CHEMISTRY TOPICAL

WORKBOOK
CLASS- XI
SESSION (2022-24)

Name__________________

Section ________________

1
 Table of Contents

Sr. No Topic Page Numbers

1. States of matter
2. Atomic structure and Chemical Bonding
3. Periodic Table
4. Acids, Bases and oxides
5. Experimental Techniques
6. Salt preparation and identification
7. Chemical Energetics
8. Rate of reaction
9. Reversible reactions and Chemical equilibrium
10. Redox
11. Electrochemistry
12. Metals (Reactivity series and Extraction of metals )
13. Stoichiometry
14. Organic chemistry

2
 States of Matter

1. Kinetic theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and movement of
particles.
a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N 2, are spread far apart and move in a
random manner at high speed.
Compare the movement and arrangement of the molecules in solid nitrogen to those in nitrogen gas.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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b) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of the gas is due to the molecules of the
gas hitting the walls of the container.
Use the kinetic theory to explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the
temperature is increased.
………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
……..…………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

c) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.

The following results were obtained.

Explain why nitrogen gas diffuses faster than chlorine gas.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

Explain why the nitrogen gas diffuses faster at the higher temperature.
.………………………………....…………………………………………………………………… [1]

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3. Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off
hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colorless gases.
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium chloride.
Apparatus set up is shown.

After ten minutes a white solid forms in the tube where the gases meet.
(i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen chloride.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms at that
point.
The solid forms at..............
Explanation..........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ [3]
(iv) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

2. Compound X is a colorless liquid at room temperature.

a) A sample of pure X was slowly heated from –5.0 °C, which is below its melting point, to 90 °C,
which is above its boiling point. Its temperature is measured every minute and the results are
represented on the graph.

4
(i) Complete the equation for the equilibrium present in the region BC.

X(s)....................
(ii) What is the significance of temperature t °C?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used?
............................................................................................................................................ [1]

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 3. (a) Different gases diffuse at different speeds.
(i) What is meant by the term diffusion?
……….................................................................................................................................
………............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?
………………................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain each of the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
(i) The rate of most reactions increases at higher temperatures.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(ii) A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape of the
container but it does not have a fixed volume.

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 4. Element X can undergo the following physical changes.

a) (i) Give the scientific name for each of the numbered physical changes.
1...........................................................................................................................................
2...........................................................................................................................................
3...........................................................................................................................................
4...................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Explain why the changes shown are physical changes.
......................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) One difference between boiling and evaporation is the rate at which the processes occur.
State one other difference between boiling and evaporation.
......................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................. [1]
b) Describe the separation, arrangement and motion of particles of element X in the solid state.
separation...........................................................................................................................
arrangement........................................................................................................................
motion............................................................................................................................ [3]

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 4. The graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it is cooled over a period of 30
minutes. The substance is a gas at the start.

Each letter on the graph may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when
(i) the particles in the substance have the most kinetic energy,
……………............................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) the particles in the substance are furthest apart,

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) the substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?

………................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Use the graph to estimate the freezing point of the substance.
............................ °C [1]
(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.
………................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) When smoke is viewed through a microscope, the smoke particles in the air appear to jump around.
(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?
……………........................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the smoke particles move in this way.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Identify the particles in the air which cause the random movement of the dust particles.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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 5. (a) When chlorine gas, Cl2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.
When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.
The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.

(i) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar than chlorine
gas.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles spread out.

……....................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why energy has to be supplied to turn a liquid into a gas.
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The diagrams represent the same number of particles of a gas in two containers, D and E, which have
different volumes. The two containers are at the same temperature.

In which container will the pressure be higher? Explain your answer.

...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding
1. The table gives the composition of three particles.

a) What is the evidence in the table for each of the following?

(i) Particle A is an atom.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(ii) A, B and C are all particles of the same element.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(iii) Particles A and C are isotopes of the same element.
………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………… [2]
b) (i) What is the electronic structure of particle A?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… [1]
(ii) Is element A, a metal or a non-metal? Give a reason for your choice.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… [1]
2. Protons, neutrons and electrons are subatomic particles.
a) Complete the table to show the relative mass and relative charge of a proton, a neutron and an
electron.

b) Bromine has two isotopes.

(i) Define the term isotope.
.....................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why the two isotopes of bromine have the same chemical properties.
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]

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c) The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms and ions.
Complete the table

3. (a) The symbols of six particles are shown below

Na+ Ca2+ Kr P Si O2–
Select from the list of particles to answer the following questions. A particle may be selected once, more
than once or not at all.
(i) Which two ions have the same electronic structure? .................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which ion has the same electronic structure as an atom of argon? ............................................. [1]
(iii) Which atom can form an ion of the type X 3–? ............................................................................... [1]
(iv) Which atom can form a hydride which has a formula of the type XH 4? ........................................ [1]
(b) (i) How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there in one copper(II) ion ?
number of protons .....................
number of neutrons .....................
number of electrons ..................... [3]
(ii) represents an atom of scandium
How many nucleons and how many charged particles are there in one atom of scandium?
number of nucleons .....................
number of charged particles .....................
[2]
(c) Two different atoms of sodium are
(i) Explain why these two atoms are isotopes.
.................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) is radioactive. It changes into an atom of a different element which has one more
proton.
Identify this element.
………....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(iii) State two uses of radioactive isotopes
..................................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(d) The following is a list of the electron distributions of atoms of unknown elements.

Choose an element from the list for each of the following descriptions.
(i) It is a noble gas …………………..
(ii) It is a soft metal with a low density …………………..
(iii) It can form a covalent compound with element A. ………………...
(iv) It has a giant covalent structure similar to diamond. ………………….
(v) It can form a negative ion of the type X . 3-
………………... [5]
(e) Elements C and F can form an ionic compound.
(i) Draw a diagram that shows the formula of this compound, the charges on the ions and the
arrangement of the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use o to represent an electron from an atom of C.
Use x to represent an electron from an atom of F.

[3]

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 (ii) Predict two properties of this compound.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…...…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
4. (a) (i) Define the term atomic number.
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Define the term nucleon number.
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in some atoms or ions.
Complete the table. The first line is given as an example

5. (a) The electronic structures of five atoms, A, B, C, D and E, are shown

Answer the following questions about these structures.

Each structure may be used once, more than once or not at all.
State which structure, A, B, C, D or E, represents:
(i) an atom with a total of eight electrons .................................................................. [1]
(ii) an atom in Group V of the Periodic Table ........................................................... [1]
(iii) an atom with a complete outer shell of electrons ................................................ [1]
(iv) an atom of a metallic element ............................................................................. [1]
(v) an atom which forms a stable ion with a single positive charge. ......................... [1]

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(b) Complete the table to show the number of electrons, neutrons and protons in the neon atom and
copper ion shown.

(c) The table shows the properties of some Group VII elements.

(i) Use this information to:

identify the physical state of fluorine at room temperature
.............................................................................................................................................
estimate the boiling point of chlorine.
.............................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest why the density of chlorine is much lower than the densities of bromine and iodine.

.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of chlorine.
Show outer shell electrons only.

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6. (a) Complete the table to show the electronic structure of the atoms and ions.

(b) Predict the formula of the compound formed between Ca2+ and N3–.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangements in the two ions present in
lithium chloride, LiCl.
Show outer shell electrons only. Include the charges on the ions.

[3]
(d) Sulfur dichloride, SCl2, is a covalent compound. It has the structure Cl –S–Cl.
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of sulfur dichloride.
Show outer shell electrons only.

[3]

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 (e) In terms of attractive forces, explain why LiCl has a higher melting point than SCl 2.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
(f) Suggest the identity of a covalent compound with a higher melting point than LiCl.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) Magnesium has an electronic configuration of 2.8.2.
Oxygen has an electronic configuration of 2.6.
Explain, in terms of their electronic configurations, how magnesium and oxygen atoms react to form
the ionic compound magnesium oxide, MgO, and include a description of the structure of solid
magnesium oxide.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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7. (a) Substances can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.
State whether each of the following is an element, a compound or a mixture.
(i) brass ..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) gold ....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) butane ................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) air .......................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Define the term molecule.
.................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Define the term element.
.................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 (c) The table shows the composition of four atoms or ions, A, B, C and D.

(i) What is the atomic number of A?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What is the nucleon number of B?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Which of A, B, C and D are isotopes of each other?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Which of A, B, C and D are atoms?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) Which of A, B, C and D are positive ions?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
8. Magnesium is a metal.
(a) Describe the structure and bonding in magnesium.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Why can magnesium conduct electricity when solid?
.....................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Why is magnesium malleable?
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) Magnesium reacts with sulfur to form the ionic compound magnesium sulfide, MgS.
The diagrams show the electronic structures of atoms of magnesium and sulfur.

(i) Complete the diagrams to show the electronic structures of the ions in magnesium sulfide.
Show the charges on the ions.

(ii) Ionic compounds, such as magnesium sulfide, do not conduct electricity when solid.
Magnesium sulfide does not dissolve in water.
Magnesium sulfide does conduct electricity under certain conditions.
State the conditions needed for magnesium sulfide to conduct electricity. Explain why magnesium
sulfide conducts electricity under these conditions.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................ [2]

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 Periodic Table
1. (a) Rubidium, Rb, is a Group I element. It has similar physical and chemical properties to the other
elements in Group I.
(i) Predict how many electrons there are in the outer shell of a rubidium atom.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Predict one physical property of rubidium which is the same as that of a transition element such
as iron.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Predict two physical properties of rubidium which are different to those of a transition element
such as iron.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Sodium is a metal in Group I of the Periodic Table.

Describe some physical and chemical properties of sodium. In your answer include
• any observations about the reactions of sodium,
• at least one word equation.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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2. (a) For each of the following, give the name of an element from Period 2 (lithium to neon), which
matches the description. Elements may be used once, more than once or not at all.
(i) an element which is gaseous at room temperature and pressure

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) an element which forms an oxide that is a reactant in photosynthesis
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) an element that is a product of photosynthesis
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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 (iv) an element that makes up approximately 78% by volume of the air
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) an element which has atoms with a full outer shell of electrons

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) an element which exists as both diamond and graphite
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vii) an element that reacts vigorously with cold water
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(viii) a soft metallic element which is stored in oil
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Give the formula of a compound that contains
(i) only boron and oxygen, ................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) only lithium and nitrogen. .............................................................................................. [1]
(c) Argon is an unreactive noble gas.
(i) Explain why argon is unreactive.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give one use of argon.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Iron is a transition element.
Describe the physical and chemical properties of iron.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [5]

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3. (a) Lithium, sodium and potassium are metals in group 1 of the periodic table. They are good
conductors of heat and electricity. The freshly-cut metals are shiny.
(i) Give another physical property of all three of these metals.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii)
Explain, in terms of electrons in their atoms, why lithium, sodium and potassium are in group
1 of the periodic table.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(iii)
There is an increase in reactivity of these group 1 metals from lithium to potassium.
Explain this increase in reactivity.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(iv) Group 1 of the periodic table contains the alkali metals lithium, sodium and potassium. The
alkali metals show a pattern in their reactivity with water. This pattern is shown when small
pieces of lithium, sodium and potassium are added separately to water.
Describe the reactions and what would be seen and explain the pattern in reactivity. You
may include equations as part of your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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4. The table gives some information about the halogens.

(a) (i) Predict the colour of astatine.

............................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) Describe the trend in the boiling points of the halogens.
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Deduce the state of chlorine at –50°C.

Explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) (i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of bromine with aqueous potassium astatide.
bromine + potassium astatide → ...................................... + ..................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why bromine does not react with aqueous potassium chloride.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Iron is a transition element.
Describe the physical and chemical properties of iron.
.............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................,,..........................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(d) The table shows the properties of some Group I elements.

(i) Describe the trend in the relative hardness of the Group I elements.
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Predict the melting point of rubidium.
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]

22
 (iii) Explain why it is difficult to predict the density of caesium.
......................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5. Cobalt is a transition element. Potassium is in Group I of the Periodic Table.
(a) State one physical property that is similar for cobalt and potassium.
........................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) State one physical property that is different for cobalt and potassium.
........................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how the physical property given in (b)(i) is different for cobalt compared to potassium.

............................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) Use the periodic table and the information in the table below to help you to answer the questions.

Hydrogen was placed at the top of Group 1 in the early version of the periodic table.
The modern periodic table does not show hydrogen in Group 1.
(i) State one similarity between hydrogen and the elements in Group 1.
...............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State one difference between hydrogen and the elements in Group 1.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain, in terms of electronic structure, why fluorine is the most reactive element in Group 7.
.....................................................................................................................................................
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(d) (i) Transition elements have similar properties.
Explain why, in terms of electronic structure.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) There are no transition elements between the Group 2 element magnesium and the
Group 3 element aluminum.
Give a reason why, in terms of electronic structure.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
6. (a) An element, M, has the electron distribution 2 + 8 + 18 + 3.
(i) Which group in the Periodic Table is element M likely to be in?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Predict whether element M is a poor or a good conductor of electricity.
Give a reason for your answer.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Binary compounds contain two atoms per molecule, for example HCl.
Identify an element which could form a binary compound with element M.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Predict the formula of the sulfate of M. The formula of the sulfate ion is SO 4-2
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The Group I metals show trends in both their physical and chemical properties.
(i) How do their melting points vary down the Group?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which element in the Group has the highest density?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) All Group I metals react with cold water. Complete the following equation.
........Rb + ........H2O → ................ + ................ [2]
(c) Lithium reacts with nitrogen to form the ionic compound, lithium nitride.
(i) State the formula of the lithium ion. .............…….. [1]
(ii) Deduce the formula of the nitride ion. .............…….. [1]
(iii) In all solid ionic compounds, the ions are held together in a lattice.

24
 Explain the term lattice.
.......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) What is the ratio of lithium ions to nitride ions in the lattice of lithium nitride?
Give a reason for your answer.
........ lithium ions : ........ nitride ions
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
(d) Vanadium is a transition element. It has more than one oxidation state.
The element and its compounds are often used as catalysts.
(i) Complete the electron distribution of vanadium by inserting one number.
2 + 8 + .......... + 2 [1]
(ii) Predict three physical properties of vanadium which are typical of transition elements.
1........................................................................................................................................
2........................................................................................................................................
3........................................................................................................................................ [2]

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 Acids, Bases and Salts
1. (a) Define the following terms:
(i) Acid
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Base
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………..……………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iii) Strong Acid
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(iv) Weak Acid
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(v) Strong Base
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(vi) Weak Base
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) Ammonia is a compound which only contains the elements nitrogen and hydrogen. It is a weak base.
(i) Given aqueous solutions of ammonia and sodium hydroxide, both having a concentration of 0.1mol
/dm3, how could you show that ammonia is the weaker base?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) Another compound which contains only nitrogen and hydrogen is hydrazine, N 2H4.
Complete the equation for the preparation of hydrazine from ammonia.

(d) Hydrazine is a weak base and it removes dissolved oxygen from water. It is added to water in steel
boilers to prevent rusting.
(i) One way it reduces the rate of rusting is by changing the pH of water. What effect would hydrazine
have on the pH of water?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Give a reason, other than pH, why hydrazine reduces the rate of rusting.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

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2. Sulfuric acid and malonic acid are both dibasic acids. One mole of a dibasic acid can form two moles
of hydrogen ions.

Dibasic acids can form salts of the type Na 2X and CaX.

Malonic acid is a white crystalline solid which is soluble in water. It melts at 135 °C. The structural
formula of malonic acid is given below. It forms salts called malonates.
(i) How could you determine if a sample of malonic acid is pure?
technique used ..........................................................................................................
result if pure ............................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest why a solution of malonic acid, concentration 0.2 mol /dm3, has a higher pH than one of
sulfuric acid of the same concentration.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii)
Describe a test, other than measuring pH, which can be carried out on both acid solutions to confi
rm the explanation given in (ii) for the different pH values of the two acids.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Complete the following equations for reactions of these two acids.
(i) sodium hydroxide + malonic acid → .................................. + .................... [1]
(ii) CuO + H2SO4 → .................... + .................... [2]
(iii) Mg + CH2(COOH)2 → .................... + .................... [2]
(iv) K2CO3 + H2SO4 → .................... + .................... + .................... [2]

3. Acid-base reactions are examples of proton transfer.

(a) Ethylamine is a weak base and sodium hydroxide is a strong base.
(i) Given aqueous solutions of both bases, describe how you could show that sodium hydroxide is the
stronger base. How could you ensure a ‘fair’ comparison between the two solutions?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Ethylamine reacts with acids to form salts.

(i) Complete the equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and ethylamine. Name the salt
formed.

27
name of salt ............................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Amines and their salts have similar chemical properties to ammonia and ammonium salts.
Suggest a reagent that could be used to displace the weak base, ethylamine, from its salt
ethylammonium chloride.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. Hexanesulfonic acid is also a strong acid. It has similar properties to
sulfuric acid.
The formula of the hexanesulfonate ion is C6H13SO3 –.
(i) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. You are given aqueous sulfuric acid, concentration 0.1 mol /dm 3,
and aqueous hexanesulfonic acid, concentration 0.2 mol /dm 3. Describe how you could show that
hexanesulfonic acid is also a strong acid.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Deduce why, for a fair comparison, the two acid solutions must have different concentrations.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

28
3 Chlorine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus trichloride.

(a) Phosphorus trichloride reacts with water to form two acids.

(i) Balance the equation for this reaction.

PCl 3 + .......H2O → .......HCl + H3PO3

[1]

(ii) Describe how you could show that phosphorus acid, H3PO3, is a weaker acid than
hydrochloric acid.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(iii) Two salts of phosphorus acid are its sodium salt, which is soluble in water, and its
calcium salt which is insoluble in water. Suggest a method of preparation for each of
these salts from aqueous phosphorus acid. Specify any other reagent needed and
briefly outline the method.

sodium salt ................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

calcium salt ................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

29
4 This question is concerned with the following oxides.

sulfur dioxide
carbon monoxide
lithium oxide
aluminium oxide
nitrogen dioxide
strontium oxide

(a)
a) Which of the above oxides will react with hydrochloric acid but not with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Which of the above oxides will react with aqueous sodium hydroxide but not with
hydrochloric acid?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Which of the above oxides will react with both hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium
hydroxide?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Which of the above oxides will not react with hydrochloric acid or with aqueous
sodium hydroxide?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

30
 ATP QUESTIONS
1. A student investigated the reaction between aqueous sodium carbonate and aqueous barium
nitrate.

 A burette was filled with aqueous sodium carbonate.

 Seven test-tubes were labelled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

 A measuring cylinder was used to pour 6cm3 of aqueous barium nitrate into each of the seven test-
tubes in a test-tube rack.

 1.0cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 1.

 2.0cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 2.

 4.0cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 3.

 5.0cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 4.

 6.0cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 5.

 7.0cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 6.

 8.0cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate was added from the burette to test-tube 7.
A glass rod was used to stir the contents of each of the test-tubes. The contents of the test-tubes were
left to stand until the solid formed had settled. A ruler was used to measure the height of the solid
formed in each test-tube.
(a) Use a ruler to measure the heights of the solid formed in each test-tube shown in the diagram.
Record the heights of the solid formed in the table and complete the table.

[3]

31
 (b) Plot the results on the grid. Draw two intersecting lines of best fit. Label the x-axis.

(c) From your graph, deduce the height of the solid formed when 3.0cm3 of aqueous sodium
carbonate is added to 6cm3 of aqueous barium nitrate.
Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.
.............................. mm [2]
(d) Describe the trend in the heights of the solids formed in test-tubes 1–7
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(e) Predict what would happen if the experiment were continued using three further test-tubes each
containing 6cm3 of aqueous barium nitrate and separately adding 9.0cm 3 , 10.0cm3 and 11.0cm3 of
aqueous sodium carbonate to each one.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(f) Suggest one change to the apparatus used which could be made to obtain more accurate results.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Suggest a different method to measure the amount of solid formed during the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

32
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(h) Suggest how the reliability of the results could be checked.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
2. A student investigated the reaction between aqueous sodium carbonate and two different solutions
of dilute hydrochloric acid, A and B.
The reaction is:

Three experiments were carried out.

(a) Experiment 1 Using a measuring cylinder, 25cm3 of aqueous sodium carbonate were poured
into a conical flask. Thymolphthalein indicator was added to the conical flask. A burette was
filled up to the 0.0cm3 mark with solution A of dilute hydrochloric acid. A was added to the flask,
until the solution just changed color. Use the burette diagram to record the reading in the table.

Experiment 2:
Experiment 1 was repeated using methyl orange indicator instead of thymolphthalein. Methyl orange is
red-orange in acidic solutions and yellow in alkaline solutions. Use the burette diagrams to record the
readings in the table and complete the table.

(b) What color change was observed in the flask in experiment 2?

from ................................................................ to ................................................................ [1]
33
(c) Experiment 3
Experiment 1 was repeated using solution B of acid instead of solution A.
Use the burette diagrams to record the readings in the table and complete the table.

(d) Suggest one observation, other than colour change, that is made when hydrochloric acid is
added to sodium carbonate.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Complete the sentence below.
Experiment .......... needed the largest volume of hydrochloric acid to change the color of the
indicator. [1]
(f) What would be a more accurate method of measuring the volume of the aqueous sodium
carbonate?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) What would be the effect on the results, if any, if the solutions of sodium carbonate were
warmed before adding the hydrochloric acid? Give a reason for your answer.
Effect on results..................................................................................................................
Reason................................................................................................................................ [2]
(h) (i) Determine the ratio of volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid used in experiments 1 and 3.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use your answer to (h)(i) to deduce how the concentration of solution A differs from that of
solution B.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest a different method, using standard laboratory chemicals, to determine which of the
solutions of dilute hydrochloric acid, A or B, is more concentrated.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................[3]

34
 Experimental Techniques
1. A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.
Filtration Diffusion Fractional distillation Simple distillation
Crystallization Chromatography
(i) From this list, choose the most suitable technique to separate the following mixtures.

(a) butane from a mixture of propane and butane ........................................................... [1]

(b) oxygen from liquid air ................................................................................................. [1]
(c) water from aqueous magnesium sulfate ..................................................................... [1]
(d) potassium chloride from aqueous potassium chloride ................................................ [1]
(e) silver chloride from a mixture of silver chloride and water .......................................... [1]
(f) glucose from a mixture of glucose and maltose .......................................................... [1]
(g) methane from a mixture of the gases, methane and ethane ...................................... [1]
(h) water from aqueous magnesium sulfate ..................................................................... [1]
(i) glycine from a mixture of the amino acids, glycine and lysine ..................................... [1]
(j) iron filings from a mixture of iron filings and water ...................................................... [1]
(k) zinc sulfate crystals from aqueous zinc sulfate ........................................................... [1]
(l) hexane from a mixture of the liquids, hexane and octane ............................................ [1]
(ii) Describe how you would obtain a pure sample of copper(II) sulfate-5-water crystals from a
mixture of copper(II) sulfate-5-water with copper(II) oxide using some of the techniques listed above.
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................... [4]
2. Describe how to separate the following. In each example, give a description of the procedure used
and explain why this method works.
(a) Copper powder from a mixture containing copper and zinc powders.
procedure...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
explanation.........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Nitrogen from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.

procedure...........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
explanation..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [3]
35
 (c) Glycine from a mixture of the two amino acids glycine and alanine. Glycine has the lower Rf
value.
procedure...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
explanation.........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Magnesium hydroxide from a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and zinc hydroxide.
procedure..........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
explanation.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................ [3]
3. Black ink contains a mixture of different colored dyes.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus used to separate these different colored dyes by
chromatography.

[3]
(b) Blue ink was placed at the bottom of a beaker containing water. After 2 days, a blue colour had spread
throughout the beaker.

Explain these observations using the kinetic particle model.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [3]

36
4. Mixtures of colored substances can be separated by paper chromatography.
(a) Paper chromatography was used to separate a mixture of blue and red inks. A spot of the mixture
was placed on chromatography paper as shown in Figure 1.

(i) Give a reason why the start line is drawn in pencil rather than in ink.

....................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [1]
(ii) The chromatography paper, with the spot of mixture on it, was placed in a beaker with the
bottom of the paper in water.
On Figure 2, complete the diagram showing the position of the chromatography paper
with the spot of mixture at the start of the experiment.

[1]

37
 (iii) The chromatography was carried out and the result is shown in Figure 3

The blue spot had moved 14.5cm and the solvent front had moved 15.3 cm. Calculate the R f value
of the substance in the blue spot, giving your answer to 2 significant figures.

[2]
5. (a) Crystals of sodium sulphate-10-water, Na2SO4.10H2O, are prepared by titration.

38
 25.0cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is pipetted into a conical flask. A few drops of an indicator
are added. Using a burette, dilute sulphuric acid is slowly added until the indicator just changes
color. The volume of acid needed to neutralize the alkali is noted.
Suggest how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure, dry crystals of sodium sulphate-10-
water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [4]
(b) A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.
Chromatography Crystallization Diffusion Evaporation Filtration
Fractional distillation Simple distillation
From the list, choose the most suitable technique to separate the following.
water from sea-water ..........................................................................................................
helium from a mixture of helium and methane ...................................................................
ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and propanol .................................................................
iron filings from a mixture of iron fi lings and water .............................................................
a mixture of two amino acids, glycine and alanine ............................................................. [5]
6. (a) The apparatus used for distillation is shown.

(i) Complete the box to name the apparatus. [1]

39
 (ii) Describe and explain how the water is separated from the aqueous copper (II) sulfate by
distillation.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [3]
7. Substances can be classified as elements, compounds or mixtures.
(a) What is meant by the term compound?
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Mixtures can be separated by physical processes.
A sequence of physical processes can be used to separate common salt (sodium chloride) from a
mixture containing sand and common salt only.
Give the order and the correct scientific term for the physical processes used to separate the common
salt from the mixture.
1.................................................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................
3................................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) The boiling points of four different alcohols, A, B, C and D, are shown.

A student suggested that the apparatus shown could be used to separate the mixture of alcohols.

(i) Apparatus X needs to have cold water flowing through it.

● Draw an arrow on the diagram to show where the cold water enters apparatus X.

40
 ● Name apparatus X.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Part of the fractionating column is missing. This means that the experiment will not work.

● Draw on the diagram the part of the fractionating column which is missing.
● Explain why the experiment will not work with this part of the fractionating column missing.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Suggest why a Bunsen burner is not used to heat the flask.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) A hot water bath cannot be used to separate alcohols C and D.
Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
8. Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of dyes.
(a) (i) Draw a cross on the diagram to show where the mixture of dyes is placed at the start of the
chromatography.

(ii) Suggest a suitable solvent that could be used.

......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Describe what you would observe as the experiment proceeds.
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................ [1]

41
(b) A colorless mixture of amino acids was separated by chromatography.
Amino acid X has an Rf value of 0.8.
The chromatogram of the mixture after treatment with a locating agent is shown.

(i) How is an Rf value calculated?

Rf =

[1]
(ii) On the diagram put a ring around the spot caused by amino acid X. [1]
(iii) Describe how you would perform a chromatography experiment to produce the chromatogram
shown in (b). Assume you have been given the mixture of amino acids and a suitable locating
agent. You are provided with common laboratory apparatus.

.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [3]

42
 ATP QUESTIONS
1. A student investigated the colors present in three hair dyes, P, Q and R, using chromatography. P,
Q and R are insoluble in water. The student suggested setting up the apparatus for the experiment
as shown.

(a) Why is a lid necessary on top of the beaker?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Identify one mistake in the student’s diagram.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why this mistake would stop the experiment working.
......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Name a suitable solvent that could be used in this experiment.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) A separate chromatography experiment was done using the hair dyes P, Q and R. The
chromatogram obtained is shown.

43
State three conclusions about the hair dyes P, Q and R which can be deduced from the chromatogram.
1.................................................................................................................................................
2.................................................................................................................................................
3.................................................................................................................................................
[3]
2. The diagram shows the apparatus a student used to prepare a dry sample of chlorine gas. Chlorine
is denser than air.

(a) Complete the boxes to name the apparatus. [2]

(b) Use the diagram to identify two mistakes the student made.
1.........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Suggest one reason why the gas produced in flask 1 is passed through concentrated sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Describe a test for chlorine.
Test.......................................................................................................................................
Observations......................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Suggest why this experiment is done in a fume cupboard.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]

44
 3. A sample of copper was prepared from lumps of copper (II) carbonate. The first step was to make a
solution of copper (II) nitrate as shown. Carbon dioxide was produced.

(a) Complete the boxes to name the apparatus. [2]

(b) Describe a test for carbon dioxide.
Test.......................................................................................................................................
Observations......................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Explain why the lumps of copper (II) carbonate were crushed before adding the dilute nitric acid.
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Suggest how a sample of copper could be obtained from the solution of copper (II) nitrate. Explain
your suggestion.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
4. A student obtains pure, dry samples of sand and sodium chloride from a mixture of sand and
sodium chloride. The student uses the apparatus shown.
The method consists of six steps, A, B, C, D, E and F, which are shown in the wrong order.

45
 SALT PREPARATION

1 . Soluble salts can be made by the neutralisation of an acid by a base. Insoluble

salts can be made by precipitation.
(a) The following is a brief description of the preparation of the soluble salt,
nickel(II) chloride-6-water, from the insoluble base nickel(II) carbonate.

Nickel(II) carbonate is added in small amounts to hot dilute hydrochloric acid until it is
in excess. The mixture is filtered. The filtrate is partially evaporated and then allowed to
cool until crystals of nickel(II) chloride-6-water form.

(i) Why is it necessary to use excess carbonate?

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain why it is necessary to filter.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Why partially evaporate rather than evaporate to dryness?

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) What additional steps are needed to obtain dry crystals?

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Potassium chloride can be made from hydrochloric acid and potassium carbonate.

(i) Why must a different experimental method be used for this preparation?

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Give a description of the different method used for this salt preparation.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [4]

46
6 Insoluble salts are made by precipitation.

(a) A preparation of the insoluble salt calcium fluoride is described below.

To 15 cm3 of aqueous calcium chloride, 30 cm3 of aqueous sodium fluoride is added.

The concentration of both solutions is 1.00 mol / dm3. The mixture is filtered and the
precipitate washed with distilled water. Finally, the precipitate is heated in an oven.

(i) Complete the equation.

Ca2+ + ...…….F ………...... [2]

(ii) Why is the volume of sodium fluoride solution double that of the calcium chloride
solution?

[1]

(iii) Why is the mixture washed with distilled water?

[1]

(iv) Why is the solid heated?

[1]

47
7 Sulphuric acid is a typical strong acid.

(a) Change the equations given into a different format.

(i) Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2

Change into a word equation.

[1]

(ii) lithium oxide + sulphuric acid lithium sulphate + water

Change into a symbol equation.

[2]

(iii) CuO + 2H+ Cu2+ + H2O

Change the ionic equation into a symbol equation.

[2]

(iv) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

Change into a word equation.

[1]

(b) When sulphuric acid dissolves in water, the following reaction occurs.
H2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O+
Explain why water is behaving as a base in this reaction.

[2]

(c) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid, ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

Explain the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid.

[2]

[Total: 10]

48
8 There are three methods of preparing salts.

Method A – use a burette and an indicator.

Method B – mix two solutions and obtain the salt by precipitation.

Method C – add an excess of base or a metal to a dilute acid and remove the excess by
filtration.

For each of the following salt preparations, choose one of the methods A, B or C, name any
additional reagent needed and then write or complete the equation.

(i) the soluble salt, zinc sulphate, from the insoluble base, zinc oxide

method

reagent

word equation [3]

(ii) the soluble salt, potassium chloride, from the soluble base, potassium hydroxide

method

reagent

equation + → KCl + H2O [3]

(iii) the insoluble salt, lead(II) iodide, from the soluble salt, lead(II) nitrate

method

reagent

equation Pb2+ + → [4]

[Total: 10]

49
 (a) Order the steps in the method.

[2]
(b) Complete the box to name the apparatus in D [1]
(c) Why is the sand rinsed with water in B?
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Name the process in F.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) How could the purity of the sodium chloride obtained be checked?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

50
 ATP Salt Preparation and Analysis.

1. The volume of hydrochloric acid that reacts with 25.0 cm 3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide can be
found using the apparatus below.

(a) Complete the boxes to identify the pieces of apparatus labelled. [2]
(b) Name a suitable indicator that could be used.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) A student did the experiment four times and the volume of hydrochloric acid added each time was
measured.
Use the burette diagrams in the table to record the volumes of hydrochloric acid added.

51
 (d) (i) What type of chemical reaction occurs when hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) How did the student know when all of the sodium hydroxide had reacted?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) (i) Which one of the results is anomalous?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest what may have caused this result to be anomalous.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Use the other results to calculate the average amount of hydrochloric acid that reacted with the
sodium hydroxide solution.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) Which of the solutions was more concentrated? Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................... [2]
4. Two substances, solid N and solid O were analyzed. Solid N was hydrated aluminum sulfate.
Tests were done on solid N and solid O.
Tests on solid N
Complete the expected observations.
(a) Describe the appearance of solid N.
Observation.......................................................................................................................... [1]
Solid N was divided into two portions.
(b) The first portion of solid N was heated in a hard-glass test-tube. Any gas produced was tested
with cobalt (II) chloride paper.
Observations..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
The second portion of solid N was added to distilled water. The mixture was shaken to dissolve
solid N and form solution N. Solution N was divided into two equal portions in two test-tubes.
(c) (i) Drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the first portion of solution N until a change
was seen.
Observations................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) An excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide was then added to the mixture from (c)(i).
Observations................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Dilute nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate were added to the second portion of solution N.
Observations........................................................................................................................ [1]

52
 Tests on solid O
Some of the tests and observations are shown.

(e) Identify solid O.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
5. Two substances, solution F and solid G, were analyzed. Solution F was dilute hydrochloric acid.
Tests were done on solution F and solid G.
Tests on solution F
Complete the expected observations.
Solution F was divided into four equal portions in four test-tubes.
(a) The pH of the first portion of solution F was tested.
pH = .............................. [1]
(b) Magnesium ribbon was added to the second portion of solution F. The gas produced was tested.
Observations.............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Dilute nitric acid and aqueous silver nitrate were added to the third portion of solution F.
Observations........................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Dilute nitric acid and aqueous barium nitrate were added to the fourth portion of solution F.
Observations........................................................................................................................ [1]

53
 Tests on solid G
Some of the tests and observations are shown.

(e) Identify solid G.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
6. Solid P and solid Q were analyzed. Solid P was lithium nitrate. Tests were done on each solid.
Tests on solid P
Complete the expected observations.
(a) Describe the appearance of solid P.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Solid P was divided into three portions.
(b) Aqueous sodium hydroxide and a small piece of aluminum foil were added to the first portion of
solid P. The mixture was heated and the gas produced was tested.
Observations......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The second portion of solid P was dissolved in distilled water. Dilute nitric acid and aqueous
barium nitrate were then added to the solution.
Observations........................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) A flame test was done on the third portion of solid P.
Observations........................................................................................................................ [1]

54
 Tests on solid Q
Some of the tests and observations are shown

(e) What conclusions can you draw about the identity of solid Q?
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
7. Potassium sulfate is the salt produced when sulfuric acid is neutralized by potassium hydroxide
solution. The correct amount of potassium hydroxide solution must be added to neutralize all of the
sulfuric acid.
Plan an experiment to obtain pure crystals of potassium sulfate from sulfuric acid and potassium
hydroxide solution.
You are provided with common laboratory apparatus.
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
[6]
55
 Chemical Energetics
1. (a) The table gives some chemical properties of transition elements and their compounds, and of
Group I elements and their compounds.

(i) What is meant by the term catalyst?

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Give one other chemical property shown by transition elements which is not shown by

Group I elements.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Give two physical properties shown by transition elements which are not shown by Group I
elements.

1.................................................................................................................................................

2................................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The energy level diagram shows the energy profile for the reaction between zinc and dilute
sulfuric acid.

(i) Complete the diagram by adding the formulae of the products. Include state symbols. [3]

(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the activation energy. [1]

(iii) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

56
 (d) The reaction between zinc and dilute sulfuric acid can be catalyzed by the addition of aqueous
copper (II) sulfate.

On the diagram, add the energy profile for the catalyzed reaction.

2. (a) Chlorine reacts with iron to form iron (III) chloride in a closed container.
(i) The pressure of chlorine is increased.
Describe and explain what happens to the rate of this reaction.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Iron (III) chloride can act as a catalyst for some reactions.

Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The student uses a table of average bond energies to calculate another value for the molar
enthalpy of combustion of methane.

The equation for the combustion can be shown using displayed formulae.

57
(i) Use values from the table to calculate the energy taken in when the bonds in the reactants
are broken.

energy taken in = ...................................... kJ [2]

(ii) Use values from the table to calculate the energy given out when the bonds in the products
are formed.

energy given out = ...................................... kJ [2]

(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the molar enthalpy change for the combustion of
methane.

molar enthalpy change = ...................................... kJ/mol [1]

(c) The equation for a reaction that occurs in the manufacture of nitric acid is

(i) State the meanings of the symbols and ΔH

[2]

(ii) What does the negative sign of ΔH indicate about the reaction?

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

58
 (iii) Complete the diagram by adding the formulae of the products. Include state symbols. [3]

(iv) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the activation energy. [1]

(v) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

3. (a) The diagram shows the energy profile for burning a fuel.

(i) Which of the energy changes A and B represents.

A: ……………………………..

B: …………………………….. [2]

(ii) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why this reaction gives out energy.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]
59
 (b) The energies of some bonds are shown

Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.

(i) Calculate the energy change, in kJ mol–1, for the reaction of 1mol of hydrogen gas, H2, with
1mol of chlorine gas, Cl2, to form 2mol of hydrogen chloride gas, HCl.

energy change = .............................................................. kJ mol −1 [4]

(ii) Explain whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Give reason

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

4. (a) Define the following terms

(i) Activation Energy
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

(ii) Enthalpy Change (ΔH)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

60
(b) Ammonia is used to make nitrogen trifluoride, NF 3. Nitrogen trifluoride is essential to the electronics
industry. It is made by the following reaction.

(i) Calculate the energy change, in kJ mol–1, for the given reaction. The energies of the bond are
given below:

energy change = .............................................................. kJ mol −1 [4]

(ii) Explain whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. Give reason

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
61
5. (a) The chemical equation can be represented as shown.

(i) Use the bond energies in the table to determine the energy change, ΔH, for the reaction between
ammonia and chlorine.

energy needed to break bonds

.............................. kJ/mol

energy released when bonds are formed

.............................. kJ/mol

energy change, ΔH, for the reaction between ammonia and chlorine

.............................. kJ/mol [3]

(ii) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

......................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................... [2]

62
(b) When zinc reacts with copper sulfate solution, copper and zinc sulfate solution are formed.

This reaction is exothermic.

(i) Complete the diagram by adding the formulae of the products. [2]

(ii) Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the activation energy. [1]

(iii) Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

63
 ATP QUESTIONS

1. A student investigated the temperature changes when two different metals, zinc and magnesium,
reacted with aqueous copper (II) sulfate.
Three experiments were done.
Experiment 1

 A measuring cylinder was used to pour 25cm3 aqueous copper (II) sulfate into a polystyrene cup.
 The initial temperature of the solution was measured and the timer was started.
 The temperature of the solution was measured at 30 seconds and at 60 seconds.
 At 60 seconds, 5g of zinc powder was added to the aqueous copper (II) sulfate. The mixture was
stirred with a thermometer.
 The temperature of the mixture was measured every 30 seconds for 210 seconds. The mixture was
stirred continuously.
(a) Use the thermometer diagrams to record the temperatures in the table.

Experiment 2
Experiment 1 was repeated using 5g of magnesium powder instead of zinc powder.
(b) Use the thermometer diagrams to record the temperatures in the table.

Experiment 3
Experiment 1 was repeated using 5g of zinc granules instead of zinc powder.
(c) Use the thermometer diagrams to record the temperatures in the table.

64
(d) Plot the results for Experiments 1–3 on the grid and draw three smooth line graphs. Clearly label
your lines.

(e) From your graph, deduce the temperature of the mixture in Experiment 2 after 75 seconds. Show
clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.
.............................. °C [2]
(f) (i) From the results, which Experiment was the most exothermic? Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Compare the rates of reaction in Experiments 1 and 3. Explain why the rates of reaction are
different.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

65
(g) Predict the temperature of the mixture in Experiment 2 after 2 hours. Explain your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(h) When doing the experiments, what would be the advantage of taking the temperature readings
every 15 seconds?
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(i) Explain why a copper can should not be used in place of the polystyrene cup in these experiments.

.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

2. When solid C and solid D separately react with dilute hydrochloric acid, one reaction is exothermic
and one reaction is endothermic.

Plan an investigation to determine:

 which reaction is exothermic and which reaction is endothermic

 which energy change is greater.

You are provided with solid C and solid D, dilute hydrochloric acid and common laboratory
apparatus.

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [6]

66
3. A student investigated the temperature changes when two different solids, solid C and solid D,
dissolved in water.

Two experiments were done.

Experiment 1:

 Using a measuring cylinder, 40cm3 of distilled water was poured into a polystyrene cup. The initial
temperature of the distilled water was measured.

 3g of solid C was added to the polystyrene cup and the mixture was stirred with a thermometer. The
temperature of the solution was measured after 1 minute.

 The procedure was repeated using 4g of solid C.

 The procedure was repeated using 6g of solid C.

(a) Use the thermometer diagrams to record the results in the table.

Calculate and record the temperature change in each case, including whether the temperature
increased (+) or decreased (–).

Experiment 2:

Experiment 1 was repeated but using 3g, 4g, 6g and 8g of solid D

(b) Use the thermometer diagrams to record the results in the table.

Calculate and record the temperature change in each case, including whether the temperature
increased (+) or decreased (–).

67
(c) Plot the results for Experiments 1 and 2 on the grid. The (0, 0) point has been plotted for you. Draw
two straight lines of best fit. Clearly label your graphs.

68
(d) Use your graph to estimate the temperature change after 1 minute if 8g of solid C were added to
40cm3 of distilled water.

Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.

.............................. °C [2]

(e) What type of energy change occurs when solid D dissolves in water?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(f) Suggest the temperature of the solution containing 8g of solid D, if the solution were left for 2 hours.
Explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(g) How would the temperature changes measured after 1 minute differ if the experiments were
repeated using 80cm3 instead of 40cm3 of distilled water in each case?

.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(h) Suggest one change you could make to the experiments to obtain more accurate results. Explain
how this change would make the results more accurate.

change....................................................................................................................................

explanation.............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................... [2]

(i) Suggest how the reliability of the results could be checked.

..............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

69
 Rate of Reaction
1. A student investigates the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric
acid using the apparatus shown.

The calcium carbonate was in excess.

(a) A graph of the volume of gas produced against time is shown.

(i) How does the shape of the graph show that the rate of reaction decreased as the reaction
progressed?

................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Why did the rate of reaction decrease as the reaction progressed?

................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) After how many seconds did the reaction finish?

.............................. s [1]
(b) The experiment was repeated using the same mass of smaller pieces of marble. All other
conditions were kept the same.
Draw a graph on the grid to show the progress of the reaction using the smaller pieces of marble.
[2]
(c) What happens to the rate of reaction as the reaction proceeds? Explain your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [3]

70
 (d) Apart from using a higher temperature, suggest two other methods of increasing the rate of this
reaction
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) The original experiment was repeated at a higher temperature. All other conditions were kept the
same.
Describe and explain, in terms of collisions between particles, the effect of using a higher
temperature on the time taken for the reaction to finish.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
2. A student investigates the rate of reaction of iron powder with dilute hydrochloric acid.

(a) Complete the diagram to show the apparatus the student could use to collect and measure the
gas produced. Label your diagram. [3]

71
(b) The graph shows the results the student obtained using dilute hydrochloric acid of concentration
0.2mol/dm3 and an excess of iron powder.

Use the graph to deduce:

(i) the time that the reaction was complete

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the volume of gas produced when the reaction was complete.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The student repeated the experiment using a lower concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid. All
other conditions were kept the same.
On the grid, draw a graph to show how the volume of gas changes with time when a lower
concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid is used. [2]

72
(d) Another graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid
with zinc powder.

(i) Determine the rate of reaction at 40°C.

rate of reaction = .............................. cm3 gas/minute [1]

(ii) The experiments were repeated using small lumps of zinc instead of zinc powder. All other
conditions were kept the same.

On the grid, draw a graph to show how the rate of reaction changes with temperature when small
lumps of zinc are used instead of zinc powder. [2]

(e) What effects do these factors have on the rate of a chemical reaction?
(i) decreasing the concentration of a reactant.

....................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) adding a catalyst.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. [1]

73
3. Copper (II) oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

(a) The rate of the reaction can be increased by increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid
or by heating it.

(i) In terms of collisions, explain why increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases
the rate of the reaction.

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) In terms of collisions, explain why heating the hydrochloric acid increases the rate of the reaction.

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

An excess of magnesium carbonate pieces was added to dilute hydrochloric acid. The apparatus in
the diagram was used to measure the volume of gas produced. The total volume of gas collected was
recorded every 20 seconds.

The results obtained are shown on the graph.

74
(i) Describe how the rate of this reaction changed during the reaction. Explain why the rate changed
in this way.

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) The experiment was repeated using the same mass of powdered magnesium carbonate with the
same volume and concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid.

Explain how the initial rate of reaction and total volume of gas collected would compare to the first
experiment.

initial rate of reaction ..........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

total volume of gas ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

[4]
(c) When aqueous sodium thiosulfate and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed, a precipitate of
insoluble sulfur is produced. This makes the mixture difficult to see through.

The time taken for the cross to disappear from view is measured.

A student adds the following volumes of aqueous sodium thiosulfate, dilute hydrochloric acid and
distilled water to the conical flask.

75
The time taken for the formation of the precipitate of sulfur to make the cross disappear from view is
recorded.

State the order in which the aqueous sodium thiosulfate, hydrochloric acid and distilled water should
be added to the flask.
....................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) In experiment 3 the student wanted the sodium thiosulfate to be double the concentration used in
experiment 2.

(i) Complete the table to show the volumes which should be used and the expected time taken for the
cross to disappear from view in experiment 3. [2]
(ii) Use collision theory to explain why increasing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate would
change the rate of reaction.
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The student repeated experiment 1 at a higher temperature.
Use collision theory to explain why the rate of reaction would increase.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... [3]

76
 ATP QUESTIONS
1. A student investigated the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and solutions of dilute
hydrochloric acid of different concentrations, solutions H, I, J and K. The dilute hydrochloric acid was
in excess in all experiments.
Five experiments were done.
Experiment 1:

 A measuring cylinder was used to pour 30cm3 of solution H into a beaker.

 A 5.0cm length of magnesium ribbon was then added to the beaker.

 A timer was started immediately.

 The time taken for all of the magnesium ribbon to react and to disappear completely was
measured
Experiment 2:
Experiment 1 was repeated but using solution I instead of solution H.
Experiment 3:
Experiment 1 was repeated but using solution J instead of solution H.
Experiment 4:
Experiment 1 was repeated but using solution K instead of solution H.
(a)Use the stop-clock diagrams to record the time taken for each experiment in the table

77
 Experiment 5:
Solution J was added to some magnesium ribbon in a test-tube. The gas produced was tested.
The observations were recorded in the table.

(b) Plot the results for Experiments 1–4 on the grid. Draw a smooth line graph.

(c) From your graph, deduce the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear completely if a
solution of hydrochloric acid of concentration 2.5mol/dm3 were used.
Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
(d) (i) Why was the same length of magnesium used in Experiments 1–4?
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Suggest the effect on the results if Experiments 1–4 were repeated using 2.5cm lengths of
magnesium ribbon instead of 5.0cm lengths of magnesium ribbon. Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
78
(e) Suggest a different method which a student could use to investigate the rate of reaction between
magnesium ribbons and dilute hydrochloric acid. State the apparatus the student would use and
the measurements the student would take
Apparatus.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Measurements....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
(f) Use the observations from Experiment 5 to answer these questions.
(i) What type of chemical reaction occurs when magnesium ribbon reacts with dilute hydrochloric
acid?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the gas produced.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. A student investigated the rate of reaction between dilute nitric acid and lumps of magnesium
carbonate. The apparatus shown was used.

Lumps of magnesium carbonate were added to a conical flask. 40 cm3 of dilute nitric acid was then
poured into the conical flask using a measuring cylinder. The magnesium carbonate was in excess.
The conical flask was placed on a balance. Cotton wool was placed in the top of the conical flask.
The mass of the conical flask and its contents was measured and a timer was started. The mass of
the conical flask and its contents was measured every minute for 7 minutes.
(a) Use the balance diagrams to record the mass of the conical flask and its contents in the table.
Complete the table to work out the total loss of mass of the conical flask and its contents since
the start of the experiment.

79
80
 (b) Plot the results on the grid. Draw a smooth line graph.

(c) The average rate of reaction can be calculated using the equation shown.

Calculate the average rate of reaction for the first 30 seconds of the reaction.
Deduce the unit.

rate = ..............................
unit = .............................. [3]
(d) The experiment is repeated using an excess of powdered magnesium carbonate. All other
conditions are kept the same.
Sketch on the grid the graph you would expect. [2]
(e) (i) Why does the mass of the conical flask and its contents decrease?
.............................................................................................................................................
…......................................................................................................................................... [1]

81
 (ii) Suggest the purpose of the cotton wool.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Why does the graph level off? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(f) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a burette instead of a measuring cylinder to
add the dilute nitric acid to the conical flask.
Advantage.......................................................................................................................
Disadvantage.................................................................................................................. [2]
3. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and remains unchanged at
the end of the reaction. Hydrogen peroxide solution, H 2O2, breaks down to form oxygen. This
decomposition is very slow if a catalyst is not used.
Plan an investigation to show that copper (II) oxide is a suitable catalyst for this reaction.
You can use aqueous hydrogen peroxide and common laboratory apparatus.
Step 1 Show that copper (II) oxide catalysis the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and measure
the rate of the reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Step 2 Show that the copper (II) oxide is unchanged at the end of the decomposition.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
[8]

82
 Rate of Reaction
1. A student investigates the rate of reaction between lumps of calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric
acid using the apparatus shown.

The calcium carbonate was in excess.

(a) A graph of the volume of gas produced against time is shown.

(i) How does the shape of the graph show that the rate of reaction decreased as the reaction
progressed?

................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Why did the rate of reaction decrease as the reaction progressed?

................................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) After how many seconds did the reaction finish?

.............................. s [1]
(b) The experiment was repeated using the same mass of smaller pieces of marble. All other
conditions were kept the same.
Draw a graph on the grid to show the progress of the reaction using the smaller pieces of marble.
[2]
(c) What happens to the rate of reaction as the reaction proceeds? Explain your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [3]

83
 (d) Apart from using a higher temperature, suggest two other methods of increasing the rate of this
reaction
1 .................................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) The original experiment was repeated at a higher temperature. All other conditions were kept the
same.
Describe and explain, in terms of collisions between particles, the effect of using a higher
temperature on the time taken for the reaction to finish.

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
2. A student investigates the rate of reaction of iron powder with dilute hydrochloric acid.

(a) Complete the diagram to show the apparatus the student could use to collect and measure the
gas produced. Label your diagram. [3]

84
(b) The graph shows the results the student obtained using dilute hydrochloric acid of concentration
0.2mol/dm3 and an excess of iron powder.

Use the graph to deduce:

(i) the time that the reaction was complete

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the volume of gas produced when the reaction was complete.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The student repeated the experiment using a lower concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid. All
other conditions were kept the same.
On the grid, draw a graph to show how the volume of gas changes with time when a lower
concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid is used. [2]

85
(d) Another graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid
with zinc powder.

(i) Determine the rate of reaction at 40°C.

rate of reaction = .............................. cm3 gas/minute [1]

(ii) The experiments were repeated using small lumps of zinc instead of zinc powder. All other
conditions were kept the same.

On the grid, draw a graph to show how the rate of reaction changes with temperature when small
lumps of zinc are used instead of zinc powder. [2]

(e) What effects do these factors have on the rate of a chemical reaction?
(i) decreasing the concentration of a reactant.

....................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) adding a catalyst.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. [1]

86
3. Copper (II) oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

(a) The rate of the reaction can be increased by increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid
or by heating it.

(i) In terms of collisions, explain why increasing the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increases
the rate of the reaction.

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) In terms of collisions, explain why heating the hydrochloric acid increases the rate of the reaction.

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.

An excess of magnesium carbonate pieces was added to dilute hydrochloric acid. The apparatus in
the diagram was used to measure the volume of gas produced. The total volume of gas collected was
recorded every 20 seconds.

The results obtained are shown on the graph.

87
(i) Describe how the rate of this reaction changed during the reaction. Explain why the rate changed
in this way.

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) The experiment was repeated using the same mass of powdered magnesium carbonate with the
same volume and concentration of dilute hydrochloric acid.

Explain how the initial rate of reaction and total volume of gas collected would compare to the first
experiment.

initial rate of reaction ..........................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................................

total volume of gas ............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

[4]
(c) When aqueous sodium thiosulfate and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed, a precipitate of
insoluble sulfur is produced. This makes the mixture difficult to see through.

The time taken for the cross to disappear from view is measured.

A student adds the following volumes of aqueous sodium thiosulfate, dilute hydrochloric acid and
distilled water to the conical flask.

88
The time taken for the formation of the precipitate of sulfur to make the cross disappear from view is
recorded.

State the order in which the aqueous sodium thiosulfate, hydrochloric acid and distilled water should
be added to the flask.
....................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) In experiment 3 the student wanted the sodium thiosulfate to be double the concentration used in
experiment 2.

(i) Complete the table to show the volumes which should be used and the expected time taken for the
cross to disappear from view in experiment 3. [2]
(ii) Use collision theory to explain why increasing the concentration of sodium thiosulfate would
change the rate of reaction.
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) The student repeated experiment 1 at a higher temperature.
Use collision theory to explain why the rate of reaction would increase.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... [3]

89
 ATP QUESTIONS
1. A student investigated the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and solutions of dilute
hydrochloric acid of different concentrations, solutions H, I, J and K. The dilute hydrochloric acid was
in excess in all experiments.
Five experiments were done.
Experiment 1:

 A measuring cylinder was used to pour 30cm3 of solution H into a beaker.

 A 5.0cm length of magnesium ribbon was then added to the beaker.

 A timer was started immediately.

 The time taken for all of the magnesium ribbon to react and to disappear completely was
measured
Experiment 2:
Experiment 1 was repeated but using solution I instead of solution H.
Experiment 3:
Experiment 1 was repeated but using solution J instead of solution H.
Experiment 4:
Experiment 1 was repeated but using solution K instead of solution H.
(a)Use the stop-clock diagrams to record the time taken for each experiment in the table

90
 Experiment 5:
Solution J was added to some magnesium ribbon in a test-tube. The gas produced was tested.
The observations were recorded in the table.

(b) Plot the results for Experiments 1–4 on the grid. Draw a smooth line graph.

(c) From your graph, deduce the time taken for the magnesium ribbon to disappear completely if a
solution of hydrochloric acid of concentration 2.5mol/dm3 were used.
Show clearly on the grid how you worked out your answer.
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
(d) (i) Why was the same length of magnesium used in Experiments 1–4?
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Suggest the effect on the results if Experiments 1–4 were repeated using 2.5cm lengths of
magnesium ribbon instead of 5.0cm lengths of magnesium ribbon. Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
91
(e) Suggest a different method which a student could use to investigate the rate of reaction between
magnesium ribbons and dilute hydrochloric acid. State the apparatus the student would use and
the measurements the student would take
Apparatus.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Measurements....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
(f) Use the observations from Experiment 5 to answer these questions.
(i) What type of chemical reaction occurs when magnesium ribbon reacts with dilute hydrochloric
acid?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the gas produced.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. A student investigated the rate of reaction between dilute nitric acid and lumps of magnesium
carbonate. The apparatus shown was used.

Lumps of magnesium carbonate were added to a conical flask. 40 cm3 of dilute nitric acid was then
poured into the conical flask using a measuring cylinder. The magnesium carbonate was in excess.
The conical flask was placed on a balance. Cotton wool was placed in the top of the conical flask.
The mass of the conical flask and its contents was measured and a timer was started. The mass of
the conical flask and its contents was measured every minute for 7 minutes.
(a) Use the balance diagrams to record the mass of the conical flask and its contents in the table.
Complete the table to work out the total loss of mass of the conical flask and its contents since
the start of the experiment.

92
93
 (b) Plot the results on the grid. Draw a smooth line graph.

(c) The average rate of reaction can be calculated using the equation shown.

Calculate the average rate of reaction for the first 30 seconds of the reaction.
Deduce the unit.

rate = ..............................
unit = .............................. [3]
(d) The experiment is repeated using an excess of powdered magnesium carbonate. All other
conditions are kept the same.
Sketch on the grid the graph you would expect. [2]
(e) (i) Why does the mass of the conical flask and its contents decrease?
.............................................................................................................................................
…......................................................................................................................................... [1]

94
 (ii) Suggest the purpose of the cotton wool.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Why does the graph level off? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(f) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a burette instead of a measuring cylinder to
add the dilute nitric acid to the conical flask.
Advantage.......................................................................................................................
Disadvantage.................................................................................................................. [2]
3. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and remains unchanged at
the end of the reaction. Hydrogen peroxide solution, H 2O2, breaks down to form oxygen. This
decomposition is very slow if a catalyst is not used.
Plan an investigation to show that copper (II) oxide is a suitable catalyst for this reaction.
You can use aqueous hydrogen peroxide and common laboratory apparatus.
Step 1 Show that copper (II) oxide catalysis the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and measure
the rate of the reaction.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
Step 2 Show that the copper (II) oxide is unchanged at the end of the decomposition.
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
[8]

95
 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium
1. Hydrogen gas reacts with iodine gas. The equation is shown.

The reaction is reversible and can reach equilibrium.

(a) What is meant by the term equilibrium?
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The graphs show how pressure affects the yield of hydrogen iodide, HI, at two different
temperatures.

(i) Explain why the yield at 500 °C does not change as the pressure is increased.
.......................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What can you conclude from the difference in the yield of hydrogen iodide at the two temperatures
shown? Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The graph shows how the concentration of hydrogen iodide, HI, changes after hydrogen gas and
iodine gas are mixed together in a sealed container.

(i) When is the rate of reaction fastest?

................................................................................................................................................... [1]

96
 (ii) The reaction was repeated at the same temperature and pressure but in the presence of a catalyst.
Draw a graph on the same axes to show how the concentration of hydrogen iodide changes with time
in the presence of a catalyst. [2]
(d) A mixture of hydrogen gas and iodine gas is allowed to reach equilibrium.
(i) Increasing the pressure of a gas increases its concentration.
State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of the forward reaction.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of the reverse reaction.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [3]
2. (a) Hydrogen can be manufactured from methane by steam reforming.

The reaction is carried out using a nickel catalyst at temperatures between 700 °C and 1100 °C and using
a pressure of one atmosphere.
The forward reaction is endothermic.
(i) What is meant by the term catalyst?
...............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why a temperature lower than 700 °C is not used.
………....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Suggest one advantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.
.............................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Suggest one disadvantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.
............................................................................................................................................................... [1]

97
(b) Carbonyl chloride, COCl2, is a colorless gas. It is made by the following reaction.

When the pressure on the equilibrium mixture is decreased, the position of equilibrium moves to left.
(i) How does the concentration of each of the three chemicals change?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(ii) Explain why the position of equilibrium moves to left.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(iii) Using the information given with the equation, is the forward reaction exothermic or endothermic?
Give a reason for your choice.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) Both of the following reactions are reversible.

(i) Suggest a reason why an increase in pressure does not affect the position of equilibrium for
reaction 1.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) What effect would an increase in pressure have on the position of equilibrium for reaction 2? Give
a reason for your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
3. Reversible reactions can come to equilibrium. They have both a forward and a backward reaction.
(a) When water is added to an acidic solution of bismuth(III) chloride, a white precipitate forms and the
mixture slowly goes cloudy.

(i) Explain why the rate of the forward reaction decreases with time.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(ii) Why does the rate of the backward reaction increase with time?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

98
(iii) After some time why does the appearance of the mixture remain unchanged?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(iv)
When a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid are added to the cloudy mixture, it changes
to a colorless solution. Suggest an explanation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) Ammonia is also made when ammonium carbonate decomposes.

The reaction is reversible and can reach a position of equilibrium.

The graph shows how the yield of ammonia at equilibrium changes with temperature and pressure.

(i) What is meant by the term equilibrium for a reversible reaction?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) Using information from the graph, explain whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iii) State and explain the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of ammonia in this reaction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [3]
(c) Sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfur trioxide according to the following equation.

The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 450 °C and a pressure of 1–2 atmospheres using a catalyst.
The energy change, ΔH, for the reaction is –196 kJ / mol.
(i)If a temperature higher than 450 °C were used, what would happen to the amount of sulfur trioxide
produced? Give a reason for your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

99
(ii) Suggest a reason why a temperature lower than 450 °C is not used.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iii)
If a pressure higher than 1–2 atmospheres were used, what would happen to the amount of sulfur
trioxide produced? Give a reason for your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

100
 Redox
1. (a) Zinc reacts with aqueous nickel (II) nitrate.
Zn(s) + Ni(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Ni(s)
(i) By referring to the equation, explain why this is a redox reaction.

...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Construct the ionic equation for this reaction.
.......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) By referring to the equation, explain which is acting as a reducing agent.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]
(b)
The decomposition of silver bromide is the basis of film photography. This is a redox reaction.

(i) Which step is reduction? Explain your answer.

.......................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) Which ion is the oxidizing agent? Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

2. Explain the following terms with the help of an example.

(i) Oxidation
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) Reduction
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

101
 (iii) Oxidizing agent
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(iv) Reducing agent
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

3. (a) When magnesium is added to aqueous copper (II) sulfate a reaction occurs.
The ionic equation for the reaction is shown.

(i) Give one change you would observe during this reaction.
………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Explain why this is a redox reaction.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(iii) Identify the oxidising agent in this reaction. Give a reason for your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(iv) A redox reaction occurs when magnesium is heated with iron(III) oxide.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and iron(III) oxide.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) Magnesium reacts with aqueous copper (II) sulfate.

(i) Explain by referring to the equation, why this is a redox reaction.

......................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) Construct the ionic equation for this reaction.
.......................................................................................................................................................... [1]

102
 (iii) By referring to the equation, explain which is acting as an oxidizing agent.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... [2]
(c) Iron (III) ions react with iodide ions.

(i) Explain how iron(III) ions are acting as an oxidizing agent in this reaction.
.........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) What color change is observed when this reaction happens?

......................................................................................................................................................... [1]

4. (a) From the following equation,

(i) In terms of electron transfer, explain which is oxidizing and reducing in the equation.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]
(ii) In terms of electron transfer, explain which is acting as a oxidizing agent and reducing agent in
the equation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

103
5. (a) When chlorine gas is bubbled through an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, a redox reaction
takes place.

State the colour change expected in this reaction.

start colour ..........................................................................................................................
end colour ........................................................................................................................... [2]
(i) Identify the reducing agent in this reaction. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Iron has two oxidation states +2 and +3. There are two possible equations for the redox reaction
between iron and bromine.

(i) Indicate, on the fi rst equation, the change which is oxidation. Give a reason for your
choice.
....................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Which substance in the first equation is the reductant (reducing agent)?
................................................................................................................................... [1]

104
 Electrochemistry
1. During electrolysis, ions move in the electrolyte and electrons move in the external circuit. Reactions
occur at the electrodes.
(a) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium iodide.

(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the electron flow in the external circuit.[1]
(ii) Electrons are supplied to the external circuit. How and where is this done?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(iii)
Explain why solid lithium iodide does not conduct electricity but when molten it is a good
conductor.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(b) The results of experiments on electrolysis are shown in the following table.
Complete the table. The first line has been done as an example.

105
2. The diagram below shows the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid. Hydrogen is formed at the negative
electrode (cathode) and oxygen at the positive electrode (anode) and the concentration of sulfuric
acid increases.

The ions present in the dilute acid are H+(aq), OH– (aq) and SO4 2–(aq).
(i) Write an equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).

(iii) Suggest an explanation of why the concentration of the sulfuric acid increases.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

3. The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium bromide.

(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the electron flow in the external circuit [1]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(iv) Which ion is oxidised? Explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
106
(v) When aqueous lithium bromide is electrolyzed, a colorless gas is formed at the negative electrode
and the solution becomes alkaline. Explain these observations and include an equation in your
explanation.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
4. (a) In the electrolytic method, zinc oxide reacts with sulfuric acid to form impure aqueous zinc sulfate.
This solution contains Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ ions as impurities.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction between zinc oxide and sulfuric acid.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

(ii) Nickel, cobalt and copper are all less reactive than zinc. Explain why the addition of zinc powder
removes these ions from the solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(b) The solution of zinc sulfate is electrolysed using inert electrodes. This electrolysis is similar to
that of copper (II) sulfate with inert electrodes.
i. Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

ii. Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode). [2]

5. (a) Describe how zinc metal can be obtained from zinc sulfate solution by electrolysis. A labelled
diagram is acceptable. Include all the products of this electrolysis. The electrolysis is similar to that of
copper (II) sulfate solution with inert electrodes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [4]

107
 (b) Copper oxide is reduced to copper which is then refined by electrolysis. Label the diagram of the
apparatus which could be used to refi ne copper.

6. (a) Chromium is used to electroplate steel objects. The diagram shows how this could be done.

(i) Give two reasons why steel objects are plated with chromium.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) The formula of the chromium (III) ion is Cr3+ and of the sulfate ion is SO4 2–
. Give the formula of
chromium (III) sulfate.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(iv) A colorless gas, which relights a glowing splint, is formed at the positive electrode (anode). Name this
gas.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

108
(v) During electrolysis, it is necessary to add more chromium (III) sulfate but during copper-plating using
a copper anode, it is not necessary to add more copper (II) sulfate. Explain.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

109
 ATP QUESTIONS
1. Azurite is an ore of copper which contains copper (II) carbonate. Azurite contains no other metal
ions.
Plan an experiment to show how a sample of copper could be obtained from large lumps of azurite.
Your answer should include:
 descriptions of the reactions involved
 the expected observations.
You are provided with a large lump of azurite and common laboratory chemicals and apparatus.
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [6]

2. Metal rings can be coated with a layer of copper using electricity.

Plan an experiment to electroplate a small metal ring with copper.
You are provided with common laboratory apparatus, a copper rod, copper (II) sulfate crystals, water
and a small metal ring.
Include a labelled diagram in your answer.

110
 ..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [6]

3. The diagram shows the apparatus used to electrolyze dilute sulfuric acid.

(a) Complete the box to show the role of the platinum. [1]
(b) Give one observation made during this electrolysis.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i) Compare the volumes of oxygen and hydrogen produced.
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Which substance breaks down to form these gases?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

111
(d) Give one test to distinguish between oxygen and hydrogen.
test .............................................................................................................................................
result with oxygen ......................................................................................................................
result with hydrogen ..................................................................................................................
[3]
4. Electricity was used to break down dilute sulfuric acid using the apparatus shown.

(a) What name is given to this process?

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Give one observation which could be made during this experiment.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Suggest a suitable metal for the inert metal electrodes.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Give a test for oxygen gas.
test.......................................................................................................................................
result.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Why does hydrogen form at the negative electrode?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) The experiment was repeated using concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Explain why this experiment was carried out in a fume cupboard.
..............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

112
 Metals and Extraction of Metals
1. A reactivity series of metals is given below.

(a) Which two metals will react most vigorously with cold water?
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Which two metals will not react with dilute hydrochloric acid?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Deduce the formula of iron (III) sulfate.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) What is the formula of a magnesium ion?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Describe a test-tube experiment which will show that manganese is more reactive than copper.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(f) Manganese is a typical transition metal. Predict three physical and two chemical properties of this
metal
Physical Properties:
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
Chemical Properties:
..........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [5]

113
2. Rubidium and strontium are very reactive metals at the top of the reactivity series. Because their ions
have different charges, their compounds behave differently when heated.

(a) The formulae of the ions of these two elements are Rb + and Sr2+.Explain why these metals, which are
in different groups, form ions which have different charges.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Strontium carbonate is similar to calcium carbonate. It is insoluble in water and it decomposes when
heated. Rubidium carbonate is soluble in water and does not decompose when heated.
(i) Describe a method to prepare a pure sample of the insoluble salt, strontium carbonate, by
precipitation.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [4]
(ii) Complete the equation for the decomposition of strontium carbonate.

(c) Metal nitrates decompose when heated.

(i) Rubidium nitrate decomposes as follows:

What is the name of the compound RbNO2?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The nitrates of most other metals decompose in a different way.
Complete the equation for the decomposition of strontium nitrate.

114
3. Reactive metals tend to have unreactive compounds. The following is part of the reactivity series.

(a) Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate do not decompose when heated. The corresponding
calcium compounds do decompose when heated. Complete the following equations.

(b) All nitrates decompose when heated.

(i) The equation for the thermal decomposition of silver (I) nitrate is given below.

What are the products formed when copper (II) nitrate is heated?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Complete the equation for the action of heat on sodium nitrate.

(c) Which of the metals in the list on page 5 have oxides which are not reduced by carbon?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Choose from the list on page 5, metals whose ions would react with zinc.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
4. The uses of a substance are determined by its properties.
(a) Plastics are poor conductors of electricity. They are used as insulation for electric cables.
Which other two properties of plastics make them suitable for this purpose?
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Chromium is a hard, shiny metal. Suggest two reasons why chromium is used to electroplate steel.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Why is aluminium used extensively in the manufacture of aeroplanes?

...........................................................................................................................................
115
 ........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Why is copper a suitable material from which to make cooking utensils?

...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Describe the bonding in a typical metal.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
5. Iron is extracted from the ore hematite in the Blast Furnace.

(a) The coke reacts with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide.
C + O2 → CO2
(i) Explain why carbon monoxide is formed higher in the Blast Furnace.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Write an equation for the reduction of hematite, Fe2O3, by carbon monoxide.
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

116
(b) Limestone decomposes to form two products, one of which is calcium oxide.
(i) Name the other product.
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Calcium oxide reacts with silicon (IV) oxide, an acidic impurity in the iron ore, to form slag. Write
an equation for this reaction.
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Explain why the molten iron and the molten slag form two layers and why molten iron is the lower
layer.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) Suggest why the molten iron does not react with the air.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(v) Name the two substances which cause iron to rust.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain why an aluminium article coated with aluminium oxide is protected from further corrosion
but a steel article coated with rust continues to corrode.
..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) There are two electrochemical methods of rust prevention.
(i) The first method is sacrificial protection. Explain why the steel article does not rust.

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [4]
The second method is to make the steel article the cathode in a circuit for electrolysis.

117
(ii) Mark on the diagram the direction of the electron flow. [1]

(iii) The steel girder does not rust because it is the cathode. Reduction takes place at the cathode.
Give the equation for the reduction of hydrogen ions.
.................................................................................................................................................. [2]
6. Aluminium is obtained by the reduction of aluminium ions to aluminium atoms.
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reduction of an aluminium ion to an aluminium atom.
................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The original method of extracting aluminium involved the reduction of aluminium chloride using the
reactive metal sodium. Aluminium obtained by this method was very expensive due to the high cost
of extracting sodium from sodium chloride.
(i) Complete the equation for this reduction.

(ii) How can sodium metal be obtained from sodium chloride?

...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) In the modern method, aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide (alumina)
dissolved in molten cryolite, Na 3AlF6.

(i) The major ore of aluminium is impure aluminium oxide.

What is the name of this ore?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) This ore is a mixture of aluminium oxide, which is amphoteric, and iron(III) oxide which is basic.
Explain how these two oxides can be separated by the addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) Give two reasons why the electrolyte contains cryolite.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
118
(iv) The mixture of gases evolved at the positive electrode includes:
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
fluorine
oxygen
Explain the presence of these gases in the gaseous mixture formed at the positive electrode.
Include at least one equation in your explanation.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(d) A major use of aluminium is the manufacture of pots and pans. One reason for this is its resistance
to corrosion.
(i) Explain why aluminium, a reactive metal, is resistant to corrosion.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest two other reasons why aluminium is suitable for making pots and pans.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
7. Iron is extracted from its ore, hematite, in the blast furnace.

119
Page 8 of 123
(a) Describe the reactions involved in this extraction.
Include one equation for a redox reaction and one for an acid/base reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(b) The diagram shows a blast furnace.

The following equations represent reactions which take place in the blast furnace.

(i) Which reaction is used to increase the temperature inside the blast furnace? ........... [1]
(ii) Which reaction is an example of thermal decomposition? ………. [1]
(iii) In which reaction is carbon both oxidised and reduced? ………. [1]
(iv) Which equation shows the removal of an impurity from the iron? ........... [1]
(v) Which equation shows the reaction of an acidic substance with a basic substance? ........... [1]

120
(c) Use the diagram of the blast furnace to help you answer these questions.
(i) What enters the blast furnace at X?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What leaves the blast furnace at Y?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Name two waste gases that leave the blast furnace.
1..........................................................................................................................................
2.......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) The graph shows how the malleability of iron changes as the percentage of carbon in the iron
changes.

(i) Describe how the malleability of iron changes as the percentage of carbon changes.
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

121
8. The position of aluminium in the reactivity series of metals is shown below.
magnesium
aluminium
zinc
copper
(a) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of its molten oxide.

(i) Name the main ore of aluminium.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Why does the molten electrolyte contain cryolite?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Oxygen is produced at the positive electrode (anode). Name another gas which is given off at this
electrode.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Aluminium reacts very slowly with aqueous copper(II) sulphate.

(i) Which of the two metals has the greater tendency to form ions?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe what you would see when this reaction occurs.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain why aluminium reacts so slowly.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Complete the following table by writing “reaction” or “no reaction” in the spaces provided.

122
(d) Predict the equations for the decomposition of the following aluminium compounds.

123
 Stoichiometry
1. (a) A 1.50 g sample of barium hydroxide was dissolved in water. The total volume of the solution was
100 cm3.
A 25.0 cm3 portion of the barium hydroxide solution was titrated against hydrochloric acid. The
volume of hydrochloric acid required was 18.75 cm3.
Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl BaCl 2 + 2H2O
 Calculate how many moles of barium hydroxide were in the 25.0 cm 3 portion used in the titration.

[2]
 Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid used.

[1]
(b) Copper (II) oxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
CuO(s) + 2HCl (aq) CuCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
6.00 g of copper (II) oxide were added to 50.0 cm 3 of 1.00 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid.
 Calculate the number of moles of copper (II) oxide added to the hydrochloric acid.

[2]
 Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used.

[2]
2. A solution of hydrochloric acid is titrated against a standard sodium hydroxide solution. It is found that
20.0 cm3 of acid neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol/dm3 NaOH solution.
 Construct the chemical equation for the reaction

[2]

124
  Calculate number of moles of NaOH

[1]
 Calculate number of moles of HCl

[1]
 Calculate the concentration of HCl

[1]
3. (a) Crystals of hydrated copper (II) chloride were obtained from the solution at the end of the reaction.
The crystals had the following composition by mass: Cl, 41.52%; Cu, 37.43%; H, 2.34%; O, 18.71%.
Calculate the empirical formula of the crystals.

[4]

(b) 0.5 g of hydrogen was found to combine with 4.0 g of oxygen to form water. What is its empirical
formula?

[2]

125
 (c) A molecular compound has the empirical formula HO. Its relative molecular mass is 34. What is
its molecular formula?

[2]
4. (a) Hydrolysis of a polymer gave a compound with the following composition by mass: C, 34.61%; H,
3.85%; O, 61.54%.
• Calculate the empirical formula of the compound

[4]
• Calculate the molecular formula if Mr is 208

[2]

(b) Octane is a hydrocarbon. It is 84.2% carbon and 15.8% hydrogen by mass. It’s Mr is 114. What
is its Molecular formula?

[5]

126
5. (a) In a titration, a student added 25.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol / dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide to a conical
flask. The student then added a few drops of methyl orange to the solution in the conical flask. Dilute
sulfuric acid was then added from a burette to the conical flask. The volume of dilute sulfuric acid
needed to neutralize the aqueous sodium hydroxide was 20.0 cm 3.

(i) What was the color of the methyl orange in the aqueous sodium hydroxide?
........................................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Determine the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in g / dm 3.

[2]

 Calculate the number of moles of aqueous sodium hydroxide added to the conical flask.

.............................. mol [1]

 Calculate the number of moles of dilute sulfuric acid added from the burette.

.............................. mol [1]

 Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid in mol / dm 3.

.............................. mol / dm3 [2]

127
 (b) Iron (II) sulfate decomposes when heated strongly.

15.20 g of FeSO4(s) was heated and formed 4.80 g of Fe 2O3(s).

[Mr, FeSO4 = 152; Mr, Fe2O3 = 160]
Calculate the percentage yield for this reaction.

.............................. % [3]
6. (a) The equation for the decomposition of copper (II) nitrate is given below.

(i) Predict what you would observe when copper (II) nitrate is heated.
..............................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Copper (II) nitrate forms a series of hydrates with the formula Cu (NO 3)2.xH2O.
All these hydrates decompose to form copper (II) oxide.
1 mole of Cu (NO3)2.xH2O forms 1 mole of CuO.
What is meant by 1 mole of a substance?
.............................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) 7.26 g of a hydrate, Cu(NO3)2.xH2O, formed 2.4 g copper(II) oxide.
number of moles of CuO formed = ......................
number of moles of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O in 7.26 g = ......................
mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O = ...................... g
mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2 is 188 g
the value of x in this hydrate = ...................... [4]

128
 (b) Tin is a metallic element in Group IV. Its main ore is cassiterite which is an impure form of tin
(IV) oxide, SnO2. Tin also occurs in stannite, Cu 2FeSnS4.
(i) Calculate the relative formula mass, Mr, of Cu 2FeSnS4.

Mr of Cu2FeSnS4 = .............................. [1]

(ii) The Mr of SnO2 is 151.
Calculate the percentage of tin by mass in SnO 2.

percentage of tin by mass in SnO2 = .............................. [1]

(iii) The percentage of tin by mass in Cu 2FeSnS4 is 27.6%.
Use this information and your answer to (b) to suggest whether it would be better to extract tin from
SnO2 or Cu2FeSnS4.
Explain your answer.
..............................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................... [1]
7. Calcium chlorate (V), Ca(Cl O3)2, is made by reacting calcium hydroxide with chlorine gas.

8.88 g of calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas are mixed together.
(i) How many moles is 8.88 g of calcium hydroxide?

.............................. mol [2]

(ii) How many moles of chlorine gas is 7200 cm3?

.............................. mol [1]

129
 (iii) What is the maximum number of moles of calcium chlorate (V) that can be made from 8.88 g
of calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas?

.............................. mol [1]

(iv) What is the maximum mass of calcium chlorate (V) that can be made from 8.88 g of calcium
hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas?

.............................. g [2]
The experiment is repeated using different amounts of calcium hydroxide and chlorine gas.
The maximum mass of calcium chlorate (V) that can be made in the experiment is 4.84 g.
(v) The actual mass of calcium chlorate (V) made in the experiment is 3.63 g. Calculate the
percentage yield.

percentage yield = .............................. % [1]

8. (a) A sample of rust had the following composition:
51.85g of iron 22.22 g of oxygen 16.67 g of water
Calculate the following and then write the formula for this sample of rust.

number of moles of iron atoms,

Fe =................... [1]
number of moles of oxygen atoms,

O =................... [1]
number of moles of water molecules,

H2O =................... [1]

130
 simplest mole ratio
Fe :O:H2O is .......... : .......... : .......... [1]

formula for this sample of rust is ............................... [1]

(b) Silver (I) chromate (VI) is an insoluble salt. It is prepared by precipitation. 20 cm 3 of aqueous silver
(I) nitrate, concentration 0.2 mol /dm3, was mixed with 20 cm3 of aqueous potassium chromate (VI),
concentration 0.1 mol /dm3. After stirring, the mixture was filtered. The precipitate was washed several
times with distilled water. The precipitate was then left in a warm oven for several hours.
2AgNO3 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) → Ag2CrO4 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)
What is the maximum mass of silver (I) chromate (VI) which could be obtained from 20 cm3 of aqueous
silver (I) nitrate, concentration 0.2 mol /dm3?
number of moles of AgNO3 used

..................... [1]
number of moles of Ag2CrO4

..................... [1]
mass of one mole of Ag2CrO4 = 332 g
mass of Ag2CrO4 formed

..................... g [1]
9. (a) Copper (II) nitrate decomposes when heated. Two gases, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide, and a
solid are made in the reaction.
(i) Complete the chemical equation for the reaction.

(ii) A teacher heated 18.8g of copper (II) nitrate.

 Calculate the number of moles of copper (II) nitrate present in the 18.8g.

.............................. mol [2]

131
 Calculate the maximum number of moles of oxygen that can be made by heating 18.8g of copper
(II) nitrate.

.............................. mol [1]

 Calculate the maximum volume of oxygen at room temperature and pressure, in cm 3, that can be
made by heating 18.8g of copper (II) nitrate.

.............................. cm3 [1]

(b) Sulfuric acid reacts with zinc to form zinc sulfate and hydrogen.

Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen, in dm3, formed when 4.55g of zinc reacts with excess
sulfuric acid at room temperature and pressure.

volume .................................................. dm3 [3]

(c) The formula of zinc phosphate is Zn 3(PO4)2.
Calculate the percentage by mass of zinc in zinc phosphate.

....................................................... % [2]
132
 Topic: limiting reactant
1. Calcium chlorate (V), Ca (ClO3)2, is made by reacting calcium hydroxide with chlorine gas. 8.88 g of
calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas are mixed together.

(a) How many moles is 8.88 g of calcium hydroxide?

…………………………………..moles [2]
(b) How many moles of chlorine gas is 7200 cm3?

………………………. Moles [1]

(c) What is the maximum number of moles of calcium chlorate (V) that can be made from 8.88 g of
calcium hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas?

…………………………….moles [1]
(d) What is the maximum mass of calcium chlorate (V) that can be made from 8.88 g of calcium
hydroxide and 7200 cm3 of chlorine gas?

………………………………….grams [2]

2. If 23 grams of iron (II) chloride reacts with 41 grams of sodium phosphate

133
 (a) What is the limiting reagent?

…………………………………………… [2]
(b) How much sodium chloride can be formed?

………………………grams [1]
(c) How much of the excess reagent remains when this reaction has gone to completion?

……………………………grams [2]
3. For the given reaction,

2.50 g of hydrogen is reacted with 30.0 dm3 of carbon monoxide at RTP.

(a) What is the limiting reactant?

…………………………………[2]

(b) What mass of CH3OH is produced?

………………………………grams[1]

(c) How much excess is left over?

……………………………………grams.[1]

134
 ATP Questions

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135
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136
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137
 Organic Chemistry
1. Alkanes and alkenes are both series of hydrocarbons.
a. (i) Explain the term hydrocarbon.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) What is the difference between these two series of hydrocarbons?
.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... [2]
b. Alkenes and simpler alkanes are made from long-chain alkanes by cracking. Complete the following
equation for the cracking of the alkane C20H42
C20H42 → 2C4H8 + 2C2H4 + ............... [1]

c. Alkenes such as butene and ethene are more reactive than alkanes.
Alkenes are used in the petrochemical industry to make a range of products, which includes
polymers and alcohols.
(i) Dibromoethane is used as a pesticide. Complete the equation for its preparation from ethene.

(ii) How is butanol made from butene, CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2? Include an equation in your answer.
.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Cracking changes alkanes into alkenes. How could an alkene be converted into an alkane?
Include an equation in your answer.
.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... [2]
d. 20 cm3 of a hydrocarbon was burnt in 175 cm3 of oxygen. After cooling, the volume of the remaining
gases was 125 cm3. The addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide removed carbon dioxide leaving
25 cm3 of unreacted oxygen.
(i) volume of oxygen used = .......... cm3 [1]
3
(ii) volume of carbon dioxide formed = .......... cm [1]
(iii) Deduce the formula of the hydrocarbon and the balanced equation for the reaction.
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................... [2]

138
 2. The alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They form a homologous series, the members of which
have the same chemical properties. They undergo addition reactions and are easily oxidized.
(a) The following hydrocarbons are isomers.

(i) Explain why these two hydrocarbons are isomers.

.........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Give the structural formula of another hydrocarbon which is isomeric with the above.

[1]
(b) Give the structural formula and name of each of the products of the following addition reactions.

(i) ethene and bromine

structural formula of product
name of product ................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) propene and hydrogen
structural formula of product
name of product ................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) but-1-ene and water
structural formula of product
name of product ................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Alkenes polymerise to form addition polymers. Draw the structural formula of poly(cyanoethene),
include at least two monomer units. The structural formula of the monomer, cyanoethene, is given
below.

[3]

139
4. The alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. They form a homologous series, the members of which
have similar chemical properties:
 easily oxidised
 addition reactions
 polymerisation
 combustion.
(a) All the alkenes have the same empirical formula.
(i) State their empirical formula.
......................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Why is the empirical formula the same for all alkenes?
......................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Alkenes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids by boiling with aqueous potassium manganite (VII).
(i) Pent-2-ene, CH3 –CH2 –CH=CH–CH3 , oxidises to CH3 –CH2 –COOH and CH3 COOH. Name
these two acids.
CH3 –CH2 –COOH.......................................................................................................
CH3 COOH................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Complete the following equations for the addition reactions of propene.

(d) Draw the structural formula of poly(propene)

[3]
(e) Moles of an alkene needed 2.4g of oxygen for complete combustion. 2.2g of carbon dioxide were
formed. Determine the following mole ratio.
moles of alkene : moles of O2 : moles of CO2

From this ratio determine the formula of the alkene.

..................................................................................................................................... [3]
Write an equation for the complete combustion of this alkene.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

140
5. The structures of six organic compounds are shown.

(a) Give the name of F.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Identify two of the compounds that are members of the same homologous series.
Give the general formula of this homologous series.
compounds ................................................................................................................................
general formula ..........................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Which two compounds are isomers of each other? Explain why they are isomers.
compounds ................................................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(d) Explain why B is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Describe how D is manufactured from B. Give a chemical equation for the reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]

141
6. (a) A hydrocarbon has the following structural formula.

(i) State the molecular formula and the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon.
molecular formula ............................................................................................................
empirical formula ............................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of an isomer of the above hydrocarbon.

[1]
(iii) Explain why these two hydrocarbons are isomers.
.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(iv) Are these two hydrocarbons members of the same homologous series? Give a reason for your
choice.
.............................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Alkenes can be made from alkanes by cracking.

(i) Explain the term cracking.
.............................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) One mole of an alkane, when cracked, produced one mole of hexane, C6H14, and two moles of
ethene. What is the molecular formula of the original alkane?
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
7. The alkanes are a family of saturated hydrocarbons. Their reactions include combustion, cracking
and substitution.
(a) (i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What is meant by the term saturated?
.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

142
 (b) (i) What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the mass of one mole of an alkane with 14 carbon atoms.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) The complete combustion of hydrocarbons produces carbon dioxide and water only.

(i) Write the equation for the complete combustion of nonane, C9H20.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) 20 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was mixed with an excess of oxygen, 200 cm 3. The mixture
was ignited. After cooling, 40 cm3 of oxygen and 100 cm3 of carbon dioxide remained. Deduce the
formula of the hydrocarbon and the equation for its combustion. All volumes were measured at r.t.p.

[3]
(e) Cracking is used to obtain short-chain alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen from long-chain
alkanes.
(i) Give a use for each of the three products listed above.
Short-chain alkanes......................................................................................................
Alkenes.........................................................................................................................
Hydrogen....................................................................................................................... [3]
(f) Write an equation for the cracking of decane, C 10H22, which produces two different alkenes
and hydrogen as the only products.

........................................................................................................................................ [1]
(g) Chlorine reacts with propane in a substitution reaction to form 1-chloropropane.
CH3 – CH2 – CH3 + Cl 2 → CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – Cl + HCl
(i) What is the essential condition for the above reaction?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) There is more than one possible substitution reaction between chlorine and propane.

Suggest the structural formula of a different product.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

143
8. The alcohols form a homologous series.
(a) Give three characteristics of a homologous series.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The following two alcohols are members of a homologous series and they are isomers.

(i) Explain why they are isomers.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Deduce the structural formula of another alcohol which is also an isomer of these alcohols.

[1]
(c) Copper (II) oxide can oxidize butanol to liquid X, whose pH is 4.

(i) Give the name of another reagent which can oxidise butanol.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which homologous series does liquid X belong to?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State the formula of liquid X.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]

144
 (d) The alcohol ethanol can be made by fermentation. Yeast is added to aqueous glucose.

Carbon dioxide is given off and the mixture becomes warm, as the reaction is exothermic. The
graph shows how the rate of reaction varies over several days.

(i) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Why does the rate initially increase?

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest two reasons why the rate eventually decreases.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
9. The alcohols form a homologous series.
(a) Give the name of the third member of this series.
name......................................... [1]
Deduce the molecular formula of the alcohol whose Mr = 158. Show your working.

[2]

145
(b) This question is based on typical reactions of butan-1-ol.
(i) When butan-1-ol, CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH, is passed over the catalyst silicon (IV) oxide,
water is lost.
Deduce the name and the structural formula of the organic product in this reaction.
name.........................................
structural formula

[2]
(ii) Suggest the name of the ester formed from butanol and ethanoic acid.
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Butan-1-ol is oxidised by acidifi ed potassium manganate(VII).
Deduce the name and the structural formula of the organic product in this reaction.
name.........................................
structural formula

[2]
10. Alcohols can be made by fermentation or from petroleum.
(a) Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of glucose

Yeast are living single-cell fungi which ferment glucose by anaerobic respiration. This reaction is
catalyzed by enzymes from the yeast.
(i) What is meant by the term respiration?
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen. Name the products formed from respiration in the
presence of oxygen.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]

146
(iii) What are enzymes?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Suggest a method of measuring the rate of this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The following observations were noted.
 When a small amount of yeast was added to the aqueous glucose the reaction started and
the solution went slightly cloudy.
 The reaction rate increased and the solution became cloudier and warmer.
 After a while, the reaction rate decreased and eventually stopped, leaving a 14% solution of
ethanol in water.
(i) Why did the reaction rate increase?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest an explanation for the increase in cloudiness of the solution.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Give two reasons why the fermentation stopped.
....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) One use of ethanol is in alcoholic drinks. Give two other uses of ethanol.
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Alcohols can be made from petroleum by the following sequence of reactions.

Describe the manufacture of ethanol from hexane, C6H14. Include in your description an equation
and type of reaction for each step.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [5]

11. The alcohols form a homologous series. The first member of this series is methanol, CH3OH.

(a) (i) Give the general formula of the alcohols.

.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The mass of one mole of an alcohol is 116 g. What is its formula? Show your reasoning.

147
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in one molecule of
methanol.

Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Use ● to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.

[3]
(b) Methanol is manufactured using the following method.

The conditions for reaction 2 are:

pressure 100 atmospheres
catalyst a mixture of copper, zinc oxide and aluminium oxide
temperature 250 °C
The forward reaction is exothermic.
(i) Why is high pressure used in reaction 2?
....................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain why using a catalyst at 250 °C is preferred to using a higher temperature of 350
°C and no catalyst.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) Methanol is oxidised by atmospheric oxygen. This reaction is catalysed by platinum.
(i) The products of this reaction include a carboxylic acid. Give its name and structural
formula.
name.......................................................
structural formula showing all bonds

[2]
148
 (ii) Deduce the name of the ester formed by the reaction of methanol with the carboxylic acid
named in (i).
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
12. There are two types of polymerisation, addition and condensation
(a) Explain the difference between these two types of polymerisation.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Some plastics, formed by polymerisation, are non-biodegradable.
Describe two pollution problems that are caused by non-biodegradable plastics.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The polymer known as PVA is used in paints and adhesives. Its structural formula is shown below.

Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.

[1]
(d) A condensation polymer can be made from the following monomers.

Draw the structural formula of this polymer.

[3]

149
13. (a) Synthetic polymers are disposed of in landfill sites and by burning.
(i) Describe two problems caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers in landfill sites.
....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Describe one problem caused by burning synthetic polymers.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State two uses of synthetic polymers.
....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) The structural formulae of two synthetic polymers are given below.

(i) Draw the structural formula of the monomer of polymer A.

[2]
(ii) Identify the functional group circled in polymer B.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Deduce the two types of organic compound which have reacted to form polymer B.
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Explain the difference between addition and condensation polymers. Classify A and B as
either addition or condensation polymers.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]

150
 15. Polymers are made by the polymerization of simple molecules called monomers. a)
The structural formula of a polymer is given below.

(i) This polymer is made by addition polymerization. Draw the structural formula of its monomer.

[1]
(ii) The two monomers shown below form a nylon which is a condensation polymer.

Draw its structural formula showing one repeat unit of the polymer.

[3]

151
 (iii) Name the natural macromolecule which contains the same linkage as nylon.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Explain the difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
b) Many polymers are non-biodegradable.
(i) Explain the term non-biodegradable.
....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) State three problems caused by the disposal of non-biodegradable polymers.
....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Storage tanks for cold water are now made from polymers because they are cheaper than metal
tanks. Suggest two other advantages of making cold water tanks from polymers.
....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
16. Many monomer molecules react together to form one molecule of a polymer. This reaction is called
polymerization.
a) The structural formula of the polymer, poly (chloroethene), is given below. This polymer is also known
as PVC.

152
(i) A major use of PVC is insulation of electric cables. PVC is a poor conductor of electricity. Suggest
another property which makes it suitable for this use.
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) One way of disposing of waste PVC is by burning it. This method has the disadvantage that
poisonous gases are formed.
Suggest two poisonous gases which could be formed by the combustion of PVC.
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
b) Deduce the structural formula of the monomer from that of the polymer.

(i) structural formula of monomer

[1]
(ii)Deduce the structural formula of the polymer, poly(phenylethene), from the formula of its
monomer, phenylethene.

Structural formula of polymer

[2]

153
17. Wool is a protein. It can be hydrolysed to a mixture of monomers by enzymes.

(i) What are enzymes?

....................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) Name another substance which can hydrolyse proteins.
.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) What type of compound are the monomers formed by the hydrolysis of proteins?
.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iv) Which technique could be used to identify the individual monomers in the mixture?
.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
(v) Proteins contain the amide linkage. Name a synthetic macromolecule which contains the same
linkage.
.................................................................................................................................................... [3]

154
 ATP Questions
1.

155
2.

156
3.

157
 Air
1 Clean dry air contains mainly nitrogen and oxygen.

(a) Name two other gases that are in clean dry air.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Air often contains pollutants.

Identify three common gaseous pollutants in air and state how each of these pollutants are
produced.

pollutant gas 1 ...........................................................................................................................

how it is produced ......................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

pollutant gas 2 ...........................................................................................................................

how it is produced ......................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

pollutant gas 3 ...........................................................................................................................

how it is produced ......................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[6]

[Total: 8]

158

Page 103 of 124

 air
(d) Nitrogen dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant.

(i) State one environmental problem caused by nitrogen dioxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain how oxides of nitrogen, such as nitrogen dioxide, are formed in car engines.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 13]

159
 Air
4 Three common pollutants in the air are carbon monoxide, the oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2, and
unburnt hydrocarbons. They are all emitted by motor vehicles.

(a) Describe how the oxides of nitrogen are formed.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Describe how a catalytic converter reduces the emission of these three pollutants.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(c) Other atmospheric pollutants are lead compounds from leaded petrol.
Explain why lead compounds are harmful.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]

160
 Air

5 Air is a mixture of gases. The main constituents are the elements oxygen and nitrogen.

(a) (i) Name another element in air.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Give the formula of a compound in unpolluted air.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Common pollutants present in air are the oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide.

(i) How are the oxides of nitrogen formed?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) How is sulfur dioxide formed?

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) These oxides are largely responsible for acid rain.

State two harmful effects of acid rain.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

161

Page 108 of 124

(c) The percentage of oxygen in air can be determined by the following experiment.

large pile of small pile

copper of copper

gas syringe gas syringe

heat
containing
50 cm3 of air

The gas syringe contains 50 cm3 of air. The large pile of copper is heated and the air is
passed from one gas syringe to the other over the hot copper. The large pile of copper
turns black. The gas is allowed to cool and its volume measured.

The small pile of copper is heated and the remaining gas passed over the hot copper.
The copper does not turn black. The final volume of gas left in the apparatus is less
than 50 cm3.

(i) Explain why the copper in the large pile turns black.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Why must the gas be allowed to cool before its volume is measured?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Explain why the copper in the small pile did not turn black.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) What is the approximate volume of the gas left in the apparatus?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 13]

162
 Air

6 (a) State a use for each of the following gases.

(i) chlorine ................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) argon ................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) ethene .................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) oxygen ................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Describe how oxygen is obtained from air.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

163
 Water
1 (a) Describe a chemical test which shows the presence of water.

test .......................................................................................................................

colour change if water is

present ...............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) How could you show that a sample of water is pure?

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Describe how water is treated before it is supplied to homes and industry.

........................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) State two industrial uses of water.

........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

164

Page 114 of 124

 water
2 (a) Water is needed for industry and in the home.

(i) Rain water is collected in reservoirs. How is it treated before entering the water supply?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State two industrial uses of water.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) State two uses of water in the home.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) In many regions, drinking water is obtained by the distillation of sea-water. Explain how
distillation separates the water from sea-water.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

165

Page 115 of 124

 FERTILIZER
1 Fertilisers are used to promote plant growth.
Two fertilisers are ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4, and calcium dihydrogenphosphate,
Ca(H2PO4)2.

(a) Describe a test to distinguish between these two fertilisers.

test ....................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

result .................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Many fertilisers are manufactured from ammonia. Describe how ammonia is made in the
Haber process. Give the essential conditions and an equation for the process.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

(c) State the essential plant nutrient not supplied by ammonium phosphate.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

166
 FERTILIZER
3 The Atacama desert in Chile has deposits of the salt sodium nitrate. Very large amounts of this
salt were exported to Europe for use as a fertiliser. After the introduction of the Haber process in
1913, this trade rapidly diminished.

(a) (i) Explain why the introduction of the Haber process reduced the demand for
sodium nitrate.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest why surface deposits of sodium nitrate only occur in areas with very low rainfall
such as desert areas.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The desert has smaller surface deposits of potassium nitrate.

Suggest why potassium nitrate is a better fertiliser than the sodium salt.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) All nitrates decompose when heated. The extent to which a nitrate decomposes is
determined by the metal in the salt.

(i) Sodium nitrate decomposes to form sodium nitrite, NaNO2.

Write the equation for decomposition of sodium nitrate.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Sodium nitrite is a reducing agent.

What would be observed if an excess of sodium nitrite solution was added to a solution
of acidified potassium manganate(VII)?

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Copper(II) nitrate decomposes to form copper(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.

What is the relationship between the extent of decomposition and the reactivity of the
metal in the nitrate?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

167

Page 119 of 124

 Photosynthesis
(b) Photosynthesis reduces the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

(i) Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

carbon dioxide + water → ........................ + ........................ [2]

(ii) State two essential conditions for the above reaction to occur.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

168

Page 121 of 124

 Greenhouse
gases
2 Two important greenhouse gases are methane and carbon dioxide.

(a) Methane is twenty times more effective as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. The
methane in the atmosphere comes from both natural and industrial sources.

(i) Describe two natural sources of methane.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Although methane can persist in the atmosphere for up to 15 years, it is eventually
removed by oxidation.
What are the products of this oxidation?

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) How do the processes of respiration, combustion and photosynthesis determine the
percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 8]

169

Page 122 of 124

(b) (i) In an experiment, a 60 cm3 sample of biogas required 80 cm3 of oxygen for the
complete combustion of the methane in the sample.
Calculate the percentage of methane in the sample of biogas. Assume that biogas
contains only methane and carbon dioxide.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Carbon dioxide is acidic and methane is neutral.

Suggest another way of measuring the volume of methane in the sample.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

170

Page 124 of 124

 Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

Notes for use in qualitative analysis

Tests for anions
anion test test result
2−
carbonate, CO3 add dilute acid, then test for carbon dioxide effervescence, carbon dioxide produced
gas
chloride, Cl  − acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
bromide, Br − acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add cream ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
iodide, I− acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add yellow ppt.
[in solution] aqueous silver nitrate
nitrate, NO3– add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then ammonia produced
[in solution] aluminium foil; warm carefully
sulfate, SO42− acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add white ppt.
[in solution] aqueous barium nitrate
sulfite, SO32− add a small volume of acidified aqueous the acidified aqueous
potassium manganate(VII) potassium manganate (VII) changes
colour from purple to colourless

Tests for aqueous cations

cation effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide effect of aqueous ammonia
3+
aluminium, Al white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., insoluble in excess
colourless solution
ammonium, NH4+ ammonia produced on warming —

calcium, Ca2+ white ppt., insoluble in excess no ppt. or very slight white ppt.
3+
chromium(III), Cr green ppt., soluble in excess green ppt., insoluble in excess
copper(II), Cu2+ light blue ppt., insoluble in excess light blue ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
dark blue solution
iron(II), Fe2+ green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt. turns green ppt., insoluble in excess, ppt. turns
brown near surface on standing brown near surface on standing
iron(III), Fe3+ red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess red-brown ppt., insoluble in excess
2+
zinc, Zn white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a white ppt., soluble in excess, giving a
colourless solution colourless solution

171
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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

Tests for gases

gas test and test result
ammonia, NH3 turns damp red litmus paper blue
carbon dioxide, CO2 turns limewater milky
chlorine, Cl 2 bleaches damp litmus paper
hydrogen, H2 ‘pops’ with a lighted splint
oxygen, O2 relights a glowing splint
sulfur dioxide, SO2 turns acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) from purple to colourless

Flame tests for metal ions

metal ion flame colour
+
lithium, Li red
+
sodium, Na yellow
potassium, K+ lilac
2+
calcium, Ca orange-red
barium, Ba2+ light green
2+
copper(II), Cu blue-green

172
46 www.cambridgeinternational.org/igcse Back to contents page
 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Back to contents page

1 2

H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10

Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
The Periodic Table of Elements

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson
– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

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47
Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620 syllabus for 2023, 2024 and 2025. Details of the assessment

173