Lecture 1

Lecture 1 : Elements of Physics
A simple revision … putting everyone on equal

footing.
Lecture Zero : Pc1101
PC1101 : A Gateway Module (A Taster Module)
An Unusual Physics Module : Histor y, Philosophy, Math, Physics
Col l e ge of Hu m a n itie s a n d S c ie n ce s, C H S
In this Basic Module
LECTURE 3 : SYMMETRIES 3
What is Physics ?
Uncovering the Physical L aws : Matter (macro & micro) or
Mass in Motion : provide theories about them.
Kinematics
… without force consideration
What is Kinematics ?
It is the study of motions (with respect t time) within the framework of 3 dimensional space
in which we live in. A basic type of motion (shown below 2 dim) is that of a body travelling in
a straight line with constant or uniform acceleration, a (or retardation, -ve a ).
Velocity Velocity
Final, v u
Initial, u v
Time Time
O O t
t
So one can predict the final velocity as v = a t +u y = mx + c
However text books present this equation v = u + at Can you see why ?
LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 6
The Area under the Velocity - Time graph represents the distance (displacement), s.
Why ?
Velocity Velocity
Final, v u
Initial, u v
Time Time
O t O t
1
Notice the rectangle and triangle, hence s = (u + v ) t
Can you see why ? 2
Recall Distance = Speed x Time
From school :
The area of a trapezium can be calculated using the formula: A = ½ × (a + b) × h.

1
Substitute for v = u + at into the second equation s = (u + v ) t
2
Velocity Velocity
Final, v u
Initial, u v
Time Time
O O t
t
1 2
Another form for displacement (distance) s = ut + at
Can you see why ? 2
1
From the first two equations “remove” the time, t, namely v = u + at and s = (u + v ) t
2
Velocity Velocity
Final, v u
Initial, u v
Time Time
O O t
t
Finally we have v 2 = u 2 + 2as

Can you see why ?
Summary of Kinematics
It is really a summary of Equations of Motion (from school), normally 3 are quoted
in books. v is final velocity, u is initial velocity, a is constant acceleration and t is
time.
The 3 Equations of motion are : What about this Equation ?
v = u + at 1
s = (u + v ) t
2
1 2
s = ut + at
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as These 3 equations are normally given in high school
books, called Equation of Motion.

Discuss Kinematics
In another way … with gravity … although we still do not know
the nature of gravity … will throw light into this topic later.
A Beautiful General Pattern … under gravity
From experimental (observation) facts,
total distance fallen say s can be 1 1st sec h
conveniently represented as
s=t h 2 1+3=4 2nd sec 3h
This is called The Law of Falling Bodies

1 + 3 + 5 =9 3rd sec 5h
under the influence of gravity and it
holds no matter what interval of time, Δ t. A Perfect Square
Notice no discussion of mass (or body) size

What can we get out of s = t h ? 2
Using elementary concepts from high school, let

us try to find the Average speed i.e. Distance Distance
divided by Time.
s (t + t ) − s (t )
v=
t
s (t+Δt)
(t + t ) 2 h − t 2 h
v= s (t)
t Time
2t ( t ) h + ( t ) h
2 t t +Δt
= = 2ht + ht But what is this ?
t A chord

Something interesting when Δt → 0
We have v = lim (2ht + ht )
t →0 Distance
= 2ht
what is this ? called tangent or gradient
at the point s(t), S (t+Δt)
also called instantaneous speed
S (t) Δt Time
In school, JC, Poly or IB we call it “Calculus” :
t t +Δt
ds
= 2ht
dt In words, differentiate distance s with respect to time, t

About taking “Limits”
2x Can you see, it is basically a “substitution”
lim x = 0
x →0 e operation ?
e− x
lim =0
x → 2 x
0 
What happens when you get or these forms after taking the limits ?
0 
sin x
Try this lim = ??
x →0 x

L’Hospital Rule for taking Limits
By way of Example, … by a) differentiating the numerator and
denominator before b)taking the limit.
https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/LHospitalsRule.aspx

Redo slide 6 with calculus: an Example with
Integration :
Re call y = mx + c
Velocity, V
(t , v) (v − u ) t t
v −u
Final, v V= T +u
t  V dT =  [
0 0
t
T + u ] dT
Initial, u  v − u  T 2 
t
=   + uT 
Time, T
 t  2 0
O t  v −u t
2
=  + ut − 0
Notice the rectangle and triangle,  t 2
hence Area under the curve (or line),  v −u 
=  t + ut
1  2 
s = (u + v ) t Exactly same as before
v+u
2 Slide 7 = t
2
Motivation for simple Calculus
A short Revision from School
In this module, we
use only those
we’ve boxed.

Absolute value ?
In this module, we
use only those
we’ve boxed.
Integration by Substitution
 sin(ax + b)dx
=  sin u dx let u = (ax + b)
du du
=  sin u =a
a dx
1
=
a  sin u du
1
= − cos u + c
a
1
= − cos(ax + b) + c
a

In this module, we Some tricks you are expected to know
use only those
we’ve boxed.
dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
or
dy
dy =  du
du

Reminder : Integration by Parts
d du dv
Recall Product Rule (uv) = v +u
dx dx dx
dv d du
Re-arrange u = (uv) − v
dx dx dx
dv d du
Integrate both side w.r.t. dx  u dx = 
dx dx
(uv)dx −  v dx
dx
Finally, Integration by Parts  udv = uv −  vdu

Example
Evaluate : Let u = x and dv = ex dx
 xe dx
x du
Then = 1, i.e. du = dx and v =  e x dx = e x
dx
 = −  dx
x x x
xe dx xe e
 xe dx = e ( x − 1) + c
x x
Hence

x3
Try evaluating x2
ln x dx = ?? Solution :
9
(3ln x − 1) + c

Do these Exercises on your own
Find the derivatives of y w.r.t. t and x for the following functions.
y = 3e sin 3t
2t Suggested 3e (3cos 3t + 2sin 3t )
2t
Solutions
3 3 t (3sin 2t − 4t cos 2t )
2 t
y= 2
9sin 2t
3sin 2t
1  ln 2 x 
ln 2 x  1+ 
y= x 
3 2 
x

Dynamics
with force consideration : push & pull
What is Dynamics?
Newton’s Laws of Motion give no specific details about
interaction that exist between bodies (masses) in the
Universe but they do have much to say about the
consequences of these interactions (forces between bodies).
Notice :
the difference between Kinematics and Dynamics.
… but we have added forces but not the nature (interaction) of the force
J. Cullerne and A. Machacek, The Language of Physics, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Motion & Forces
In the ancient days of physics (or natural philosophy), there is vexing
question, namely “what is the cause of motion?”
The main difficulty in answering this question was a lack of clear

distinction between velocity and acceleration.
The great Isaac Newton thought carefully, acceleration was the key to the
solution. He states that a body could not have an acceleration (i.e.
changing speeds) without some force being present. Conversely if a force
acted on a body, it must accelerate. In short : F  a

Example : Familiar Frictional Forces
There are nearly always forces that cause moving objects to slow down
and stop. This is why people did not discover the first (Newton) law of
motion sooner. Objects that are sliding, swimming, or flying are rubbing
against something – a solid surface, the water, or the air. The rubbing
cause a force which tends to slow the objects down and eventually stops
them. Such retarding forces are called friction.
J. Ballif and W. Dibble, Conceptual Physics, John Wiley & Sons (1969)

A Discussion
The frictional force F has a value given by F   R where R is the normal
reaction, N between the surfaces and μ is the co-efficient of Friction.
Until sliding takes place F is less than μR.

The maximum value of F is reached only on the point of sliding and is
called limiting friction.

Quiz
2 Tyres are rolling on the ground; which of the following is correct ?
a)Case A has more friction because the tyre has Case A Case B
greater area of contact.
b)Case B has less friction because the tyre has
lesser area of contact.
c) The friction in both cases are the same.
d) None of the options.
Ground

Newton’s Laws
A recap
Newton’s 1st Law
Every body remains stationary or moves with uniform velocity unless it is
made to change this state by external forces.
Illustration
Recall a book resting on a table. The book is stationary because any
forces acting cancel out.
A space rocket once free of the earth’s gravitational field has no external
force whatever acting on it and will continue to travel in a straight line with
a steady speed until affected by the pull of another planet.

Newton’s 2nd Law : Σ F = ma
It follows that if a body is not at rest or moving with uniform velocity, it has
an acceleration or retardation) and some forces is acting on it.
So acceleration is linked with any external force or forces acting. Newton’s

second law now leads to the precise relation between forces and
acceleration.
Formally : If a force acts on a body and produces a certain acceleration,

then the force is proportional to the product of mass of the body and the
acceleration. Also the acceleration takes place in the direction of the
forces.

Quiz
Which of the following statement is reasonable ?
a) Newton’s 1st Law is a special case of the 2nd Law

b) Newton’s 2nd Law is a special case of the 1st Law
c) Newton’s 3rd Law is a special case of the 1st Law
d) Newton’s 1st Law is a special case of the 3rd Law

Mass (not weight) : Another Amazing fact ?
All masses fall at the same rate.

Quiz
An important concept in physics is mass of a body. If one pushes a
certain block of wood with a certain force, an acceleration will be
produced. If this person pushes 2 similar blocks of wood joined together
with the same force, the acceleration will be halved.
a) with the same force, the acceleration will be twice

b) with the same force, the acceleration will be halved
c) None of the options

Newton’s 3rd Law
So far we have had only one body in our previous discussions. However if
2 bodies are in contact, actually touching or connected by a string or tie
rod, they will have a effect on each other.
Formally : 3rd Law states that if 2 bodies A and B are in contact, A will
exert a force on B and B will exert an equal but opposite force on A i.e.
equal in magnitude but directed in the opposite sense along the same
line.
Many times, we have use this law implicitly for the stationary book on the
table without thinking about it.

Quiz
If the car exerts a force on the caravan and the caravan exerts an equal
force in the opposite direction, how does the car manage to pull the
caravan ? T is tension on the rope connecting the car and caravan.
a) Of course the car and caravan will not move.

b) If we consider the 2 as one body, the 2 pulls cancel out as internal
forces, so need not be considered.
c) None of the options
T T

About Units
For completeness
Fundamental Units of Measurement

Momentum
with Impulse consideration
Momentum, p = m x v Force, F = m x a
Consider a body, mass m kg moving in a straight line with velocity with
velocity u m/s is acted on by a force F N for t seconds.
The acceleration of the body u v
is given by F= ma F m F m
The velocity v reached after t
a
seconds is v = u + at
v − u mv − mu
Combining , we have F = m =
t t
Momentum of a body is defined as mass x velocity, notation : p = mv

Extended idea : Impulse, F x t
Let us have another look at the previous equation
mv − mu
Combining , we have F =
t
re − arranging Ft = mv − mu
This is the time-effect of the force and is called the Impulse of the force.
Formally,
Impulse of the force on a body = change in momentum of the body

Illustrations on Impulse
P. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, Addison Wesley (2008)

Readings: Impulse Discussion
Why do we bend our knees when we jump ?

H, Young and R. Freedman, University Physics, Pearson (2016)
Energy
Kinetic & Potential
Work done, F x s
When a force acts on a body and causes it to move, we say the force does
work on the body. The measurement of this work will involve the distance,
s, through which the body is moved by the force, F and the size of the
force.
F
m m
s
Formally, if F, moves the body through a distance, s in the direction of the

force, the work done = F x s

1 2
mv
Kinetic Energy, KE, 2
Suppose a body mass m kg is travelling at u ms-1 horizontally in a straight
line. A force F N now acts on it in the direction of motion and gives it an
acceleration a ms-2. The force ceases to act when velocity reached is v ms-1.
1 2 1 2
If the distance travelled is s m, then v = u + 2as or as = v − u
2 2
2 2
We know the Force equation is given as F = ma
the work done by the force is Fs, implying Fs = mas
1 2 1
Finally mas = mv − mu 2
2 2
Formally, Work done by a force = final Kinetic Energy - initial Kinetic Energy
Quiz
1 2
The quantity mvis always and is not a quantity. The
2
Kinetic Energies of 2 equal bodies moving in any 2 different directions
with the same speed are equal. Work can be converted into Kinetic
Energies and conversely work is also a quantity. Contrast with
momentum and impulse which are quantities.
a) always negative, scalar, vector, scalar

b) always negative, vector, scalar, vector
c) always positive, scalar, vector, scalar
d) always positive, vector, scalar, vector

Potential Energy, PE, mgh
Consider a body of mass m kg is raised through a height of h m from a
floor. The work done against gravity = mgh J and hence the body now
possesses Potential Energy = mgh J. If the body now falls it will acquire a
velocity v on reaching its original level, where v 2 = 2gh.
1 2 1
Its KE is now mv = m  2 gh = mgh
2 2 mg
h
Hence all the PE has been converted into KE
Recall v 2 = u 2 + 2as v

Comment 1 on Potential Energy
Note that the previous result is true if the particle
descended by any other route (provided it is smooth)
through a vertical drop of h m. the distance traveled by
h
the point of application of the weight in the direction
of the weight is always h. Amazing fact !
Hence the work done by gravity is mgh, which is
converted into KE. Similarly if the body of mass m kg is
raised through a vertical height h m by whatever path
(provided smooth), the work done against gravity =
mgh and this is the value of PE of the body.
Conservative forces (gravity) does not depend on path.

Comment 2 on P. Energy & K. Energy
Principle of the Conservation of Energy
If the body now strikes the floor some Kinetic Energy will be lost, i.e.
converted into another form of energy, say heat, light, sound for example.
This is a simple illustration of principle of the conservation of energy
which states that the total energy in a closed system is constant.
This principle is true provided all forms of energy, mechanical and non-
mechanical are taken into account, such as heat, sound, light, chemical,
electrical energy, etc.

Conservation of Energy
Why call principle ?
Conservation Law 1 (of Energy)
From a mechanical point of view, energy dissipated through friction, heat,
sound etc is energy lost and wasted so to speak. If there were no such
losses it would be possible to achieve perpetual motion mechanically. The
principle of conservation will then appear in the form :
KE + PE = constant
Hence, the KE + PE of a body at any time = original (KE + PE) + any work
done by a force on the body.
There is another Principle called Principle of Conservation of Momentum

Will illustrate with an example at the end of this lecture.

Quiz
The Potential Energy of a body has , but is to
some datum level, say the surface of the earth or some other level
above which the body is raised and which it can fall.
a) absolute value, relative

b) no absolute value, relative
c) absolute value, absolute
d) no absolute value, absolute

Example :
Force & Potential Energy
Interacting Forces (Conser vative) : Inverse Square L aws
What determines the strength of gravity?
The Universal Law of Gravitation (“action at a distance”) :
1. Every mass attracts every other mass.
2. Attraction is directly proportional to the product of their masses.
3. Attraction is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centers.
G, sometimes called Gravitational Constant Notation : r

Another Inverse Square Law (Electricity)
If we bring a positive charge and negative charge together,
a) they will attract
If we bring a positive (or - ve) charge and positive (or –ve) charge together,
b) they will repel (k is some constant related to electricity)
+ Charge e1 e2 + Charge - Charge e1 e2 + Charge

E k k
Notation : r Notation : r
Newtonian Gravitational Potential
Mm Mm
F (r ) = G 𝐹=−
𝑑𝑉 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
V (r ) = G
r 2
𝑑 r
= − (𝐺𝑀𝑚𝑟 −1 )
𝑑𝑟
Inverse Square Law Some books

Notation : U (r)
M is the mass of the source.
G is the gravitational constant.
r is the distance between the location of the source of the
gravitational field and the point where the field is being evaluated.

High School Text
Recall from school
Potential
Energy = mgh
U1
h
Reference U0 Earth

Why is force a derivative of Potential ?
Recall that Work done is the product of Force, F and distance (displacement), s
i.e.
W = F s x direction or x
In our case, we have
F m m
W = F ( x)x
But work done is equal to the negative of the Δx
change ΔU in potential energy
U
W = −U F ( x)x = −U  F ( x) = −
x
Note: The negative sign provides the convention that work done against a force (say gravity) field increases potential energy,
while work done by the force field decreases potential energy.

From School
Elastic Spring
F = −kx
dV
F =−
dx

Doing the Reverse (Integration of Force)
Same as before See next slide
From previous slide Spring :

Harmonic
𝛥𝑈 Oscillator:
𝐹(𝑥) = −
𝛥𝑥 In School: SHM

The Professors’ Teacher
“ The career of a young theoretical physicist consists of treating
the harmonic Oscillator in ever-increasing levels of
abstraction.” Sidney Coleman, Har vard
Some descriptions in Physics
Revision : Scalars & Vectors
What is a Scalar quantity ?
Socratic Question: The numbers (quantity) given by the following items
has something in common ? What is it ?
Time
Mass
A quantity that is
described by one
number is called a
Scalar. Volume
Voltage

What is a Vector quantity ?
Socratic Question: The numbers (quantity) given by the following items
has something in common ? What is it ?
John’s address is
21 Ang Mo Kio
Road, S12345 M16 x 90 mm
39 x 25
A quantity that is
described by more
than one number
is called a Vector.
L. C. Epstein, Thinking Physics, Insight Press (2015)

How to picture a Vector on a 2D paper?
The name Vector means Carrier. For y
example, an item is carried 3m to the right, (3, 4, 5)
4m to the up and 5m right. In physics a
vector measures where an item is carried. 4
We can write the above Vector as (3, 4, 5)
z
Vectors can be visualized as an arrow 5
connecting the place an item is carried
from to the place it is carried to. 3 x
Note : Mosquitoes are the Vectors of malaria.

What is a Tensor (Super Vectors) ?
Socratic Question: Suppose we pull (stretch) the square below to become
a parallelogram instead of moving the square, can we represent this idea
by a scalar or vector ?
The deformed parallelogram can be represented
as Tensors. The name comes from the tension
that deformed the square into a parallelogram.
One can called a Tensor as super vector.
For the above case, Tensor (super vector) is

made of a string of vectors, e.g. ( , ) as
compare to Vectors that are made of a string of
scalars, e.g. (3, 4, 5)
Example : 3D Tensor ?
In this case, the sequence in the Vector can be written in a column. See
below.
 3      a   3  a
        
4 ,  , b If everything is
 4  b
       clear to you, You
 5      c   may re-write into a 5  c 
Matrix 

What is Super Tensors, Rik ?
Do super tensors exist ? a)Yes or b)No ?
What do you think such mathematical
objects describe ?
L. C. Epstein, Thinking Physics, Insight Press (2015)

Geometric Interpretation
of Vectors
(connect to what you’ve learned in school)
Vector from Secondary School
How to say, in words ?

V “followed by” W

What is the Point ?
y y
0 0
(0,1) or   (0,1) or  
1 1
o x o x
Can you see how the point (0, 1) and the Vector (0, 1) are related ?
What is the “Point” ?
y y
0 0
(0, a) or   a(0,1) or a  
a 1
What is the a is an arbitrary real number
meaning of this ?
o x o x
Can you see how the point (0, a) and the Vector a (0, 1) are related ?
More on this Point
y y
0
The y axis a(0,1) or a  
1
a is an arbitrary real number
o x o x
Do you understand this notation a (0, 1) where a any real number ?

Linear means a Straight Line
y y 3 (1, 0 ) + a(0,1)
x =3
1  0
or 3   + a  
0 1
o x o x
3
Do you understand this notation a (0, 1) where a any real number ?

Plane, 2
means many Straight Lines
y y a (1, 0 ) + b(0,1)
The x = 3
1  0
or a   + b  
0 1
o x o
3 x
a, b is an arbitrary real numbers

Another example of a Plane, 2
y a ( 3,1) + b(2, 2)
 3  2 
or a   + b  
1  2
a, b are arbitrary real numbers

2
1
2
x
3
3 Dimensional Space, 3
y a (1, 0, 0 ) + b(0,1, 0) + c(0, 0,1)

1 0 0
     
or a  0  + b  1  + c  0 
Can you visualize
0 0 1
this 3 dimensional      
Space yourself ?
a, b, c are arbitrary real numbers
x
z
3 Dimensional Vector Space, 3
y a (1, 0, 0 ) + b(0,1, 0) + c(0, 0,1)

1 0 0
     
or a  0  + b  1  + c  0 
Can you visualize
0 0 1
this 3 dimensional      
Space yourself ?
a, b, c are arbitrary real numbers
x
z
3 Dimensional Vector Space, 3
c1 (1, 0, 0 ) + c2 (0,1, 0) + c3 (0, 0,1)

y
1 0  0
     
or c1  0  + c2  1  + c3  0 
0 0 1
     
c1, c2, c3 are arbitrary real numbers
z In technical Words :
x The n-dimensional space
3
is spanned by x1 , x2 , x3
S. Takahashi, I. Inoue, Linear Algebra, Trend-Pro (2012)
Generalized to n Dim Vector Space, n
A Socratic Question : c1 (1, 0, , 0 ) + c2 (0,1, , 0) + ... + cn (0, 0, ,1)

Can you visualize this
nth dimensional Space 1 0  0
yourself ?      
 0  1  0
or c1 + c2 + ... + cn
     
     
In technical Words : 0 0 1
The n-dimensional space
n
is spanned by x1 , x2 ,..., xn c1, c2, … cn are arbitrary real numbers

A bit More Vectors
A subtle point

Vectors & Geometry A = ( Ax , Ay , Az ) = A
Represents a displacement from a point P1 (x1 , y1 ,z1)
to the point P2 (x2 , y2 ,z2) then the 3 components are
Ax = x2 – x1 , Ay = y2 – y1 , Az = z2 – z1
If Equivalently A is a set of 3 scalar (real or numbers)

components (x2 – x1, y2 – y1 , z2 – z1)
If A represents a force, then Ax is the x-component (or

projections onto co-ordinate axes) of the force and so
on.

A = Ax iˆ + Ay ˆj + Az kˆ
In particular, Position Vector :
Why ?
Magnitude of a Vector
Pythagorean Theorem (JC, Poly, IB)
Positive root is understood

A = A = Ax + Ay + Az
2 2 2
Geometrically, it is the length of the diagonal of the

rectangular parallelepiped.
Do you find this, a strange way to find magnitude ?

What is a Vector ? (more precisely)
(Next Year)
Feynman
Lectures
You will learn more
in the next module :
Classical Mechanics

Example : Illustrate all ideas
Conservation of Momentum
Conservation Law 2
Two gliders with different masses move toward
each other on a frictionless air track. What is
the final velocity of glider A ?
Momentum before collision = momentum after collision
mAviA + mB viB = mAv fA + mB v fB

(0.5)(2.0) + (0.3)(−2.0) = (0.5)v fA + (0.3)(2.0)
v fA = − 0.40 m / s
H, Young and R. Freedman I. Inoue, University Physics, Pearson (2016)
Explicitly
Momentum before collision = momentum after collision
mAviA + mB viB = mAv fA + mB v fB

 viAx   viBx   v fAx   v fBx 
mA   + mB   = mA   + mB  
v
 iAy  v
 iBy  v
 fAy  v
 fBy 
mA (viAx , viAy ) + mB (viBx , viBy ) = mA (v fAx , v fAy ) + mB (v fBx , v fBy )
mA (2.0, 0) + mB (−2.0, 0) = mA (v fAx , 0) + mB (2.0, 0)
(v ) + (v )
2 2
v fA = fAx fAy = (−0.40) 2 + 02
H, Young and R. Freedman, University Physics, Pearson (2016)

Quiz (Next year)
An object with mass, mA = 20 kg (moves at
2.0 m/s) collides with mB = 12 kg (at rest)
on a frictionless surface along the x-axis.
After collision object A moves at 1.0m/s in
a direction α = 300 to the x-axis. What is
the final velocity of object B and angle β
(makes with x-axis) ?
(But try yourself using the discussion in the
previous slide)
Answer : vfB = 2.1 m/s, β= -240

References
H. Young & R. Freedman, University Physics, Pearson (2016)
D. Fleisch, Vectors and Tensors, Camb. U. Press (2012)
J. Cullerne & A. Machacek, The language of Physics, Oxford U. Press (2008)
G. Fowles & G. Cassiday, Analytic Mechanics, Brooks & Coles (2005)
H. Pain, The Physics of Vibration & Waves, Wiley (2005)
A. Godman & J. Talbert, Additional Mathematics, Longman (1971)
P. Hewiit, Conceptual Physics, Pearson (2005)
J. Barrante, Applied Mathematics for Physical Chemistry, Pearson (2004)

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Lecture 1 : Elements of Physics

A simple revision … putting everyone on equal

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 7

Finally we have v 2 = u 2 + 2as

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 10

s=t h 2 1+3=4 2nd sec 3h

This is called The Law of Falling Bodies

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 12

Using elementary concepts from high school, let

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 13

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 14

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 15

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 16

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 19

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 20

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 21

Finally, Integration by Parts  udv = uv −  vdu

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 23

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 24

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 26

The main difficulty in answering this question was a lack of clear

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 27

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 28

Until sliding takes place F is less than μR.

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 29

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 30

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 32

So acceleration is linked with any external force or forces acting. Newton’s

Formally : If a force acts on a body and produces a certain acceleration,

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 33

a) Newton’s 1st Law is a special case of the 2nd Law

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 34

All masses fall at the same rate.

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 35

a) with the same force, the acceleration will be twice

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 36

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 37

a) Of course the car and caravan will not move.

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 38

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 40

Momentum of a body is defined as mass x velocity, notation : p = mv

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 42

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 43

P. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, Addison Wesley (2008)

Why do we bend our knees when we jump ?

Formally, if F, moves the body through a distance, s in the direction of the

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 47

a) always negative, scalar, vector, scalar

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 49

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 50

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 51

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 52

There is another Principle called Principle of Conservation of Momentum

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 54

a) absolute value, relative

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 55

G, sometimes called Gravitational Constant Notation : r

+ Charge e1 e2 + Charge - Charge e1 e2 + Charge

Inverse Square Law Some books

LECTURE 1 : ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS 59