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    1) Section 1.1

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    rawan qubaisee

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    1) Section 1.1

    Uploaded by

    rawan qubaisee
    8 views25 pages

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    8 views25 pages

    1) Section 1.1

    Uploaded by

    rawan qubaisee

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    1.

    1 Four ways for defining a function

    Notation:

    The set D is called the domain and

    the set is called the codomain of the function .

    The collection of all images of is called the range.

    Remark: The range of is the set .

    Think of a function as a machine that converts each in to in .

    We call the input variable the independent variable and we denote by


    and call it the dependent variable.

    Section 1.1 Page 1


    Example
    Which of the following is a function and which of them is not? If it is a function, find its range.
    a)

    b)

    c)

    In Calculus, we only consider functions for which D and E are sets of real numbers

    Section 1.1 Page 2


    Representing functions graphically

    Example:

    Section 1.1 Page 3


    Example:

    (c) Estimate the roots for .


    (d) For what values of is
    (e) Use the graph to find the domain and range of

    Section 1.1 Page 4


    Conic Sections

    In this part we introduce of circles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas and give their
    standard equations. They are called conic sections, or conics, because they result from
    intersecting a cone with a plane as shown in the following figure.
    Circles
    A circle of radius 𝑟 and center (𝑎, 𝑏) has equation (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑟 .
    In particular, if 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 0 and 𝑟 = 1 then the circle is called the unit circle.

    Exercise:
    Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 .
    a) Sketch the graph of 𝑓
    b) Find the domain and the range of 𝑓 using the graph
    Ellipses

    • Centered at (0,0) with major axis being the x-axis.

    • Centered at (0,0) with major axis being the y-axis.

    • When a = b, the ellipse becomes a circle.

    Section 1.1 Page 1


    Section 1.1 Page 2
    Parabolas

    • Parabolas opening upward.

    • Parabolas opening downward.

    • Parabolas opening to the right.


    • Parabolas opening to the left.
    Hyperbolas

    • Hyperbolas opening up-and-down.

    • Hyperbolas opening right-and-left.

    Section 1.1 Page 1


    Exercises
    Sketch the graph of each of the following equations.
    1) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 0.
    2) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0.
    3) 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0.
    4) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0.
    5) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4.
    6) 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 4.
    7) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 4.
    8) 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 4.
    The vertical line test

    Example

    Example

    Example
    The upper half and the lower half of the unit circle are represent functions of
    while the unit circle is not a function.

    Section 1.1 Page 6


    while the unit circle is not a function.

    Example
    The upper half and the lower half of the parabola represent functions of
    while the parabola itself is not a function.

    Section 1.1 Page 7


    Piecewise defined functions
    Functions that are defined by different formulas in different parts of their
    domains are called piecewise defined functions.

    Example:

    Let

    1) State the values of

    2) Sketch the graph of

    3) Find the domain and the range of

    Solution:
    1) , ,

    2) The graph of

    3) The domain of is , the range of is

    Section 1.1 Page 8


    Example:
    Find an expression for the function whose graph is the following
    curve, then find its domain and range.

    Solution

    The domain of is and the range is

    Section 1.1 Page 9


    The absolute value

    The absolute value of any real number is given by


    Example:
    Let be the function defined by
    1) Sketch the graph of
    2) Find the range of

    Solution:

    1)

    2) The range of is

    Section 1.1 Page 10


    Example
    Sketch the graph of
    then find its range.

    Solution

    and

    Thus,

    Its range is

    Section 1.1 Page 11


    Facts and properties
    Let , be real numbers and , then

    1)

    2)

    3) , whenever

    4)

    5) or

    6)

    7) or

    Example
    Find all values of such that
    1)
    2)
    3)

    Solution
    1) or or

    2)

    3) or or

    Section 1.1 Page 12


    The natural domain
    When the rule of a function is given but the domain is not mentioned, then we assume that has the natural
    domain. It is the set of all real numbers such that is a well defined real value.

    1)

    2)

    3)

    4)

    5)

    6)

    Solution

    1) The domain of

    2) The domain of

    3) The domain of

    4) The domain of

    5) The domain of

    6) The domain of

    Section 1.1 Page 13


    Symmetry
    Even and Odd Functions

    Remark

    ⚫ The definitions of even and odd functions assume implicitly that both are in the domain of

    ⚫ The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the Since a point lies on the
    graph if and only if the point lies on the graph. A reflection across the leaves the graph unchanged.

    ⚫ The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin Since a point lies on
    the graph if and only if the point lies on the graph. Equivalently, a graph is symmetric about the origin if a rotation of
    about the origin leaves the graph unchanged.

    Example
    1) Let be an integer. Then is an even function when is even and is an odd function when is odd.

    2) is an even function.

    3) is an even function and is an odd function.

    Section 1.1 Page 14


    3) is an even function and is an odd function.

    Section 1.1 Page 15


    Facts about odd and even functions

    1) The product (or quotient) of any two even functions is an even


    function.

    2) The product (or quotient) of any two odd functions is an even


    function.

    3) The product (or quotient) of an even function and an odd function


    is an odd function.

    4) The sum (or difference) of any two even functions is an even


    function.

    5) The sum (or difference) any two odd functions is an odd function.

    Section 1.1 Page 16


    Exercises
    Exercises Page 23

    Section 1.1 Page 17


    Section 1.1 Page 18

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