Lecture#08
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Hafsa AhmadLecture#08
Uploaded by
Hafsa AhmadRAID AND BACKUP
REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DISKS
By Ammara Gillani
What is RAID?
It’s a technology that enables greater levels of
performance, reliability and/or large volumes when
dealing with data.
By concurrent use of two or more ‘hard disk drives’.
Mirroring, Stripping (of data) and Error correction
techniques combined with multiple disk arrays give you
the reliablity and performance.
RAID MODE
1. RAID 0
2. RAID 1
3. RAID 5
4. RAID 10
Other types used ... but rarely: RAID 2, 3, 4, 6, 50....
RAID 0
1. It splits data among two or mor disks.
2. Provides good performance.
3. Lack of data reducdancy means there is no fail over support with
this configuration.
4. In the diagram to the right, the odd blocks are written to disk 0 and
the even blocks to disk 1 such that A1, A2, A3, A4 ...... would be the
order of blocks read if read sequentially from the beginning.
5. Used in read only NFS systems and gaming systems.
RAID 1
1. RAID 1 is ‘data mirroring’.
2. Two copies of data are held on two physical disks, and the data is
always identical.
3. Twice as many disks are required to store the same data when
compared to RAID 0.
4. Array continues to operate so long as at least one drive is
functioning.
RAID 5
1. RAID 5 is an ideal combination of good performance, good fault
tolerance and high capacity and storage efficiency.
2. An arrangement of parity and CRC (cyclic redundancy check) to
help rebuilding drive data in case of disk failures.
3. “Distributed Parity” is the key word here.
Implementations
Software based RAID
Software implementations are provided by many
Operating Systems.
A software layer sits above the disk device drivers
and provides an abstraction layer between the
logical drives (RAIDs) and physical drives.
Server’s processor is used to run the RAID software.
Used for simpler configurations like RAID 0 and
RAID 1.
Implementations
Hardware based RAID
A hardware implementations of RAID requires at
least a special purpose RAID controller.
On a desktop system this may be built into the
motherboard.
Processor is not used for RAID calculations as a
separate controller present.
What’s happening present day?
RAID 6:
It is seen as the best way to guarantee data integrity as it uses double parity.
Lesser MTBF (mean time between failures) compared to RAID 5.
It has a drawback though of longer write time.
The expanded use of RAID 6 and other dual-parity schemes is a virtual certainty.
RAID vendors to support “fast rebuild” features that can restore hundreds of gigabytes
in just an hour or so.
Improved disk diagnostic features should offer more reliable predictions of impending
drive failures, allowing the rebuild process to begin before an actual fault occurs.
Backup
Backup is an additonal copy of data that can be used
for restore and recovery purposes.
This Backup copy can be created by:
Simply coping data (there can be one or more
copies)
Mirroring data (the copy is alway updated with
whatever is written to the primary)
Backup Strategy
A backup is put in place to avoid permanent data loss
to ensure the integrity of stored data i-e can get back
to a previous version and build up the data correctly if
current data found to be in error.
Recovery Procedures
A backup strategy needs a well documented and
tested recovery procedure to ensure backup data is
restored properly.
Factors in recovery procedure
A well documented procedure that allocates roles and
responsibilities to staff.
Availability of alternative hardware and accommodation
if the originals have been destroyed.
Availability of original software such as the customeised
operating system and application programs.
That up- to-date backup data is readily available.
Backup purposes
Disaster Recovery
Restores production data to an operational state after
disaster.
Operational
Restore data in the event of data loss or logical
corruptions that may occur during routine processing.
Archival
Preserve transaction records, email, and other business
work products for regulatory compliance.
Types of backups
Three basic types of backups
1. Full backups
2. Differential backups
3. Incremental backups
Full backups
Full and complete backup of entire system
Differential backups
Storage of all files that have changed or
been added since last full backup
Restoring from Differential backups
Key Features Differential backups
More files to be backed up, therefore it takes
more time to backup and uses more storage
space.
Much faster restore because only the last full and
the last cumulative backup must be applied.
Incremental backups
Only archives data that have been
modified that day
Key Features Incremental backups
Files that have changed since the last backup
are backed up.
Fewest amount of files to be backed up,
therefore faster backup and less.
Backup Architecture and Process
Backup client
Sends backup data to backup server or storage node.
Backup server
Manage backup operations and maintains backup catalog
Storage node
Responsible for writing data to backup device.