume percent evapo- SC (SF) = rate of change in temperature reading in °C (°F)
rated or recovered, per the volume percent evaporated or
r = repeatability of the temperature at the pre- recovered.
scribed temperature at the observed percent A4.10.4 Examples on how to calculate the repeatability and
distilled, the reproducibility are shown in Appendix X2.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING CALCULATIONS FOR REPORTING OF DATA
X1.1 The observed distillation data used for the calculation corrected recovery 5 94.21 ~ 4.7 2 3.6! 5 95.3 (X1.4)
of the examples below are shown in the first three columns of
Fig. X1.1. X1.2 Temperature Readings at Prescribed Percent
X1.1.1 Temperature readings corrected to 101.3 kPa Evaporated
(760 mm Hg) pressure (see 11.3) are as follows: X1.2.1 Temperature reading at 10 % evaporated (4.7 %
correction ~ °C ! 5 0.0009 ~ 101.3 2 98.6! ~ 2731t c ! (X1.1) observed loss = 5.3 % recovered) (see 11.6.1) are as follows:
correction ~ °F ! 5 0.00012 ~ 760 2 740! ~ 4601t f ! (X1.2) T 10E ~ °C ! 5 33.71 @ ~ 40.3 2 33.7! (X1.5)
X1.1.2 Loss correction to 101.3 kPa (see 11.4) are as
follows. The data for the examples are taken from Fig. X1.1. ~ 5.3 2 5 ! / ~ 10 2 5 ! # 5 34.1°C
T 10E ~ °F ! 5 92.71 @ ~ 104.5 2 92.7! (X1.6)
corrected loss 5 ~ 0.5 1 ~ 4.7 2 0.5!! / (X1.3)
$ 11 ~ 101.3 2 98.6! /8.0% 5 3.6 ~ 5.3 2 5 ! / ~ 10 2 5 ! # 5 93.1°F

X1.1.3 Recovery correction to 101.3 kPa (see 11.4.1) are as X1.2.2 Temperature reading at 50 % evaporated (45.3 %
follows: recovered) (see 11.6.1) are as follows:

23
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
T 50E ~ °F ! 5 2011 @ ~ 228 2 201! (X1.8)
~ 45.3 2 40! / ~ 50 2 40! # 5 215.3°F

X1.2.3 Temperature reading at 90 % evaporated (85.3 %
recovered) (see 11.6.1) are as follows:
T 90E ~ °C ! 5 181.61 @ ~ 201.6 2 181.6! (X1.9)
~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 182.8°C

T 90E ~ °F ! 5 358.91 @ ~ 394.8 2 358.9! (X1.10)
~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 361.0°F

X1.2.4 Temperature reading at 90 % evaporated (85.3 %
recovered) not corrected to 101.3 kPa pressure (see 11.6.1) are
as follows:
T 90E ~ °C ! 5 180.51 @ ~ 200.4 2 180.5! (X1.11)
~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 181.7°C

FIG. X1.1 Example of Test Report T 90E ~ °F ! 5 3571 @ ~ 392 2 357! (X1.12)
T 50E ~ °C ! 5 93.91 @ ~ 108.9 2 93.9! (X1.7) ~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 359.1°F

NOTE X1.1—Results calculated from °C data may not correspond
~ 45.3 2 40! / ~ 50 2 40! # 5 101.9°C exactly to results calculated from °F data because of errors in rounding.
X2. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATION OF REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF VOLUME % (RECOVERED OR

EVAPORATED) AT A PRESCRIBED TEMPERATURE READING
X2.1 Some specifications require the reporting of the vol- X2.2.1.1 Determine first the slope at the desired tempera-
ume % evaporated or recovered at a prescribed temperature. ture:
Table X2.1 shows the distillation data of a Group 1 sample as S C % 5 0.1 ~ T ~ 20! 2 T ~ 10! ! (X2.1)
obtained by a manual unit.
50.1 ~ 94 2 83!
X2.2 Example Calculation
X2.2.1 For a Group 1 sample exhibiting distillation charac- 51.1
teristics as per Table X2.1, as determined by a manual unit, the
S F % 5 0.1 ~ T ~ 20! 2 T ~ 10! !
reproducibility of the volume evaporated, Rvolume %, at
93.3 °C (200 °F) is determined as follows: 50.1 ~ 201 2 182!
TABLE X2.1 Distillation Data from a Group 1 Sample Manual 51.9

Distillation
X2.2.2 From Table A4.4, determine the value of R, the
Volume (mL)
Distillation Point
Temperature °C Temperature °F Recovered at
reproducibility at the observed percentage distilled. In this
Recovered, mL case, the observed percentage distilled is 18 % and
93.3 °C (200 °F)
18.0 R 5 2.011.74 ~ S C ! (X2.2)
10 84 183
20 94 202
30 103 217 52.011.74 × 1.1
40 112 233
Volume (mL) 53.9
Distillation Point
Temperature° C Temperature° F Evaporated at
Evaporated, mL
93.3 °C (200 °F) R 5 3.611.74 ~ S F !
18.4
10 83 182
20 94 201
53.611.74 × 1.9
30 103 217
40 111 232 56.9

24
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
X2.2.3 From the calculated value of R, determine the value R volume % 5 R/ ~ S F !
of volume, as described in A4.10.
56.9/1.9
R volume % 5 R/ ~ S C ! (X2.3)
53.6
53.9/1.1
53.5
X3. TABLES OF CORRECTED LOSS FROM MEASURED LOSS AND BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
X3.1 The table presented as Fig. X3.1 can be used to

determine the corrected loss from the measured loss and the
barometric pressure in kPa.
X3.2 The table presented as Fig. X3.2 can be used to
determine the corrected loss from the measured loss and the
barometric pressure in mm Hg.
FIG. X3.1 Corrected Loss from Observed Loss and Barometric Pressure kPa

25
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
FIG. X3.2 Corrected Loss from Observed Loss and Barometric Pressure mm Hg
X4. PROCEDURE TO EMULATE THE EMERGENT STEM ERROR OF A

MERCURY-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER
X4.1 When an electronic or other sensor without an emer- ASTM 7C T elr 5 T t 2 0.000162 × ~ T t 2 20°C ! 2
(X4.1)
gent stem error is used, the output of this sensor or the
associated data system should emulate the output of a mercury- X4.3 When a high range thermometer would have been
in-glass thermometer. Based on information supplied by four used, no stem correction is to be applied below 35 °C. Above
manufacturers of automated Test Method D86 equipment, the this temperature the correction is calculated using the follow-
averaged equations shown in X4.2 and X4.3 have been ing formula:
reported to be in use.
ASTM 8C T ehr 5 T t 2 0.000131 × ~ T t 2 35°C ! 2
(X4.2)
X4.1.1 The equations shown in X4.2 have limited applica-
bility and are shown for information purposes only. In addition where:
to the correction for the emergent stem, the electronic sensor Telr = emulated temperature in °C for low range
and associated data system will also have to emulate the lag in thermometers,
response time observed for mercury-in-glass thermometers. Tehr = emulated temperature in °C for high range
thermometers, and
X4.2 When a low range thermometer would have been used, Tt = true temperature in °C.
no stem correction is to be applied below 20 °C. Above this
temperature, the correction is calculated using the following
formula:

26
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
X5. EXPLANATORY REPORT FORMS
X5.1 Fig. X5.1 and Fig. X5.2 show report forms.
FIG. X5.1 Percent Recovered Report Form

27
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
FIG. X5.2 Percent Evaporated Report Form

28
'RZQORDGHGSULQWHGE\
D86 − 23
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Subcommittee D02.08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D86 – 20b) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1, 2023.)
(1) Revised subsections 13.1.1 and 13.2.1. (2) Revised Tables 7-10.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

29
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Standard Test Method for

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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1–Condenser bath 11–Distillation flask

FIG. 2 Apparatus Assembly Using Electric Heater

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6.5 Automated equipment manufactured in 1999 and later

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TABLE 3 Preparation of Apparatus and Specimen

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ASTM/IP true boil- Group 4 Group 4 Group 4 Group 4

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FIG. 6 Example of One Manufacturer’s Recommended Placement

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TABLE 9 Repeatability and Reproducibility for Groups 2, 3, and 4 10

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A1. PRECISION TABLES FOR REPEATABILITY (r) AND REPRODUCIBILITY (R)

A1.1 Tables: 170 1.60 3.74

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200 1.16 3.30 285 1.01 3.56

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315 2.31 7.18 350 2.77 8.62

A2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS

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FIG. A2.2 Detail of Upper Neck Section

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NOTE 1—1 mL graduations – minimum 5 mL to 100 mL

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only for the range of temperatures stated. The estimation of where:

S C ~ or S F ! 5 ~ T U 2 T L ! / ~ V U 2 V L ! (A4.1) R volume % 5 R/S C ~ S F ! (A4.5)

TABLE A4.3 Data Points for Determining Slope, SC or SF

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% volume at 0.7+0.92/SC 0.7+1.66/SF 1.5+1.78/SC 1.53+3.20/SF

where: R = reproducibility of the temperature at the pre-

X1. EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING CALCULATIONS FOR REPORTING OF DATA

$ 11 ~ 101.3 2 98.6! /8.0% 5 3.6 ~ 5.3 2 5 ! / ~ 10 2 5 ! # 5 93.1°F

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~ 45.3 2 40! / ~ 50 2 40! # 5 215.3°F

~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 182.8°C

~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 361.0°F

~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 181.7°C

T 50E ~ °C ! 5 93.91 @ ~ 108.9 2 93.9! (X1.7) ~ 85.3 2 85! / ~ 90 2 85! # 5 359.1°F

X2. EXAMPLES OF CALCULATION OF REPEATABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY OF VOLUME % (RECOVERED OR

TABLE X2.1 Distillation Data from a Group 1 Sample Manual 51.9

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X3.1 The table presented as Fig. X3.1 can be used to

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X4. PROCEDURE TO EMULATE THE EMERGENT STEM ERROR OF A

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