Force:

It is an external cause that

causes a body in rest to move
or body in motion to rest or
changes the shape or size.
S.I. Unit of Force is Newton (N).

Moment of Force:
1. Translational / Linear Motion: Force applied on a rigid body which
is free to move causes motion in straight path.
Ex: A ball pushed on the floor, striker in carrom.

2. Rotational Motion: Force applied on a rigid body which is

pivoted, it causes rotational motion.
Ex: Force on the handle of door, turning of wheel.

Moment of Force / Turning

Effect or Torque:
The turning effect on the
body about an axis is due to
the moment of force (or
torque) applied on the body.

Measurement of moment of force (or torque)

The moment of a force (or torque) is equal to the product of the
magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance of the line of
action of the force from the axis of rotation.

Factors affecting the turning of a body

The turning effect of a force on a body depends on the following
two factors:
(1) the magnitude of the force applied, and
(2) the perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from
the axis of rotation (or pivoted point).

S.I. Unit of Torque: Nm

C.G.S. Unit: Dyne cm

1 N m = 107 dyne cm
1 kgf x m = 9.8 Nm
1 gf x cm = 980 dyne cm

Clockwise Moment is always NEGATIVE and Anticlockwise Moment

is always POSITIVE.
Common Examples of Moment of Force:
i) To open or shut a door,
ii) Turning of hand flour grinder,
iii) Turning of a steering wheel.
iv) Spanner or wrench used to tighten or loosen a nut.
Example:
i) A book lying on the table.
ii) Beam balance
Examples:
i) A falling raindrop
ii) An aeroplane flying at constant
height
iii) Motion of planet around Sun

Principle of Moments:
Sum of Anticlockwise moments = Sum of Clockwise moments
OR
Algebraic sum of moments of all forces acting on a body about the axis of
rotation is 0.
 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
When a particle moves with a constant speed in a circular path, its motion is
said to be uniform circular motion.

Direction of velocity at any instant in a circular path:

The direction of motion of the particle is different at different points of the
circular path. At any point, the
direction of motion is along the
tangent drawn at that point of the
circular path.
The velocity of the particle in circular motion is variable or the circular
motion is an accelerated motion even though the speed of the particle is
uniform.

Difference between uniform circular motion and uniform linear motion:

In uniform linear motion, the speed and velocity, both are constant and
acceleration is zero i.e., uniform linear motion is an unaccelerated motion,
while in a uniform circular motion the velocity is variable (although the
speed is uniform), so it is an accelerated motion.

CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

Centripetal force:
The motion in circular path is possible only under
the influence of a force which is termed as the
centripetal force.
Centripetal Force is the force acting on a body
moving in a circular path, in a direction towards the
centre of the circular path.
The direction of force and also of acceleration
changes at each point of the circular path, but its magnitude remains the
same i.e., acceleration is variable (or non-uniform). Hence, for a body
moving in a circular path, a force is needed which acts as the centripetal
force.

Examples:
(1) A planet moves around the sun in an elliptical path for which the
gravitational force of attraction on the planet by the sun provides the
necessary centripetal force.
(2) Moon moves around Earth in an elliptical path for which the gravitational
force of attraction on Moon by Earth provides the required centripetal force.
Centrifugal force:
A force assumed to be acting on the body in a direction away from the
centre of circular path, is called centrifugal force. Its magnitude is the same
as that of the centripetal force.
It is not a real force, but it is a fictitious force assumed by an observer
moving in a circular path alongwith the body.

Example:
A ball tied at the end of a string moving in a
circular path on a merry-go-round.

NUMERICALS

Q1. The moment of a force of 10 N about a fixed-point O is 5 N m. Calculate

the distance of the point O from the line of action of the force.
Q2. A nut is opened by a wrench of length 10 cm. If the least force required
is 5.0 N, find the moment of force needed to turn the nut.

Q3. A wheel of diameter 2 m is shown in Fig. 1.28 with axle at O. A force F =

2 N is applied at B in the direction shown in figure. Calculate the moment of
force about (i) the centre O, and (ii) the point A.
Q4. The diagram in Fig. 1.29 shows two forces F¹ = 5 N and F₂ = 3 N acting at
points A and B of a rod pivoted at a point O, such that OA = 2 m and OB = 4
m.
Calculate:
(i) the moment of force F, about O.
(ii) the moment of force F₂ about O.
(iii) total moment of the two forces about O.
Q5. Two forces each of magnitude 10 N act vertically upwards and
downwards respectively at the two ends A and B of a uniform rod of length 4
m which is pivoted at its mid-point O as shown in Fig. 1.30. Determine the
magnitude of the resultant moment of forces about the pivot O.

Q6. Fig. 1.31 shows two forces each of magnitude 10 N acting at points A
and B at a separation of 50 cm, in opposite directions. Calculate the
resultant moment of the two forces about the point (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) O
situated exactly at the middle of the two forces.
Q7. A steering wheel of diameter 0.5 m is rotated anticlockwise by applying
two forces each of magnitude 5 N. Draw a diagram to show the application
of forces and calculate the moment of the forces applied.
Q8. A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its mid-point. A weight of 50 gf is
suspended at one end of it. Where should a weight of 100 gf be suspended
to keep the rule horizontal ?

Q9. A uniform metre rule balances horizontally on a knife edge placed at the
58 cm mark when a weight of 20 gf is suspended from one end.
(i) Draw a diagram of the arrangement.
(ii) What is the weight of the rule ?
Q10. The diagram below (Fig. 1.32) shows a uniform bar supported at the
middle point O. A weight of 40 gf is placed at a distance 40 cm to the left of
point O. How can you balance the bar with a weight of 80 gf ?
Q11. Fig. 1.33 shows a uniform metre rule placed on a fulcrum at its mid-
point O and having a weight 40 gf at the 10 cm mark and a weight of 20 gf at
the 90 cm mark. (i) Is the metre rule in equilibrium ? If not, how will the rule
turn? (ii) How can the rule be brought in equilibrium by using an additional
weight of 40 gf ?
Q12. When a boy weighing 20 kgf sits at one end of a 4 m long see-saw, it
gets depressed at this end. How can it be brought to the horizontal position
by a man weighing 40 kgf.
Q13. A physical balance has its arms of length 60 cm and 40 cm. What
weight kept on the pan of the longer arm will balance an object of weight 100
gf kept on the other pan ?

Q14. The diagram in Fig. 1.34 shows a uniform metre rule weighing 100 gf,
pivoted at its centre O. Two weights 150 gf and 250 gf hang from the points
A and B respectively of the metre rule such that OA = 40 cm and OB = 20
cm. Calculate: (i) the total anticlockwise moment about O, (ii) the total
clockwise moment about O, (iii) the difference of anticlockwise and
clockwise moments, and (iv) the distance from O where a 100 gf weight
should be placed to balance the metre rule.

Q15. A uniform metre rule of weight 10 gf is pivoted at its 0 mark.

(i) What moment of force depresses the rule ?
(ii) How can it be made horizontal by applying a least force ?

Q16. A uniform half metre rule can be balanced at the 29.0 cm mark when a
mass 20 g is hung from its one end.

(a) Draw a diagram of the arrangement.

(b) Find the mass of the half metre rule.
(c) In which direction would the balancing point shift if 20 g mass is shifted
inside from its one end ?
Q17. A uniform metre rule of mass 100 g is balanced on a fulcrum at mark 40
cm by suspending an unknown mass m at the mark 20 cm.

(i) Find the value of m.

(ii) To which side the rule will tilt if the mass m is moved to the mark 10 cm?
(iii) What is the resultant moment now?
(iv) How can it be balanced by another mass of 50 g ?
Q18. In Fig. 1.35, a uniform bar of length I m is supported at its ends and
loaded by a weight W kgf at its middle. In equilibrium, find the reactions R,
and R₂ at the ends
 MCQ’S

Q.1. An athlete runs at uniform speed on the track shown below. How many
times will the athlete have to change his direction of motion, while he completes
one round?

(a) 4
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1

Q.2. Which type of force acting on a body brings it into motion?

(a) Balanced
(b) Unbalanced
(c) Both balanced and unbalanced
(d) Force does not create motion.
Q. 3. In the following figure, the force acting on the wooden block is

(a) Balance
(b) Unbalanced
(c) May be balanced or unbalanced. It depends on the mass of the wooden
block.
(d) Zero

Q.4. When a marble rolls down an inclined plane, its velocity increases. The
unbalanced force acting on the marble is :
(a) Frictional force
(b) Force of gravity
(c) Gravitational force
(d) None of the above

Q.5. The condition for a body to be in translatory motion equilibrium is that net
__ acting on the body is zero and the condition for a body to be in rotational
motion equilibrium is that net __ acting on the body is zero.
(a) Torque, force
(b) Force, Torque
(c) Force, Force
(d) Torque, Torque

Q.6. A cone is placed in position (A) and (B) as shown in the figure. Which of the
following statement is true?
(a) Position (A) is the stable equilibrium position of the cone and position (B) is
unstable equilibrium position of the cone.
(b) Position (B) is the stable equilibrium position of the cone and position (a) is
unstable equilibrium position of the cone.
(c) Position (A) is the stable equilibrium position of the cone and position (B) is
unstable equilibrium position of the cone.
(d) Position (A) is the neutral equilibrium position of the cone and position (B)
is unstable equilibrium position of the cone.

Q.7. S.I. unit of force is __ and it is a __ quantity.

(a) Dyne, vector

(c) Newton, scalar
(b) Newton, vector
(d) kgf, vector

Q8. The magnitude of non-contact force between two bodies varies

(a) Directly with the distance between the two bodies

(b) Inversely with the distance between the two bodies.
(c) Directly with the square of the distance between the two bodies.
(d) Inversely with the square of the distance between the two bodies.
(e) Inversely with the cube of the distance between the two bodies.

Q.9. Turning effect of a force acting on a body about an axis is called

(a) The moment of the force

(b) Torque
(c) Momentum
(d) Couple
(e) Both (A) and (B)

Q.10. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) Two equal and opposite parallel forces not acting along the same line form a
couple.
(b) Two equal and opposite parallel forces acting along the same line form a
couple.
(c) Two equal and parallel forces not acting along the same line form a couple.
(d) Two unequal and opposite parallel forces not acting along the same line
form a couple.
(e) Any two forces acting along a line form a couple.