❑ Defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), ensure
compatibility and performance of wireless communication systems. The most widely used standards are part of the IEEE 802.11 family. Here’s an overview of these standards:
1. 802.11a (1999) ➢ Frequency: 5 GHz ➢ Max Speed: 54 Mbps ➢ Range: Shorter range compared to 2.4 GHz due to higher frequency ➢ Notes: Less interference but limited compatibility with early devices. Wireless network standards Cont.
2. 1802.11b (1999) ➢ Frequency: 2.4 GHz ➢ Max Speed: 11 Mbps ➢ Range: Better range than 802.11a but susceptible to interference from devices like microwaves and cordless phones. ➢ Notes: Widely adopted in early 2000s, good for basic internet browsing. Wireless network standards Cont.
3. 802.11g (2003) ➢ Frequency: 2.4 GHz ➢ Max Speed: 54 Mbps ➢ Range: Similar to 802.11b ➢ Notes: Backward compatible with 802.11b, improved speed for multimedia applications. Wireless network standards Cont.
4. 802.11n (2009) ➢ Frequency: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (dual-band) ➢ Max Speed: 600 Mbps (theoretical) ➢ Range: Improved range due to MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology ➢ Notes: Significant improvement in speed and range, supports multiple antennas for better performance. Wireless network standards Cont.
5. 802.11ac (2013) ➢ Frequency: 5 GHz ➢ Max Speed: 1.3 Gbps (theoretical) ➢ Range: Improved range and less interference ➢ Notes: Utilizes wider channels (up to 160 MHz) and advanced modulation (256- QAM), supports MU-MIMO (Multi-User MIMO). Wireless network standards Cont.
6. 802.11ad (2012) ➢ Frequency: 60 GHz ➢ Max Speed: 7 Gbps (theoretical) ➢ Range: Very short range (up to 10 meters) ➢ Notes: High-speed data transfer for short-range communication, such as docking stations and peripheral connections. Wireless network standards Cont.
7. 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6, 2019)
➢ Frequency: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (dual-band) ➢ Max Speed: 9.6 Gbps (theoretical) ➢ Range: Improved range and efficiency ➢ Notes: Enhanced performance in dense environments, supports OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) and Target Wake Time for better battery life in devices. Wireless network standards Cont.
8. 802.11ay (2021) Frequency: 60 GHz Max Speed: 20 Gbps (theoretical) Range: Short range Notes: Successor to 802.11ad, designed for high-speed data transfer over short distances. Wireless network standards Cont.
9. 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7, expected 2024)
➢ Frequency: 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz (tri-band) ➢ Max Speed: 30 Gbps (theoretical) ➢ Range: Improved range and capacity ➢ Notes: Enhanced features for lower latency, improved reliability, and higher throughput, supports 320 MHz channels and 4096-QAM. Other Wireless Standards Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) ❑ Frequency: 2.4 GHz ❑ Max Speed: Up to 3 Mbps (Bluetooth 2.0+EDR) to 50 Mbps (Bluetooth 5.0) ❑ Range: Short range (10 meters to 100 meters) ❑ Notes: Used for personal area networks (PANs), connecting peripherals like headphones, keyboards, and other devices. Other Wireless Standards Zigbee is a specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols using low-power digital radios, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ➢ Frequency: 2.4 GHz (worldwide), 868 MHz (Europe), ➢ Max Speed: 250 Kbps 915 MHz (USA) ➢ Range: Short range (10 to 100 meters) ➢ Notes: Low power consumption, used for IoT applications, home automation, and industrial control. Other Wireless Standards - Zigbee ➢ Power Consumption: Very low, making it ideal for battery-operated devices. ➢ Applications: Primarily used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, such as home automation, smart lighting, and industrial control systems. ➢ Network Topology: Supports mesh, star, and tree network topologies, allowing for flexible and scalable network structures. Other Wireless Standards WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a family of wireless communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, designed to provide high-speed internet access over long distances ➢ Frequency: 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and others ➢ Max Speed: Up to 1 Gbps for fixed stations ➢ Range: Long range (up to 50 kilometers) ➢ Notes: Used for metropolitan area networks (MANs), providing broadband wireless access. Other Wireless Standards - WiMAX ➢ Applications: Used for metropolitan area networks (MANs) to provide broadband internet access in areas where it is difficult to lay physical cables, such as rural and underserved urban areas. ➢ Performance: Provides high-speed broadband connectivity suitable for various applications, including internet access, VoIP, and video streaming. Summarized ➢ Each of these standards has evolved to meet the increasing demand for higher data rates, better coverage, and more reliable connections. The advancements in wireless technology continue to push the boundaries of what is possible, making wireless networks an integral part of modern communication infrastructure. ➢ Zigbee and WiMAX serve different purposes, with Zigbee focusing on low-power, short-range communication for IoT devices, and WiMAX providing high-speed, long-range broadband access. Thanks! Do you have any questions? Hussain.mowahedi@gmail.com
