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Encapsulation in C++

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10 views

Encapsulation in C++

Uploaded by

hassan muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Encapsulation in OOP

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Encapsulation is one of the fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). It refers to


the bundling of data and methods (or functions) that manipulate that data within a single unit called an
object. The main idea behind encapsulation is to hide the internal implementation details of an object
and provide a public interface through which other objects can interact with it.

In encapsulation, an object's internal state (data or variables) is typically declared as private, which
means it cannot be accessed directly from outside the object. Instead, the object provides public
methods or functions, also known as accessors and mutators or getters and setters, to manipulate the
internal state. These methods act as intermediaries, allowing controlled access to the object's data.

The benefits of encapsulation include:

Data hiding: By declaring the internal state as private, encapsulation prevents direct access to the data,
ensuring that it can only be modified through the defined methods. This protects the integrity of the
object's state and allows for better control over how the data is modified.

Abstraction: Encapsulation allows objects to provide a simplified and abstracted interface to the outside
world. The public methods encapsulate the complex internal logic, making it easier for other objects to
use the functionality without needing to understand the internal details.

Modularity and maintainability: Encapsulation promotes modular design by separating the internal
implementation of an object from its external usage. This modular structure makes it easier to modify or
update the internal implementation without affecting the code that uses the object, thus improving
maintainability and reducing the risk of introducing bugs.

Code reusability: Objects that are well-encapsulated can be reused in different contexts or projects, as
the public interface remains consistent while the internal implementation can be modified or extended.

To achieve encapsulation in an object-oriented programming language, such as Java, C++, or Python, you
typically declare the object's attributes as private and provide public methods to access and modify
those attributes. The private keyword restricts direct access to the attributes from outside the object,
while the public methods act as gatekeepers, enforcing controlled access to the object's state.

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