Course- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Course Code – 22447

CO-a: Develop Public Awareness Topic – 1

about Environment. Environment
Unit Outcome- UO 1a,1b, and 1c

MSBTE LEAD- STUDY AT YOUR DOORSTEP

Written by
 What we will learn today
Understand about environment and its
1. Agenda point – Environment ,
segments.
its need and Scope.
2. Agenda point – Segments of Content
Environment 1.1 Definitions. need of environmental
studies.
1.2 Segments of environment-Atmosphere,
Hydrosphere Lithosphere, Biosphere.

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 Learning Objective/ Key learning

➢ 1a. Discuss the scope of environment.

➢ 1b. Describe various types of environment
➢ 1c. Describe the importance of environmental studies.

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 Concept Map of Environment

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 UNIT 1: ENVIRONMENT Environment
➢ The word environment is derived from the
French verb ‘enviro’ which means ‘surrounding’.
Thus, our environment can be defined as the Biotic Abiotic
physical, chemical and biological world that Components Components
surround us.
➢ In Simple way the Environment is A place Living Non-Living
around us includes people, children, Things Things
benches, ground, grass, trees, insects, birds,
sunlight, air, land, water, mountain etc. e.g. People, e.g. Play ground,
➢ Biotic components constantly interact and Children, Trees, Benches, Swings,
exchange things with each other as well as with Grass, Plants, Slide, Air, Water,
insects, Birds etc. Mountain etc.
abiotic components, for their survival and
existence.

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Types of Environment
Natural Man-made Social Psychological
Environment Environment Environment Environment
The environment Social Environment Every individual has his own
The environment changed or modified includes an psychological environment, in
in its original individual’s social, which he lives.
by the interference of
form without the economic and
interference of human beings is called The Psychological environment
man made political condition enables us to understand the
human beings is wherein he lives. personality of an individual.
known as natural environment.
e.g., Customs, Both the person and his goal
environment. e.g., Infrastructure, Traditions, ethics, from psychological environment
All living and Utilities, Institutions, Language, Culture,
nonliving things housing, industries , Professions, Living
occurring parks, buildings, conditions etc
naturally on earth energy networks,
transportations, etc

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STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT :

Physical Biological
Environment Environment

(i) Solid - The lithosphere (solid i) Plants (flora): trees, grass, shrubs etc.
earth) : Soil / land and Mountain (ii) Animals (fauna) : domestic and wild
Environment animals, humans, birds, insects etc.
(ii) Liquid - The hydrosphere (water
component) : River, Reservoir,
Oceans and Glacier Environment
(iii) Gas - Various gases (oxygen,
carbondioxide, nitrogen,
méthane etc. present in
atmosphere.

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 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
➢ This subject educates the students, citizens and experts to understand the complexity of
environmental issues.
➢ Experts having knowledge in the environmental fields that enables them to facilitate the
solution of environmental problems.
➢ The current trend of environmental degradation can be reversed if people of educated
communities are organized and empowered.
➢ By knowing this subject we can develop eco-friendly new technologies for various
developments which can save the natural resources as well as reduces environmental
pollutions and public health impacts.
➢ As, the new earth is not discovered till now we have no other option except to maintain
the ecological balance on the planet Earth so that the liveable environment should be
kept for our future generations.
➢ The major areas in which the role of environmental scientists are of vital importance are
natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity and its conservation, environmental
pollution, social issues, human population and environment.
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 NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:

• Public awareness.
• Environment issues being of international importance.
• Problems cropped in the wake of development.
• Conserve energy.
• For an alternative solution.
• Save species from extinction.
• Save the natural resources.
• Reduce the pollution.
• Wise planning of development.
• Sustainable development
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 SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen.
Besides, argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases.

Biosphere: Biosphere
indicates the realm of living Hydrosphere: The
organisms and their Hydrosphere comprises all
interactions with types of water resources
environment, viz oceans, seas, lakes, rivers,
atmosphere, hydrosphere streams, reservoir, polar
and lithosphere. icecaps, glaciers, and
ground water.
Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer
mantle of the solid earth. It consists of
minerals occurring in the earth’s
crusts and the soil e.g. minerals,
organic matter, air and water.

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 SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective
blanket of gases, surrounding the earth:
(a) It sustains life on the earth.
(b) It saves it from the hostile environment of outer
space.
(c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space
and a major portion of the electromagnetic radiation
from the sun.
(d) It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared
radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to
40 m) while filtering out tissue-damaging ultra
violate waves below about 300 nm.

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 SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas,
lakes, rivers, streams, reservoir, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground water. 71 % of
earth area is covered by water.
(i) Nature 97% of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans,
(ii) About 2% of the water resources is locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers.
(iii) Only about 1% is available as fresh surface water-rivers, lakes streams, and ground
water fit to be used for human consumption and other uses.
Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of
minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air
and water.
Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their interactions with
environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

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 Revision
► What we have leaned today?
► Environment its definition and scope.
► Types of environment.

► Structure of environment.

► Needs and importance of environment.

► Segments of environment.

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Program – CIVIL ENGINEERING
Program Code – CE

MSBTEs E-content
 Course- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Course Code – 22447

CO-a: Develop Public Awareness

about Environment. Topic-1
Environment
Unit Outcome- UO -1e
MSBTE LEAD- STUDY AT YOUR DOORSTEP

Written by
 What we will learn today
Understand about environmental issues and
1. Agenda point – their impacts.
Environmental issues Content
1.3 Environmental issues –Green
house effects, Global Warming,
Climate change and Acid rain.

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 Learning Objective/ Key learning

► 1e. Describe various environmental issues.

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 Concept Map

Green House Global

Effect Warming

Nuclear Environmental Climate

Accidents Issues Change

Ozone Layer Acid Rain

Depletion

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 Environmental Issues: 1. Green House Effect:
➢ The phenomenon of increase in temperature of the earth
as in artificial greenhouse is called green house effect.
➢ The gases which are responsible for the greenhouse effect
are called greenhouse gases [1].
➢ A warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the
lowest layer of the atmosphere) caused by trapping the
heat in the form of infra red radiation near the earth
surface by atmospheric constituents such as water vapour,
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and Chloro
► Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012
Fluro Carbons.
➢ Environmental scientists estimated that the green house
effect of carbon dioxide was 57%, chlorofluorocarbon was
25%, methane was 12% and that of the oxides of nitrogen
was 6% [1; 2].
Footnotes

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 Environmental Issues: 1. Green House Effect:
Effects on animals:
➢ It has a role in spreading different types of diseases like malaria, filariasis,
cholera, and diarrhoea etc due to rise in temperature.
➢ It has a role in increasing the number of vectors like insects transmitting
diseases.
Effects on plants:
➢ It affects water cycle, soil moisture and soil composition. As a result, there is a
change in cultivation and harvesting periods of crops.
➢ Tropical plants are seen at the temperate region.
➢ It affects on yield of crops.
Effects on climate:
➢ It increases the temperature of earth.
➢ It brings about the melting of ice in the Polar Regions, which increases the sea
level due to which the low land coastal areas may sink and go underwater.
➢ It also changes the pattern of rainfall and weather conditions [1; 2; 3].

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 Environmental Issues: 2. Global Warming:
➢ Global warming is the phenomenon of rise in temperature of the earth by
accumulation of green house gases.
➢ About 75% of the solar energy reaching the Earth is absorbed on the earth’s
surface which increases its temperature. The rest of the heat radiates back to the
atmosphere. Some of the heat is trapped by greenhouse gases, mostly carbon
dioxide this responds to keep the temperature warmer.
➢ Effects :
• Temperature increases
• Glaciers melt
• Rising ocean levels
• Alter forests, crop yields
• Affect human health
• Affect ecosystems
• Season changes

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 Global Warming Potential (GWP):
► Global warming potential (GWP) for the 6 primary GHGs are summarized below:

Source: https://iasmania.com/greenhouse-effect-greenhouse-gases/

➢ GWP is the global warming impact that a GHG would have

over a 10-year timeframe.
➢ By definition, CO2 is used as the reference benchmark [2].

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 Environmental Issues: 3. Climate Change
◼ Climate is the average weather at a given point and time
of year, over a long period (typically 30 years).
◼ We expect the weather to change a lot from day to day,
but we expect the climate to remain relatively constant.
◼ If the climate doesn’t remain constant, we call it climate
change [2; 4].
Changes in:
– Sun’s output (Solar radiation)

– Earth’s orbit

– Drifting continents

– Volcanic eruptions

– Greenhouse gases

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 Environmental Issues: 4. Acid Rain
➢ Acid rain is basically rain that has a low pH.
➢ When fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are
burned, chemicals like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides are produced.
➢These chemicals react with water and other chemicals
in the air to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other
harmful pollutants like sulfates and nitrates.
➢These acid pollutants spread upwards into the
atmosphere, and finally return to the ground in the
form of acid rain [2; 4].
➢ EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN
Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of pollution,
and the environment suffers from its effects. Land,
Buildings, Forests, trees, lakes, aquatic life, animals,
and plants suffer from acid rain.

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 Revision
► What we have learned today?

► Green house effect and its impacts.

► Global warming and its impacts.
► Climate change and its impacts.
► Acid rain and its impacts.
Let’s Have a Quiz……

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 References

1. Dr Prabhu Prasadini and Dr G. Swarajya Lakshmi, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, BIRM 301 Study
Material.
2. Dr. Y. K. Singh, 2006. Environmental Science. NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED,
PUBLISHERS, New Delhi, India.
3. Prof. Erach Bharucha, 2004. Textbook for Environmental Studies. University Grants
Commission, New Delhi. India.
4. Michael Aaleby, 2000. Basics of Environmental science, 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis Group,
New York.
5. www. Britanica.com
6. www. Onlinesciencenote.com

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Section divider over two linesTHANK
or three YOU ALL
lines

HAVE A NICE DAY

HAPPY LEARNING

Page 14 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education 1 November 2024

 Environmental Issues: 5. Ozone Layer Depletion
➢ Ozone layer in the atmosphere protects life on earth
from the dangerous UV radiation from the sun.
➢ Destruction of ozone Layer

Chlorine atoms from CFCs attack the ozone, taking

away ozone and forming chlorine monoxide (ClO).
O3 + Cl → O2 + ClO
Chlorine monoxide then combines with another
oxygen atom to form a new oxygen molecule and a
chlorine atom.
ClO + O → Cl + O2
The chlorine atom is free to destroy up to 100,000
ozone molecules.
Environmental Issues: 5. Ozone Layer Depletion
➢ IMPACTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
➢ Sunburn.
➢ Reduce our immune system.
➢ Skin Cancer.
➢ Cataracts and Other Eye Damages.
➢ Reduce photosynthesis and crops yield affected.
➢ Damage the plants.
➢ Reduces plankton population.
➢ Reduces penguin population.
➢ Reduces the percentage of hatching of frog eggs.
➢ Forming photochemical smog.
➢ Degrades building materials.
Environmental Issues: 6. Nuclear Accidents
➢ When safety measures and principles are ignored by nuclear plant operators, a
nuclear accident can occurred with serious consequences for the environment, and
human health. Now, efforts are made to prevent the radiation during accidents.
➢ Since 1957, ten major nuclear accidents have been reported by five countries:
► Fukushima, Japan - March 2011;
► Kashiwazaki, Japan - July 2007;
► Mihama, Japan - August 2004;
► Blayais, France - December 1999;
► Tokaimura, Japan - September 1999;
► Tokaimura, Japan - March 1997;
► Chernobyl, Ukraine - April 1986;
► Three Mile Island, USA - March 1979;
► The Urals, USSR - October 1958;
► Windscale, UK – October 1957.
 Environmental Issues: 6. Nuclear Accidents
➢ Impacts of Nuclear Accidents
► develop cancer ,
► deaths ,
► Species extinction,
► Alteration of DNA,
► Residual radioactivity in environment
(environmental pollution),
► High fever, diarrhoea, fatigue, Source: Pedraza , 2013

mortality, infection bleeding etc.,

► Skin diseases,
► Disturb aquatic life,
► Long term effects on environment.
 What are
the
solutions to
all these
problems?
 Environmental Management:
Sustainable
Hazards Development Solid waste
mitigation Management

Energy World
conservation Conservation
strategy
HEALTHY
ENVIRONMENT
Pollution Environmental
control Laws

Water Rain water

Resources Biodiversity
Harvesting
conservation
Environmental
Issues:

?
 Concept of 4R’s
•Reduce: Prevent generation of waste in the first place; by eliminating waste at
source through better planning and design. Don’t use a resource if there is an
alternative. (Donate old things; Take good care of your things; choose walking
/ cycling than driving; Use glassware than paper wares).
•Reuse: Use a resource again and again without changing it or reprocessing it
for different functions than what they are intended. (Old news papers used for
packing; Plastic and steel containers used for plantation etc).
•Recycle: Reproduce / remanufacture the new material by using recyclable
waste as raw material in its parent industry. (Paper, Glass, Plastic, Metal, Rubber
etc).
•Recover: Producing usable products or energy by processing / treating the
waste. (biogas, fertilizer, Waste to energy etc).

• Benefits of 4R’s – Reduces waste, Reduces pollution, Saves energy, Saves

resources, Improves economy, Creates employment.
 Public awareness about environment
► Educate the people about environmental studies.
► Participation of people in environmental issues.
► Implementation of principle of 4R’s
► Adoption of eco-friendly technology.
► Conserve the resources.
► Follow various acts on environment.
► Practice and promote good civic sense and hygiene.
► Practice and promote to Reduce pollution.
► Join local movements that support activities like saving trees in your area, go
on nature treks, recycle waste, buy environmentally friendly products.
► Join a group to study nature, such as WWF-1 or another environmental
group.
 Public awareness about
environment
Let‘s Together Build a World In Which
Every Person Has…….
…… And Lives in

Safe Adequate water Sanitation

Hygienic Environment
1 The unlimited Exploitation of Nature by

A. Human being resulted in Environmental pollution

B. Health Problems
C. decrease in biodiversity
D. all the given
2 The conservation of natural resources

A.Was not encouraged in ancient India

B.was encouraged in ancient india.
C.Is recently being used in India
D.None of these

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