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INTRODUCTION
The clinical laboratory is a tool capable of reducing the uncertainties of the clinic,
contributing to the preservation and/or restoration of health and improving the quality of
health care. It is a space where various biological materials are collected in order to
verify the state of health of a patient or investigate diseases.
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OBJECTIVES
GENERAL:
Describe the Clinical Laboratory.
SPECIFIC:
 Identify the phases of the Clinical Laboratory;
 Cite clinical analyses performed in laboratories;
 Differentiate the technical sectors of a clinical laboratory;
 Mention the most used equipment in clinical analysis laboratories.
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THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
Laboratory tests are performed for several purposes, among which we highlight to
confirm, establish and complement the clinical diagnosis. In addition, the results of the
tests can provide elements for the prognosis of certain diseases, establish normality
criteria and delineate evolutionary risk factors.
CLINICAL ANALYSES CARRIED OUT IN LABORATORIES
Each establishment has a different range of exams performed. There are more than
1500,000 procedures to promote safe health care, with processes:
 Biochemicals, such as glucose and cholesterol;

 Serological, such as dengue and hepatitis C;
 Hormones, such as TSH, testosterone and cortisol;
 Hematological, such as blood counts and platelets;
 Hemostasis, such as coagulogram;
 Parasitological, such as parasitological feces;
 Microbiological, such as culture of secretions;
 Uroanalysis, such as routine urinalysis;
 Immunological, such as allergy tests;
 Genetic of high complexity, such as exome.Além disso, o espaço também
realiza exames genéticos para diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas, genéticas e
oncológicas, além de testes de paternidade.
LABORATORY PHASES
Laboratory tests have three phases: pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical. Each
of them has its particularities and specific processes to ensure that the exams are done
correctly and avoid nonconformities that can harm the results.
Pre-analytical: Phase that begins with the request of the analysis, passing through the
obtaining of the sample and ends when the analysis itself begins.
Analytical: Set of operations, with specific description, used to perform the analyses
according to a certain method.
Post-analytical: Phase that begins after obtaining valid results of the analyses and ends
with the issuance of the report, for interpretation by the applicant.
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The collections for the examinations can be carried out in the space itself, as well as
hospitals, collection stations and even at the patient's home. So, among the materials
collected for examinations, we can mention:
 Blood;
 Urine;
 Saliva;
 Feces;
 Sperm;
 Tissue fragments;
 Pleural fluid (water in the lung);
 Among others.
ROLE OF THE LABORATORY PROFESSIONAL

The laboratory technician is the person who performs the work of collecting the
biological materials that go for analysis. This professional needs to have scientific
knowledge, for example, to be able to diagnose a disease of parasitic origin.
Knowing how to perform differentiated and specific tests in order to meet the medical
demand is fundamental. This position is responsible for some procedures, such as
microscopic analysis, laboratory tests, and also operation and calibration of the
equipment in use.
TECHNICAL SECTORS OF A CLINICAL LABORATORY

The technical sectors of clinical analysis laboratories are focused on the end of the
business activity. There are 8 sectors of the clinical analysis laboratories in the technical
area: biochemistry, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, mycology, microbiology,
parasitology and uroanalysis.
BIOCHEMISTRY
The biochemistry sector is the place where tests are carried out that investigate the
functioning of the metabolic processes of the organism. In other words, it measures and
chemically expresses normal and pathological changes. It is one of the sectors of the
clinical analysis laboratories of the technical area that takes the most advantage of
technological advancement to achieve accuracy in its examinations.
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HAEMATOLOGY
The hematology sector is the place where conditions related to blood and their fractions
are investigated. Hematology comprises general hematology, the study of coagulation,
and immunohematology.
The blood count is the most common test among medical requests within this group,
being often requested by the ability of the blood to reveal changes in different parts of
the body. The complete blood count also contributes to diagnosing and classifying
anemias.
IMMUNOLOGY
One of the most important technical sectors of clinical analysis laboratories is

immunology. At this site, serological tests are performed to identify diseases related to
changes in the body's defense capacity (immunity) and response against infections.
MICROBIOLOGY
The microbiology sector performs tests that guide the diagnosis of infectious diseases
that concern, for example, harmful bacterial activity in the body. A clinically important
bacterium is isolated and identified in this technical sector. Examples are the culture of
urine, oropharynx and other secretions.
UROANALYSIS
One of the sectors of the clinical analysis laboratories of the technical area is
uroanalysis. Urine analysis, which is very important to detect certain substances that can
indicate the presence of pathologies that do not present symptoms. Research on the
disease begins exactly in this sector.
Urine analysis is done on physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. At this site,
chemical tests are made that confirm that all samples are abnormal. A semi-automated
equipment is used, as well as phase contrast microscopy to evaluate erythrocyte
dysmorphism and assist in the diagnosis of nephropathies.
PARASITOLOGY
The last of the most important sectors of the clinical analysis laboratories of the
technical area is that of parasitology. In it, research is done on the presence of certain
microorganisms, such as worms and protozoa.
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Specific methods are used to perform tests on the stool, among other tests:
 Functional coprology: evaluation of digestive functions;

 Occult blood: helps identify intestinal ulcerations and bleeding.
 Research of parasites by immunological tests (Elisa) and other auxiliary
techniques in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis.
COMPLEMENTARY SECTORS
The sectors of the clinical analysis laboratory are not limited to the technical areas,
specifically focused on the performance of numerous tests. There are places that are
intended to assist the technical area so that the quality of the examination is as high as
possible. This involves from the collection and sorting of the sample, and the
sterilization of the materials used.
COLLECTION AND SORTING SECTOR
The collection and screening sectors are sectors of the clinical analysis laboratories that
demand a lot of attention. Considering that most tests are done from a venous blood
sample, professionals should know the techniques of collection and screening so that it
is not altered.
STERILIZATION SECTOR
Another of the important sectors of clinical analysis laboratories is the sterilization

sector. With technological advancement, sterilization methods are very diverse, with
different characteristics and efficiencies.
The most commonly used sterilization processes are Autoclaving (steam), Ethylene
Oxide and Gamma Radiation. The main purpose of sterilization is to eliminate
microbial life forms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores).
EQUIPMENT MOST USED IN CLINICAL ANALYSIS LABORATORIES

In order to inform about the most important equipment in the construction of a clinical
analysis laboratory, we have listed below the most used ones: Agitators, Biochemistry
analyzer, Microscopes, Autoclave, Balances, Water bath, Centrifuges,. Cell meters,
Deionizer, Water distiller, Greenhouses, Laminar flow or biological safety booth, Time
marker (timer), pHmeter, Pipetadores, Pipettes, Pipettes, Heating plate, Tubes and
glassware,
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CONCLUSION
We can see that clinical analysis laboratories are essential for performing different tests.
Whether in the public or private sphere, these spaces contribute to society being in good
health. But it is necessary that some care is taken by those responsible for these
laboratories, such as having professional ethics, maintaining an adequate place
according to health surveillance, hiring specialized professionals and making sure that
the tests will reach the patient in the best way.
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INTRODUCTION

CLINICAL ANALYSES CARRIED OUT IN LABORATORIES

 Biochemicals, such as glucose and cholesterol;

ROLE OF THE LABORATORY PROFESSIONAL

TECHNICAL SECTORS OF A CLINICAL LABORATORY

One of the most important technical sectors of clinical analysis laboratories is

 Functional coprology: evaluation of digestive functions;

COLLECTION AND SORTING SECTOR

Another of the important sectors of clinical analysis laboratories is the sterilization

EQUIPMENT MOST USED IN CLINICAL ANALYSIS LABORATORIES

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