VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi - 590018, Karnataka

Mini-Project
Report On
“ANALYSIS OF CONDENSATION TWO PHASE’’
Submitted in partial fulfilment as a requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:
PRAJWAL K N 4HG22ME423
SAGAR GOWDA K 4HG22ME431
SANDEEPA A N 4HG22ME432

Under the guidance of

Mr Sriharsha A M
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Mosalehosahalli -573212, Hassan Tq & Dist.
2023-24
 DEPARTMENT OF COLLEGIATE AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Mosale Hosahalli-573212, Hassan Tq and Dist

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project entitled “ANALYSIS OF TWO PHASE
CONDENSATION" is bonafide work carried out by PRAJWAL A N [4HG22ME423], SAGAR
GOWDA K[4HG22ME431],and SANDEEP A N [4HG22ME432] respectively, in partial
fulfillment of work in 6th semester Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the academic year 2023-2024. The project has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project work prescribed for Bachelor of
Engineering Degree.

Project Co-Ordinator Head of the Department Guide

(Dr. Manjunath K.) (Dr. Mahesh TS.) (Mr Sriharsha A M)

Examiners

Name of the Examiner Signature of the Examiner

Examiner 1 Examiner 1

Examiner 2 Examine

Date of Examination
 DECLARATION
We the students of 6th semester of Mechanical engineering, Government Engineering college,
Mosale Hosahalli-573212, Hassan Tq & Dist. Declare that the Mini Project work entitled
"ANALYSIS OF CONDENSATION TWO PHASE " has been successfully completed under the
guidance of Mr Sriharsha., Department of Mechanical Engineering, GECM. This project work
submitted to Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of degree of bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering during the academic year
2023-2024. Further the matter embodied in the project report has not been submitted previously by
anybody for the award of any degree or diploma to any university.

Place: -Mosale Hosahalli

Date: -

PRAJWAL K N

SAGAR GOWDA K

SADEEPA A N
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our most sincere grateful thanks to my Mini Project Guide, Mr. Sriharsha.AM,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Mosale Hosahalli, Hassan for his continuous support and advice not only during the
course of our project but also during the period of stay in Government Engineering College
Mosale Hosahalli, Hassan.

I would like sincerely thank to Dr Manjunath K, Assistant professor and project coordinator,
department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, MosaleHosahalli,
Hassan for providing the necessary resources and guidelines required to complete this project.

We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Mahesh T. S, Associate Professor and Head,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Mosale
Hosahalli, Hassan for his constant support and encouragement.

We wish to express our thanks to beloved Dr. T Rangaswamy, Principal, Government

Engineering College, Mosale Hosahalli, Hassan for his encouragement throughout studies.
Finally, we express our gratitude to all teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Fellow classmates and our parents for their timely support and
suggestions

PRAJWAL K N

SAGAR GOWDA K

SADEEPA A N
CONDENSATION TWO PHASE 2023-24

ABSTRACT

Air conditioning units or the air conditioners are used in everyday life to cool the air around us.
They are a very common consumer electronic device. Inside the air conditioner, refrigeration of
some special gases takes place to give out cool air, much like in refrigerators. The air conditioner
uses the simple principle that while changing from liquid state to gaseous state, the substance
gives out heat. To send out, cold air, the air conditioner has special substance which is used as a
refrigerant. This substance is evaporated and condensed continuously to give out cool air. This
process takes place in the closed condition inside the unit.

There is a proper mechanism to pass the heat generated during this process out of the machine
from the other end. In centralized air conditioners, there is a duct system to channel hot air away
and keep the system from heating inside. The fan is also provided for the same reason. A
compressor is also fitted inside the machine to convert the gas back to liquid. The compressor
basically creates high pressure and converts the gas back to liquid so that the process continues
and the temperature remains controlled. Thus, the refrigerant constantly maintains the indoor
temperature and the inside temperature of the system is also controlled.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECM.

 CONDENSATION TWO PHASE 2023-24

Contents

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECM. Page 1

 CONDENSATION TWO PHASE 2023-24

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Condensation is the process of change of state free vapour to liquid. Condensation occurs on a surface when
the vapour saturation temperature is higher than the temperature of surface. The temperature of the
condensate so formed will be less than the saturation temperature of the vapour and becomes sub-cooled.
More vapour starts condensing on the exposed surface or on the previous condensate, since the temperature
of the previous condensate is lower.
The phenomenon of condensation heat transfer is more complex, which involves change of phase and
additional characteristics / variables that control the condensation process.
There are two basic types of condensation:
a) Film Condensation
b) Dropwise Condensation

a) Film Condensation:
When the condensate tends to “wet” the surface, then it is called “film condensation”. In this process, the
liquid condensate distributes itself as a continuous thin film on the cooled surface. This happens when the
surface tension between the liquid and the solid material is sufficiently small for example, condensation of
steam on a clean metallic surface, when the surface is clean and grease / oil free.
In film condensation, heat transfer from the vapour to the cooling surface takes place through the
condensate film formed on the surface. As the new condensate formed joins the film existing on the surface,
the film thickness increases. The heat is transferred from the vapour to the condensate by convection and
further from condensate to the surface by conduction. This combined mode of heat transfer by conduction
and convection reduce the rate of heat transfer in film condensation process. Hence, the rate of heat transfer
is lower in film condensation (as compared to dropwise condensation).

b) Dropwise Condensation:
When the condensate does not wet the surface, it forms the droplets on the surface, it is known as “dropwise
condensation”. When the surface tension is large, the condensate coalesces into a multitude of droplets of
different sizes. With time, each droplet grows as more vapour condenses on its exposed surface. The
formation of each droplet is initiated at a point of surface imperfection (pit, scratch, etc.) and such sites are
called “nucleation sites”. At some time, the tangential pull of gravity, or sheer force exerted by the vapour
stream, dislodges the droplet and carries it downstream. The moving droplet devours the smaller droplets in
its path, thereby creating a clean trail ready for the generation of new droplets of smaller sizes. This surface
renewal process occurs periodically as the droplets accumulate and grow in size. Since the condensation
rate is the highest in the absence of condensate on the surface, the periodic cleaning performed by the large
drops renews finite size regions of the surface for the restart of the condensation. This surface renewal
process is the main reason why dropwise condensation is a highly effective heat transfer mechanism. The
heat transfer coefficient is roughly ten times greater than the corresponding condensation in the form of thin
film.
In the design of condensers, whose function is to cool a vapour stream and to convert it into liquid, there is
a great advantage to promote the breakup of the condensate into droplets. This can be achieved by :

a) Coating the solid surface with an organic substance like wax, oil, oleic acid, etc.
b) Injecting non-wetting chemicals into the vapour, which get deposited on the surface of the condenser.
Coating the surface with a polymer of low surface energy like teflon, silicone, etc. or with a noble metal
like gold, silver, etc.

The mechanism of dropwise condensation is complex because of its intermittent time dependent
character, effect of surface tension (due to drop size and shape) and the uncertainty associated
with the location of nucleation sites and the time when the largest droplet will start its
downstream movement. Hence, a unifying theory of dropwise condensation has not been
developed.
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CONDENSATION TWO PHASE 2023-24

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CONDENSATION TWO PHASE 2023-24

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