ICT Applications

Section 1 – Chapter6

By: Nageeb Yahya

6.1 Communication Applications
6.1.1 Paper-based
The purpose of communication applications : to communicate with
people for certain information to target a specific audience for advertising

Business card
Magazine

How to design a
poster?
What are the
applications
needed?
Flyer Brochures Poster
6.1.2 Computer-based
1-Websites (digital communication):
• Companies use websites to communicate with existing/new customers for
advertising any new products/information.
• Example: online shopping, school website, online banking, Online gaming.
Advantages Disadvantages
• interactive elements: such as • can be hacked
sound, video, animation and • Setting up website and maintaining
hyperlinks. would be expensive and would require
• easily updated a special skill set.
• world wide advertising

2-Multimedia Presentation
• Business training
• Education purpose
• Marketing
Uses: animation, video and sound or music
6.1.3 Mobile -based
Past Paper
6.2 Modeling application
A computer model is a process of simulating a real system using computer
program. in order to study the behavior of the system before Appling it in
the real life
Use: Microsoft excel to model the financial
calculation.
▪ Incoming / outgoing money
▪ Expense
▪ balance

Use: AutoCAD software to model the bridge

within the environment.
▪ Simulate the bridge structure
▪ Potential problem in real life

Use: flood water management software to

model the river flooding.
▪ Simulate the flooding
▪ Study the risk in the event of large storm
or heavy rain
Use: Traffic management software to model
the traffic network.
▪ Simulate the traffic network
▪ Study the rush hours
▪ Calculate the number of cars per hour
▪ Control the traffic light on rush hour

Use: Forecasting software to model the

weather.
▪ Simulate the weather
▪ Study speed of winds
▪ Predict the temperature
▪ Collect info from radar and satellite about
weather
▪ Alert system
6.3 Microprocessors in control applications
Control applications get data from sensor and processed by
computer/microprocessor to control the output device(switch on/off,
movement, motor rotation)

Input Output

Read Control
sensor ADC Microprocessor DAC Switch on/off

Value 1 Value 2 Value 3

Pre set - Values

Role of Microprocessor in Control Applications
Example
Automatic oven/cooker

Input Output
Switch on/off the
Temp. Read Control temperature
sensor ADC Microprocessor DAC
Switch on/off the
machine

Start time End Time Temperature

1:00 1:30 150◦

Pre set - Values

6.3 Glasshouse environment control
6.4 Glasshouse environment control
Pre set – Values Temperature
Output

Input Send signal to motor

Value – T1 =30,T2=16 to open window
Temp
sensor Send signal to motor
to close window and
Read ADC Microprocessor DAC open heater

Control

Humi. Send signal to motors

sensor Value – H1=85%, H2=40% to open windows
Send signal to valves
to spray water

Pre set – Values Humidity

6.4 Glasshouse environment control (HW)

Describe the role of the microprocessor (Past paper exam)

microprocessor in controlling the oven temperature
•Microprocessor switches heater on
•Microprocessor receives data from temperature sensor
•Temperature of oven is compared with pre set value by microprocessor
•If higher microprocessor switches heater off
•If lower microprocessor leaves heater on

Describe how the microprocessor uses data from the light sensor in a green house.

•Microprocessor compares light reading with preset value

•If lower than pre-set value microprocessor sends signal to switch on light bulb
•If higher than pre-set value microprocessor sends signal to switch off light bulb
•process is continuous/ monitoring of sensors is continuous
Why Use sensors & Computers to Measure Things?

Advantages
• Readings are more accurate compared to humans.
• The computer's response time is much faster
• Readings are taking more frequently 24-h.
• Data can be analyzed and compared with existing data.
• Automatic graphs can be created.
• Sensors can work in extreme conditions which could be dangerous for
humans.
• Cost saving as fewer staff

Disadvantages
• Human being less skills
• The computer is unable to respond to unusual circumstances.
• Equipment are cost effective
• If the computer malfunctions, need backup frequently
Past paper
6.4 School Management System
School Management system: managing daily school operations. It allows
school to manage registration, admissions, academic calendar, attendance,
and more
Advantage and disadvantage

Advantages
• Parents are able to sign into student academic reports and view these online.
• update with exam results
• Printed reports would not be required which would reduce costs
• Weekly plan, progress report

Disadvantages
• very expensive to buy.
• Personal data (address, medical etc.) must be secured so security measures
have to be implemented.
• These systems are often complex to use. Staff and teachers need to spend time
training
6.5 Booking System
Online booking systems: use real time processing which allows users to
make and confirm bookings instantly . Once payment has been received
and booking is confirmed then booking can not be double booked .

Input Processing Outputs

User will select the Checking if bookings are booking
requirements of the possible (availability) Payment
booking. E.g. date of flights, confirmations /rejections
Airports, Location etc.

Example Uses:
Transport: Flight, Trains and Buses
Entertainment: Theatre, Cinema and Stadium
Accommodation: Hotels, Apartments and Villas
6.5 Booking System - Examples
6.5 Online Booking System
Advantages: Disadvantage
▸ User can check availability of ▸ It may be difficult to cancel a
tickets and compare prices on booking and get your money back.
comparison websites at anytime. ▸ Online booking services have
▸ Confirmation message is sent known to crash to high level of
instantly once payment has been traffic to the website.
authorized. ▸ You are unable to receive specific
▸ Prevent double booking advice on your booking
▸ The ability to book at any time. ▸ All customers need access to a
computer and a reliable internet
connection
6.6 Banking systems ▸ Banking applications

▸ cheque clearing
electronic funds transfer (EFT)

automatic teller machines (ATMs) credit/debit card transactions

internet banking
 Automatic Tellers Machine (ATMs)
ATMs (Cash machines) can be used for:
• Cash withdrawal/deposit,
• checking/printing statement

Advantages & Disadvantages;

Good
● Allow transactions to take place in a variety of locations.
● Allow transaction any time of the day.

Bad ● Theft can take place.

● Some banks can charge customers for the use of ATMs.
● There are fake ATMs that are set to gather info. And retain cards.
The sequence in which a typical ATM process takes place
1. Customer may be asked to select a language.
2. The customer types in the PIN
3. If Pin is correct then the customer will select a
Service.
4. If customer selects the Cash Withdrawal then they
are requested to select an amount to withdraw.
5. If there are sufficient funds and the amount is
within the card limit the required notes are issued.
6. Customer is requested if they would like a receipt.
The card is then returned to the customer.
Internet banking
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)
▸ EFT is a way to move money across an online network, between banks and people
▸ Characteristics and uses of EFT:
▹ Transfer of funds between bank accounts electronically
▹ Utilized for bill payments, salary deposits, and online purchases
▹ Utilizes NFC in contactless payments
The process of EFT:
3
4
The card is
checked if valid If the card is
2
valid the
The business bank's transaction
computer contacts the continues
customer’s bank's 1
computer
The data is read from the
chip (using RFID / NFC if
it's a contactless
payment) 5
7
An authorization
This money is code is sent to the
added to the business
business'
6
account
The price of the item
is deducted from the
customer’s account
credit/debit card transactions

CHIP AND PIN CARD

 Internet
Shopping

34
What is Internet Shopping?
-Internet shopping is the act of
purchasing goods and services
online through websites or mobile
applications.
 What is Internet shopping?
Stores like Amazon and the Shopee
are some of the largest retail
businesses in the world. Online you
can buy anything from air flights to
groceries to clothes.
Characteristics of Internet Shopping
▪ Online stores accessible through web browsers
▪ Wide variety of products and services are available
▪ Convenient and often open 24/7
 -Advantages of Internet Shopping

•Time-saving and convenient

•Potential cost savings

•Greater product variety

•Customisation options
 -Disadvantages of Internet Shopping

Security concerns
Delivery delays and fees

Limited physical interaction

•Impersonal customer service

6.8 Expert System
Expert system: is an intelligent computer program learned from expert
people to get experience to be able to solve a complex problem. Its kind of
decision-making ability like human expert
1.Data is collected from expert
people.
2.knowledge base is created
3.Rules base/inference engine is
created
4.User interface is created
5.Test the expert system.
6.Evaluation the accuracy of the
system

Examples: chess game, Car engine (finding fault),medical diagnosis,

financial planing, minerals prospecting
Example: car diagnosis expert system
A user interface screen presents user with a set of questions
relating to different car problems.

The user answers the questions by typing or selecting

option buttons / check box

Inference engine uses the rules base to match user's

answers to the data stored in the knowledge base

The system diagnoses the problem with the car and

suggests how the user can fix it.
Examples of Expert Systems
Medical Diagnosis
used in doctors surgeries and hospitals to help medical
professionals diagnose patients correctly.

These expert systems make it easy for doctors to match

symptoms to probable causes. they also recommend
what action the doctor should take (e.g. correct medication)

Locating minerals and oil reserves

-figure out the most likely locations to find new reserves of minerals, oil
and gas
-Knowledge base contains geological information such as rock
formations that could contain oil, minerals and gas etc.
The expert system would advise on the chances of finding the oil,
minerals or gas at certain locations
Companies can use this advice to decide on the best spots to set up
rigs (e.g. oil rigs).
 Advantages Disadvantage
• Expertise in domain • Team of expert people to learn the system

• High efficiency Reliability :Errors in the knowledge base can lead

• No memory limitation to incorrect decisions

• Can update for new case • It cannot learn from itself and hence requires

manual updates

• They are expensive to set up in the first place

6.7 Computers in medicine
Information Systems in Medicine
▸ Patient and pharmacy records
▸ Keeping patient records in a database so correct diagnosis can be given according to patients
medical history.
▸ Databases are shared between hospitals and pharmacy to ensure no drugs are prescribed in an
unsafe manner
▸ Databases also allow a quick and easy search for patient records
 Monitoring patients
▸ The computer can monitor
▸ heart rate
▸ respiration ( breathing rate)
▸ brain activity
▸ blood/body temperature
▸ blood pressure
▸ blood sugar levels

▸ Advantage
▸ Accurate , operate 24/7
▸ never forget to take readings
▸ produce graphs/ analyze results
▸ monitor several patients at the same time
Using expert systems to diagnose patients
▸ User interface (input) ▸ Expert system
▸ The system asks a series ▸ The inference engine compares the symptoms entered
of question about the with those in the knowledge base looking for matches
patient's illness ▸ Once a match is found, the system suggests possible
▸ The user answers the solutions or recommendations
questions asked

▸ User interface (output)

▸ Display the output in
text/ graphical form
Using 3-D printers in medicine
▸ Surgical and diagnostic aids

The patient is scanned

using CT or MRI

3-D printer
CT
MRI

▸ CT, MRI :producing images of the internal parts of the body (3D)
6.9 Computers in the retail industry(shop)
EPOS: Electronic Point Of Sale systems are computer systems that electronically
track the sales of goods in a retail environment. The bar-codes on goods are
scanned at the checkout and each item is added automatically to the total bill.

Country Manufacture Product Validation

code code code digit
Automatic stock level control systems in supermarket
stock control system
check out
Current Stock level: 2 If Current stock <= 3
Stock level: 6 After purchased

Purchase: 4 juice
Scan Barcode at POS
After each scan the stock level of item
reduce by 1
stock control system is automatically
update stock file (database) computer automatically orders
items from the suppliers

supplier information stored in

Stock control system automatically The suppliers send a delivery supplier file (database)
updates the stock levels in stock file (20 juice) to the store.
Internet shopping
▸ Online shopping
▸ Transaction through EFTPOS (Electronic Fund Transaction
POS
6.10 Recognition systems
Recognition Systems are used to directly enter data into a computer system.
Recognition systems tend to be more accurate and quicker method of entering
data into a computer system compared to manual methods

NFC (Near Field Communication) : short-range high frequency

wireless communication technology that enables the exchange
NFC
of data between devices over about a 10 cm distance. NFC is a
subset of RFID technology
Used in : pay bills wirelessly, bank card or smartphone
OMR (Optical Mark Reader) reader is a device that can scan
and reads the shaded or marked value in hard copy document
OMR into software.
Used in: paper-based exam MCQ / survey

OCR (Optical Character Reader) is a software that convert

Text-image file to digital Text in editable format.
OCR
RFID Uses radio waves to capture and store information on a tag.
wireless coverage: 30cm-100meter
Used in: to keep track of stock, car park, toll, hospital,
contactless payment, Passports
Tag Reader

Biometric: a user’s human features are used to grant access to

devices or application.
Biometric Ex: fingerprint/voice recognition/iris/retina/facial recognition
Used in: Authentication

QR readers
Barcode readers
ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition
▸ A sensor detects a vehicle and sends a signal to a
microprocessor to instruct a Infrared camera to
capture an image of the front of the vehicle and
send it to software.
▸ Software recognized plat number using OCR
technique by converting it to editable text and save
it in database
▸ Ticket issued and park barrier is raised

ANPR systems are used to read the number plates ▸ On Return:

on cars . OCR-based application
▸ Driver insert ticket into a machine → do payment
ANPR applications: and stored in database
Highway
▸ On exit, ANPR system again read plate number and
Police force /license
Car park check in database
government tracking citizens' movements ▸ The barrier raised when number is recognized
6.11 Satellite Systems
Satellite
system

MEDIA
GPS GIS COMMUNICATI
ON SYSTEM

Satellites

Internet
TV Telephone
data
6.11 Satellite Systems
Play

Play

GPS(Global Positioning Systems): can determine a specific locations on the earth’s surface using satellite
navigation systems.
•Cars, Ships, Planes can use GPS when navigating to specific locations.

Exact location
The exact position based on the information from at least three satellite
GPS Satellite Navigation Systems (SatNav)
Satellite Navigation Systems uses a
combination of GPS and GIS data to
help a user navigate around a physical
space.

They are commonly used for:

1. Road vehicle navigation

2. Airplane navigation
3. Ship Navigation

Advantage: Disadvantage:
• estimate the time of arrival • Loss of satellite signals can cause problems
• Find fastest route • Maps have to be updated
• List of Attractive location /petrol • System cant notify user for road closure due
station to car accident
GIS Geographic Information System
GIS(Geographic Information System): is a computer-based tool gather, manage & analyze data of things
that exist on earth.
This system allows us to map, model, query and analyze large amounts of data according to their location.

GIS has a super huge database which hold all information

that needed for particular geographic area
Media Communication Systems
Media Communication Systems
These systems are more commonly known as
satellite TV services. They use satellites to
transmit a variety of data and include:
1. Satellite Television services
2. Satellite Phone services
3. Satellite Internet services
Satellite Television services
Advantage
Great for remote area
single transmission can serve millions of receivers

Disadvantage
Signal quality is reduced / halted in bad weather
Satellite Internet services
Advantage and disadvantage of Satellite
Systems
End of Chapter 6