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DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH
Name: _____________________________ Roll No: __________________________________
Signature of Lab Tutor: ____________________ Date: ________________________________
LAB 2: INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS USED IN
JAVA
OBJECTIVES
To get conversant with various data types used in Java
To get conversant with different operators used in Java.
Data Types and Variables
Java defines eight simple (or elemental) types of data: byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, and boolean. Integers Java defines four integer types: byte, short, int, and long. All of these are signed, positive and negative values. Java does not support unsigned, positive-only integers. The width and ranges of these integer types vary widely, as shown in this table: Name Width Range long 64 –9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 int 32 –2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 short 16 –32,768 to 32,767 byte 8 –128 to 127 Byte The smallest integer type is byte. This is a signed 8-bit type that has a range from –128 to 127. Variables of type byte are especially useful when you’re working with a stream of data from a network or file. The following declares two byte variables called b and c: byte b, c; Short Short is a signed 16-bit type. It has a range from –32,768 to 32,767. It is probably the least-used Java type. Here are some examples of short variable declarations: short s; short t;
Int The most commonly used integer type is int. It is a signed 32-bit type that has a range from - 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. In addition to other uses, variables of type int are commonly employed to control loops and to index arrays. Any time you have an integer expression involving bytes, shorts, ints, and literal numbers, the entire expression is promoted to int before the calculation is done. Remember, type determines behavior, not size. 1 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH Long Long is a signed 64-bit type and is useful for those occasions where an int type is not large enough to hold the desired value. The range of a long is quite large. This makes it useful when big, whole numbers are needed. Floating-Point Types Floating-point numbers, also known as real numbers, are used when evaluating expressions that require fractional precision. There are two kinds of floating-point types, float and double, which represent single- and double-precision numbers, respectively. Their width and ranges are shown here: Name Width in Bits Approximate Range Double 64 4.9e–324 to 1.8e+308 Float 32 1.4e−045 to 3.4e+038 Float The type float specifies a single-precision value that uses 32 bits of storage. Single precision is faster on some processors and takes half as much space as double precision, but will become imprecise when the values are either very large or very small. Here are some example float variable declarations: float hightemp, lowtemp; Double Double precision, as denoted by the double keyword, uses 64 bits to store a value. Double precision is actually faster than single precision on some modern processors that have been optimized for high-speed mathematical calculations. Characters Variables of type char store a single character code. They each occupy 16 bits, or 2 bytes, in memory because all characters in Java are stored as Unicode. Unicode defines a fully international character set that can represent all of the characters found in all human languages. Booleans Variables of type boolean can have only one of two values, true or false. The values true and false are boolean literals. The boolean type is named after the mathematician George Boole, who invented Boolean algebra, and variables of this type are described as boolean variables. You can define a variable of type boolean called state with the following statement: boolean state = true; Java Operators
Java operators can be classified as unary, binary, or ternary—meaning taking one, two, or three operands, respectively. A unary operator may appear before (prefix) its argument or after (postfix) its argument. A binary or ternary operator appears between its arguments. Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical expressions. The following table lists the arithmetic operators:
The operands of the arithmetic operators must be of a numeric type. You cannot use them on boolean types, but you can use them on char types, since the char type in Java is, essentially, a subset of int. The Basic Arithmetic Operators Java provides eight Arithmetic operators. They are for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulo (or remainder), increment (or add 1), decrement (or subtract 1), and negation. The minus operator also has a unary form which negates its single operand. The Modulus Operator The modulus operator, %, returns the remainder of a division operation. It can be applied to floating-point types as well as integer types.
Arithmetic Assignment Operators
Java provides special operators that can be used to combine an arithmetic operation with an assignment. As you probably know, statements like the following are quite common in programming: a = a + 4; In Java, you can rewrite this statement as shown here: a += 4;
Increment and Decrement
The ++ and the – – are Java’s increment and decrement operators. The increment operator increases its operand by one. The decrement operator decreases its operand by one. For example, this statement: x = x + 1; can be rewritten like this by use of the increment operator: x++; These operators are unique in that they can appear both in postfix form, where they follow the operand as just shown, and prefix form, where they precede the operand. In the prefix form, the operand is incremented or decremented before the value is obtained for use in the expression. In postfix form, the previous value is obtained for use in the expression, and then the operand is modified. The Bitwise Operators Java's bitwise operators operate on individual bits of integer (int and long) values. If an operand is shorter than an int, it is promoted to int before doing the operations. It helps to know how
3 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH integers are represented in binary. They are summarized in the following table:
Operator Result ~ Bitwise unary NOT & Bitwise AND | Bitwise OR ^ Bitwise exclusive OR >> Shift right >>> Shift right zero fill << Shift left &= Bitwise AND assignment |= Bitwise OR assignment ^= Bitwise exclusive OR assignment >>= Shift right assignment >>>= Shift right zero fill assignment <<= Shift left assignment
The Left Shift
The left shift operator, <<, shifts all of the bits in a value to the left a specified number of times. It has this general form: value << num
Here, num specifies the number of positions to left-shift the value in value. That is, the << moves all of the bits in the specified value to the left by the number of bit positions specified by num. For each shift left, the high-order bit is shifted out (and lost), and a zero is brought in on the right. The Right Shift The right shift operator, >>, shifts all of the bits in a value to the right a specified number of times. Its general form is shown here: value >> num
Here, num specifies the number of positions to right shift the value in value. That is, the >> moves all of the bits in the specified value to the right the number of bit positions specified by num.
The Unsigned Right Shift
As you have just seen, the >> operator automatically fills the high-order bit with its previous contents each time a shift occurs. This preserves the sign of the value. However, sometimes this is undesirable. For example, if you are shifting something that does not represent a numeric value, you may not want sign extension to take place. This situation is common when you are working with pixel-based values and graphics. In these cases you will generally want to shift a zero into the high-order bit no matter what its initial value was. This is known as an unsigned shift. Relational Operators The relational operators determine the relationship that one operand has to the other. 4 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH Specifically, they determine equality and ordering. The relational operators are shown here:
Operator Result == Equal to != Not equal to > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal to <= Less than or equal to
Boolean Logical Operators
The Boolean logical operators shown here operate only on boolean operands. All of the binary logical operators combine two boolean values to form a resultant boolean value.
Operator Result & Logical AND | Logical OR ^ Logical XOR (exclusive OR) || Short-circuit OR && Short-circuit AND ! Logical unary NOT &= AND assignment |= OR assignment ^= XOR assignment == Equal to != Not equal to ?: Ternary if-then-else
The Assignment Operator
The assignment operator is the single equal sign, =. It has this general form: var = expression; Here, the type of var must be compatible with the type of expression. The assignment operator does have one interesting attribute that you may not be familiar with: it allows you to create a chain of assignments. For example, consider this fragment: int x, y, z; x = y = z = 100; // set x, y, and z to 100 The ? Operator Java includes a special ternary (three-way) operator that can replace certain types of if-then-else statements. This operator is the ?. The ? has this general form: expression1 ? expression2 : expression3 Here, expression1 can be any expression that evaluates to a boolean value. If expression1 is true, then expression2 is evaluated; otherwise, expression3 is evaluated. max = (a > b) ? a : b;
(a > b) ? a : b; is an expression which returns one of two values, a or b. The condition, (a > b), is tested. If it is true the first value, a, is returned. If it is false, the second value, b, is returned.
5 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH Whichever value is returned is dependent on the conditional test, a > b. The condition can be any expression which returns a boolean value.
6 DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, QUEST NAWABSHAH OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING, 21 BS(AI) BATCH
Task 1: Write a java program to create 2 integers and display their sum, difference, product and division on the screen.
Task 3: Write an application that asks the user to enter two integers, obtains them from the user and displays the larger number followed by the words "is larger". If the numbers are equal, print the message "These numbers are equal".
Task 4: Write an application that inputs one number consisting of five digits from the user, separates the number into its individual digits and prints the digits separated from one another by three spaces each. For example, if the user types in the number 42339, the program should print 4 2 3 3 9.
Task 5: Using only the programming techniques you learned so far, write an application that calculates the squares and cubes of the numbers from 0 to 10 and prints the resulting values in table format, as shown below. num sq cube 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 8 3 9 27
