Assignment On Module-3

Assignment on Module-3
Name: Ansari Mohammed Shanouf Valijan

Class: B.E. Computer Engineering, Semester - VII
UID: 2021300004
Batch: M
Question-1: Outline the structure and purpose of a variational autoencoder (VAE).
A variational autoencoder (VAE) is a generative model that learns to represent data in a

lower-dimensional latent space, facilitating the generation of new data samples. Its
structure includes two main components: an encoder and a decoder.
The encoder transforms input data into a probabilistic representation in the latent space,
typically outputting the mean and variance of a Gaussian distribution. This allows the model
to capture the variability and uncertainty in the data. The decoder samples from this latent
distribution to reconstruct the original data, learning to generate outputs that resemble the
training set.
During training, the VAE optimizes two objectives: minimizing the reconstruction error,
ensuring accurate data reproduction, and maximizing the evidence lower bound (ELBO),
which regularizes the latent space to encourage a smooth distribution, often aligned with a
standard normal prior. This two-fold optimization helps prevent overfitting and supports
meaningful exploration of the latent space.
The purpose of a VAE goes beyond reconstruction; it enables diverse applications such as
data generation, anomaly detection, and semi-supervised learning. By learning a continuous
latent representation, VAEs allow for interpolation between data points, leading to novel
samples that blend characteristics of different inputs. This capability makes VAEs valuable in
tasks like image synthesis and style transfer, highlighting their significance in generative
modelling.
Question-2: Describe the training process of an autoencoder. Include an explanation of

the loss function, backpropagation and optimization.
The training process of an autoencoder involves feeding input data through the network to
learn an efficient representation. Initially, the input data is passed through the encoder,
which compresses it into a lower-dimensional representation called the latent space. This
compressed form captures the essential features of the input.
After obtaining the latent representation, the decoder reconstructs the original input from
this latent space. The key goal during training is to minimize the difference between the
original input and the reconstructed output. This difference is quantified using a loss
function, commonly the mean squared error or binary cross-entropy, depending on the
nature of the input data. The loss function measures how well the autoencoder is
performing, providing a scalar value that indicates the reconstruction accuracy.
Once the loss is computed, backpropagation is employed to update the model's weights.
This process involves calculating the gradients of the loss with respect to each weight in the
network. The gradients indicate how much each weight contributed to the loss, allowing the
model to adjust the weights to reduce this loss in future iterations. Backpropagation
efficiently propagates these gradients from the output layer back through the encoder and
decoder, enabling the entire network to learn jointly.
To optimize the weights based on the calculated gradients, an optimization algorithm is
used. Common choices include stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its variants, like Adam
or RMSprop. These algorithms adjust the weights in small steps proportional to the
gradients, gradually leading the model to a state where the reconstruction error is
minimized.
The training process typically involves multiple epochs, during which the model iterates
over the training dataset, adjusting the weights after each batch of inputs. As training
progresses, the autoencoder learns to represent the data more effectively, ultimately
enabling it to generate accurate reconstructions of the input while capturing its essential
features. The end result is a model that can efficiently encode and decode data, making it
useful for various applications such as dimensionality reduction, noise reduction, or feature
extraction.

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Assignment on Module-3

Name: Ansari Mohammed Shanouf Valijan

Question-1: Outline the structure and purpose of a variational autoencoder (VAE).

A variational autoencoder (VAE) is a generative model that learns to represent data in a

Question-2: Describe the training process of an autoencoder. Include an explanation of

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