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    Sephora Chemistry

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    kolawole

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Sephora Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    kolawole
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    sephora chemistry

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    7 views2 pages

    Sephora Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    kolawole

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ### 1.

    Comparing Enthalpies of Fusion and Vaporization

    **Enthalpies of Fusion and Vaporization:**

    - **Water:**

    - Enthalpy of Fusion: +334 J/g

    - Enthalpy of Vaporization: +2,260 J/g

    - **Carbon Dioxide:**

    - Enthalpy of Fusion: +184 J/g

    - Enthalpy of Vaporization: +574 J/g

    - **Lead:**

    - Enthalpy of Fusion: +23 J/g

    - Enthalpy of Vaporization: +871 J/g

    **Explanation:**

    The enthalpy of vaporization is significantly greater than the enthalpy of fusion for each substance
    because vaporization involves a complete phase change from liquid to gas, which requires breaking
    the intermolecular forces entirely. In contrast, during fusion, a solid turns into a liquid, and the
    molecules only partially overcome their intermolecular forces. Therefore, more energy is needed to
    vaporize a substance than to melt it.

    ### 2. Temperature Behavior at Boiling Point

    **Explanation:**

    The temperature of a boiling liquid does not continue to increase above its boiling point because all
    the added energy goes into breaking intermolecular bonds to convert the liquid into gas, rather than
    increasing the kinetic energy (temperature) of the molecules. This is a phase change process, where
    the energy, known as latent heat, is used to overcome the attractive forces between the molecules.

    ### 3. Steam Burns vs. Boiling Water Burns

    **Change of State and Severity of Burns:**

    When steam comes into contact with your skin, it undergoes condensation, changing from gas to
    liquid. This process releases a significant amount of energy (the latent heat of vaporization) directly
    into the skin, causing more severe burns than boiling water. Steam burns are more harmful because
    the energy released during condensation is much higher than that required to just raise the
    temperature of the water.
    ### 4. Feeling Cold After Swimming

    **Explanation:**

    When you leave the water after swimming on a hot summer day, your skin feels cold because the
    water on your skin starts to evaporate. Evaporation is an endothermic process; it absorbs heat from
    your skin to provide the energy needed for the phase change from liquid to gas, making your skin feel
    cold.

    ### 5. Stopping Boiling When Energy Source is Removed

    **Explanation:**

    Boiling stops immediately when the energy source is removed because boiling requires continuous
    energy input to maintain the phase transition from liquid to gas. Without the added energy, there
    isn't enough heat to continue breaking the intermolecular forces, and thus the liquid cannot remain
    in the boiling state.

    These explanations highlight the energy changes associated with phase transitions and their
    implications in real-life phenomena.

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