EXP.

NO:2
DATE:
COMPUTATION of TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS and
AIM: simulation with simulink

To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a single
phase, three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB

THEORY:
Transmission line has four parameters – resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance.
The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields around the
conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures data, the
inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

ARRANGEMENT INDUCTANCE CAPACITANCE

-7
SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM Lc=2*10 ln(D/r’) Cc=2πξ0/ln(D/r)
r’=0.7788r. Cloop=Cc/2.
Lloop=2Lc
-7
3PHASE SYMMETRIC AL Lc =Lph=2*10 ln(D/r’) Cc=Cph =2πξ0/ln(D/r)
SYSTEM
-7
3PHASE Lc =Lph=2*10 ln(Deq/r’) Cc=Cph =2πξ0/ln(Deq/r)
(1/3)
UNSYMMETRICAL Deq=(D AB*DBC*DCA)
TRANSPOSED SYSTEM
-7
3PHASE La=2*10 [ln√(Dab *Dca)/r’
UNSYMMETRICAL +j√3*ln√(Dab/Dca) Lb
-7 ------------
UNTRANSPOSED =2*10 [ln√(Dbc*Dab)/r’
SYSTEM +j√3*ln√(Dbc/Dab)
-7
Lc=2*10 [ln√(Dca*Dbc)/r’
+j√3*ln√(Dca/Dbc)

Page 1 of 155
 -7
3PHASE SYMMETRIC AL Lc=2*10 ln(√3D/2r’) Cc=2πξ0/ln(√3D/2r)
DOUBLEC Lph=Lc/2 Cph=Cc*2.
IRCUIT SYSTEM
-7 (1/3) (2/3) (1/3) (2/3)
3PHASE Lc=2*10 ln[2 (D/r’)(m/n) ] Cc=2πξ0/ln(2 (D/r)(m/n) ]
UNSYMMETRICAL Lph=Lc/2 Cph=Cc*2.
TRANSPOSED SYSTEM
WITH VERTIC
AL PROFILE
-7 2 2 3 3 (1/3)
3PHASE Lc=2*10 ln(Dm/Ds) Cc=2πξ0/ln[i m jh/r n d]
UNSYMMETRICAL Lph=Lc/2 Cph=Cc*2.
TRANSPOSED DOUBLE
CIRCUIT
-7
3PHASE LINE W ITH Lc=2*10 ln(Dm/Ds)
BUNDELED Lph=Lc/2
(1/3) --------
CONDUCTORS Dm=(DAB*DBC*DC A)
(1/3)
Ds=( DSA*DSB*DSC)

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results.

Page 2 of 155
1. (a) Calculate the loop inductance and capacitance of a 1 phase line with two parallel
conductors spaced 3.5m apart. The diameter of each conductor is 1.5 cm.

Manual Calculation:

1(a) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE O F SINGLE PHASE LINE

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE');
d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788; L=4*10^(-
7)*log(D/r1); C=(pi*8.854*10^(-
12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L); disp('CAPAC ITANCE(in
F/m):'); disp(C);

OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE

LINE Enter diameter in cm: 1.5

Enter distance between conductors in m: 3.5

INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 2.5582e-006

CAPAC ITANCE (in F/m): 4.5261e-012

Page 3 of 155
 1. (b) Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a conductor of a 3 phase system shown
which has 1.2 cm diameter and conductors at the edge of an equilateral triangle of side 1.5m.

Manual Calculation:

1b) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE O F T HREE PHASE

SYMMETRIC LINE

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETR IC
LINE');
d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788; L=2*10^(-
7)*log(D/r1); C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-
12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L); disp('CAPAC ITANCE(in
F/m):'); disp(C);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETRIC

LINE Enter diameter in cm: 1.2

Enter distance between conductors in m: 1.5

INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 1.1543e-006

CAPAC ITANCE (in F/m): 1.0075e-011

Page 4 of 155
1. (c) Calculate the inductance, capacitance and reactance of 3 phase 50 Hz overhead transmission line
which has conductors of 2.5cm diameter. Distance between conductors are
5m between A & B
4m between B & C
3m between C & A
Assume conductors are transposed regularly

Manual Calculation:

1c) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE O F T HREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC TRANSPOSED LINE

P ROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC
LINE - TRANSPOSED');
d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B & C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:');
f=input('Enter Frequenc y');
Deq=(Dab*Dbc*Dca)^(1/3);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Deq/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(Deq/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L); disp('CAPAC
ITANCE(in F/m):'); disp(C);
XL=2*pi*f*L;
XC=1/(2*pi*f*C);
disp('INDUCTIVER REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');

Page 5 of 155
disp(XL);
disp('CAPAC ITIVE REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');
disp(XC);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LIN

E
- TRANSPOSED

Enter diameter in cm: 2.5

Enter distance between conductors A & B in m: 5

Enter distance between conductors B & C in m: 4

Enter distance between conductors C & A in m: 3

Enter Frequency50

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

1.1994e-006

CAPAC ITANCE (in F/m):

9.6804e-012

INDUCTIVER REACTANCE (in ohm/m):

3.7679e-004

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (in ohm/m):

3.2882e+008

Page 6 of 155
1. (d) Calculate the inductance and capacitance per phase of a 3 phase transmission line as shown
in figure. Radius of conductor is 0.5 cm. Lines are untransposed.

Manual Calculation:

1d) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE O F T HREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC UNTRANSPOSED LINE

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE
-
UNTRANSPOSED');
r=input('Enter radius in
cm:'); rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B & C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
La=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dab*Dca)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dab/Dca)^(1/2)));
Lb=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dbc*Dab)^(1/2))
+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dbc/Dab)^(1/2))); Lc=2*10^(-
7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dca*Dbc)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dca/Dbc)^(1/2)));

disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(La);
disp(Lb);
disp(Lc);

Page 7 of 155
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETR IC LINE -

UNTRANSPOSED Enter radius in cm: 0.5

Enter distance between conductors A & B in m: 3.5

Enter distance between conductors B & C in m: 3.5

Enter distance between conductors C & A in m: 7

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

1.4295e-006 -1.2006e-007i
1.3602e-006
1.4295e-006 +1.2006e-007i

Page 8 of 155
1 (e) Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a 3 phase double circuit line as in the figure if
the conductors are spaced 2m apart at the vertices of a hexagon and diameter of conductors is
2cm.

Manual Calculation:

1e) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE O F T HREE PHASE

SYMMETRIC DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT - SYMMETR IC');
d=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors(side of hexagon) in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=10^(-7)*log((3)^(1/2)*D/(2*r1));
C=(4*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log((3)^(1/2)*D/(2*rad)));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L); disp('CAPAC
ITANCE(in F/m):'); disp(C);
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE C IRCUIT
– SYMMETRIC
Enter diameter in cm: 2
Enter distance between conductors (side of hexagon) in m: 2
INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 5.4045e-007
CAPAC ITANCE (in F/m): 2.1586e-011

Page 9 of 155
1 (f) Calculate the inductance and capacitance per phase of a 3phase double circuit as shown in
the figure. Diameter of each conductor is 1.5cm.

Manual Calculation:

1f) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE O F T HREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC, TRANSPOSED DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE WITH VERTICAL
PRO FILE

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT - UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
dia=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=dia/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input('Enter distance D in m:');
m=((D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
n=((2*D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log((2)^(1/6)*(D/r1)^(1/2)*(m/n)^(1/3));
C=4*pi*epsilon/(log(nthroot(2,3)*(D/rad)*(nthroot((m/n),(2/3)))));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L); disp('CAPAC
ITANCE(in F/m):'); disp(C);

Page 10 of 155
OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE C
IRCUIT - UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED

Enter diameter in cm: 1.5

Enter distance h in m: 6

Enter distance D in m: 2.5

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

6.1678e-007
CAPAC ITANCE (in F/m):

1.9301e-011

Page 11 of 155
1 (g) Calculate inductance and capacitance per phase of a 3 phase double circuit as shown in the
figure. Diameter of each conductor is 2cm. Line is transposed.

Manual Calculation:

1g) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE O F T HREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC, TRANSPOSED DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE WITHOUT VERTICAL
PRO FILE

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT –
UNSYMMETRIC & NON VERTICAL');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
dia=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=dia/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input('Enter distance D in m:');
offset=input('Enter offset distance in m:');
d=h+2*offset;

Page 12 of 155
i=((offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
f=((h)^2+(2*D)^2)^(1/2);
g=((h+offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
j=D*2;
r1=rad*0.7788;
Dm=nthroot((i*i*g*g*h*h*j*j*i*i*g*g),12);
Ds=nthroot((r1*r1*f*f*r1*r1*d*d*r1*r1*f*f),12);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
C=4*pi*epsilon/((1/3)*(log(((i)^2*(g)^2*j*h)/((rad^3)*(f^2)*d))));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPAC ITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:
CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE C IRCUIT
– UNSYMMETRIC & NON VERTICAL

Enter diameter in cm: 2

Enter distance h in m: 6

Enter distance D in m: 3.5

Enter offset distance in m: 1

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

6.1600e-007
CAPAC ITANCE (in F/m):

1.8826e-011

Page 13 of 155
1 (h) A 300 KV, 3 phase bundled conductor with sub conductors per phase has a horizontal
configuration as in the figure. Find inductance per phase and capacitance if the radius of each
subconductor is 1.2cm.

Manual Calculation:

1h) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE O F T HREE PHASE LINE WITH BUNDLED

CONDUCTORS

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED CONDUCTORS');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
r=input('Enter radius in cm:');
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
D=input('Enter distance between two phases in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
Dm=nthroot((D*(D+h)*D*(D-h)*D*(D+h)*D*(D-h)*(2*D)*((2*D)+h)*((2*D)-h)*2*D),12);
Ds=nthroot((r1*r1*h*h*r1*r1*h*h*r1*r1*h*h),12);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED

CONDUCTORS Enter radius in cm: 1.2

Enter distance between conductors in m: 4

Enter distance between two phases in m: 10 INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 8.2889e-007

Page 14 of 155
 1(i) A three-phase transposed line composed of one ACSR, 1,43,000 cmil, 47/7 Bobolink
conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 11m between phases a and b and between
phases b and c. The conductors have a diameter of 3.625 cm and a GMR of 1.439 cm. The line
is to be replaced by a three-conductor bundle of ACSR 477,000-cmil, 26/7 Hawk conductors
having the same cross sectional area of aluminum as the single-conductor line. The conductors
have a diameter of 2.1793 cm and a GMR of 0.8839 cm. The new line will also have a flat
horizontal configuration, but it is to be operated at a higher voltage and therefore the phase
spacing is increased to 14m as measured from the center of the bundles. The spacing between
the conductors in the bundle is 45 cm.
Determine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the above two lines.
Manual Calculation:

PRO GRAM:
clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE');
D=input('Enter the diameter');
Dab=input('Dab=');
Dbc=input('Dbc=');
Dca=input('Dca=');
d=input('Enter the spacing');
r=d/2;
GMD=[Dab*Dbc*Dca]^(1/3);
disp(GMD);
GMR=(D*d^3)^(1/4);
GMR1=1.09*GMR;
disp(GMR1);
C=0.0556/log(GMD/GMR);
L=0.2*log(GMD/GMR);
disp('INDUCTANCE VALUE IN HENRY');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACILANCE VALUE IN FARAD');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND

CAPACITANCE Enter the diameter.03625
Dab=11
Dbc=11
Dca=22
Enter the spacing0.045
13.8591
0.0465

INDUCTANCE VALUE IN HENRY 1.1568 CAPAC ILANCE VALUE IN FARAD 0.0096

Page 15 of 155
EXP.NO:1 (B)
DATE:
MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES
AIM:
To understand modeling and performance of short, medium and long transmission lines.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MAT LAB

FORM ULAE:

Vs=AVR +BIR

Is=CVR+DIR

TYPE METHOD ABCD PARAMETERS

Short ------------------- A=D=1; B=Z; C=0.

Medium Nominal T Method A=D=1+YZ/2;

B=Z(1+YZ/4);
C=Y;
Nominal π Method A=D=1+YZ/2;
B=Z;
C=Y(1+YZ/4);
Long Rigorous Method A=D=cos h(γℓ);
B=Zc sin h(γℓ);
C=1/Zc sin h(γℓ);
γ=√(ZY);
Zc=√(Z/Y);
Equivalent π Method A=D=1+YZ/2;
B=Z;
C=Y(1+YZ/A);
Z=Z sin h(γℓ)/ γℓ;
Y=Y tan h(γℓ/2)/ (γℓ/2);
γ=√(ZY);
Zc=√(Z/Y);
Equivalent T Method A=D=1+YZ/2;
B=Z;
C=Y(1+YZ/A);
Z=Z tan h(γℓ/2)/ (γℓ/2);
Y=Y sin h(γℓ)/ γℓ;
γ=√(ZY);
Zc=√(Z/Y);

Page 16 of 155
PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results.

Page 17 of 155
 1. An overhead 3 phase transmission line delivers 4000KW at 11 KV at 0.8 pf lagging. The
resistance and reactance of each conductor are 1.5Ω and 4Ω per phase. Determine the
line performance.
Manual Calculation:
SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE
PRO GRAM:
clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line
:'); f=input('Frequenc y :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
A = 1;
B = Z1;
C = 0;
D =1;
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIV ING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR
:'); h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf; SR=SR*(cos(h)
+j*sin(h)); QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-
angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VR
L)*100; PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;

Page 18 of 155
QL=QS-QR;
Z1
Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);
fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,IS
A); fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\
n',VREG); fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',P L);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFIC IENCY %G', eff);

OUTPUT:
Resistance : 1.5
Inductive Reactance :4
Capacitive Reactance :0
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE : 11
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :4
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.8

Z1 =
1.5000 + 4.0000i

Y1 =
0
TM =

1.0000 1.5000 + 4.0000i

0 1.0000

SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 12.6795 at 4.72953 degrees

SENDING END LINE CURRENT 262.432 at -36.8699
degrees SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.747805
SENDING END REAL POWER 4.30992
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER 3.82645
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION 15.2685
REAL POWER LOSS 0.309917
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 0.826446
EFFIC IENCY 92.8092

Page 19 of 155
 2. A balanced 3 phase load of 30 MW is supplied at 132KV, 50Hz and 0.85 pf lag by means
-6
of a line. The series impedance is 20+j52Ω and total admittance is 315*10 Ʊ .Using
Normal T method determine A,B,C,D parameters and regulation.
Manual Calculation:
MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE
PRO GRAM:
clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line
:'); f=input('Frequenc y :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
m=menu('ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK','NOMINAL T', 'NOMINAL P I');
switch m
case {1}
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1*(1+(Z1*Y1/4));
C=Y1;
D=A;
otherwise
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1; C=Y1*(1+
(Z1*Y1/4)); D=A;
end
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE
:'); VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIV ING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR
:'); h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf; SR=SR*(cos(h)
+j*sin(h)); QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-
angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);

Page 20 of 155
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VR L)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
Z1
Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \
n',VS,VSA); fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g degrees
\n',IS,ISA); fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\
n',VREG); fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',P L);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFIC IENCY %G', eff);

Page 21 of 155
NOMINAL T
OUTPUT:

Resistance : 20
Inductive Reactance : 52
Capacitive Reactance : 315*10^(-6)
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :
1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :
132
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :
30
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :
0.85
Z1 =
20.0000 +52.0000i
Y1 =
0 +3.1500e-004i
TM =
0.9918 + 0.0031i 19.8362 +51.8186i
0 + 0.0003i 0.9918 + 0.0031i
SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 143.035 at 3.76761 degrees
SENDING END LINE CURRENT 142.007 at -23.3284
degrees SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.890244
SENDING END REAL POWER
31.3199
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
16.0245
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
9.25407
REAL POWER LOSS 1.31989
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -2.56785
EFFIC IENCY
95.7858

Page 22 of 155
 3. A 50Hz, 3 phase, 100 km transmission line has total impedance of 35Ω, reactance
-6
0f 140Ω and shunt admittance of 930*10 Ʊ . It delivers 40 MW at 220KV, 0.9 pf

lag
.Using nominal π determine A,B ,C,D Vs, VSA,ISA , pf, Ps Qs,η.

Manual Calculation:

NOMINAL PI

OUTPUT:

Resistance : 20
Inductive Reactance : 52
Capacitive Reactance : 315*10^(-6)
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE : 132
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW : 30
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0 .85

Z1 =
20.0000 +52.0000i
Y1 =
0 +3.1500e-004i
TM =

0.9918 + 0.0031i 20.0000 +52.0000i

-0.0000 + 0.0003i 0.9918 + 0.0031i

SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 143.099 at 3.77321 degrees

SENDING END LINE CURRENT 142.011 at -23.3709
degrees SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.889862
SENDING END REAL POWER 31.3214
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER 16.0584
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION 9.30284
REAL POWER LOSS 1.32135
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -2.53394
EFFIC IENCY 95.7813

Page 23 of 155
 1. A 3 phase 50 Hz,240KV line is 200m long. The line parameters are R=0.017Ω/ph/km;
L=0.94mH/ph/km; C=0.0111µ F/ph/km.Calculate l i n e performance when load is 500MW, 0.9
pf lag at 220KV.
Manual Calculation:

LONG TRANSMISSION LINE (ABCD CONSTANTS)

PRO GRAM:

clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
L=input('Inductance :');
C=input('Capacitance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line
:'); f=input('frequenc y');
z= R+j*(2*pi*f*L*0.001);
y= G+j*(2*pi*f*C*0.000001);
gm=sqrt(z*y);
zc=sqrt(z/y);
m=menu('ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK','Equivalent PI', 'Equivalent T');
switch m
case {1}
Z1 = z*sinh(gm*length)/(gm*length);
Y1 = y*tanh(gm*length/2)/(gm*length/2);
otherwise
Y1= y*sinh(gm*length)/(gm*length);
Z1 = z*tanh(gm*length/2)/(gm*length/2);
end
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1; C=Y1*(1+
(Z1*Y1/4)); D=A;
TM = [ A B; C D ]; Z=B;
Y=(2*tanh(gm*length/2))/zc;
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE
:'); VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIV ING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR
:'); h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);

Page 24 of 155
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-
angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VR L)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
z
y
zc
Z
Y
TM
fprintf('SENDING END VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \
n',VS,VSA); fprintf('SENDING END CURRENT %g at %g degrees
\n',IS,ISA); fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',P L);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFIC IENCY %G', eff);

Page 25 of 155
OUTPUT:

EQUIVALENT PI ME THOD
Resistance : 0.0170
Inductance : 0.94
Capacitance : 0.0111
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :
200 frequency50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE : 220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW : 500
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.9

z=
0.0170 + 0.2953i
y=
0 +3.4872e-006i
zc =
2.9113e+002 -8.3727e+000i
Z=
0.0168 + 0.2933i
Y=
1.3896e-007 +6.9984e-004i
TM =

1.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0168 + 0.2933i

0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i

SENDING END VOLTAGE 220.362 at 0.168518 degrees

SENDING END CURRENT 1457.76 at -25.8262 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.898834
SENDING END REAL POWER
500.107
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
243.861
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
0.164499
REAL POWER LOSS 0.106943
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 1.70041
EFFIC IENCY
99.9786

Page 26 of 155
EQUIVALENT T METHOD

Resistance : 0.0170
Inductance : 0.94
Capacitance : 0.0111
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :
200 frequency50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE : 220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW : 500
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.9

z=
0.0170 + 0.2953i
y=
0 +3.4872e-006i
zc =
2.9113e+002 -8.3727e+000i
Z=
0.0171 + 0.2963i
Y=
1.3896e-007 +6.9984e-004i
TM =

1.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0171 + 0.2963i

-0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i

SENDING END VOLTAGE 220.366 at 0.170206 degrees

SENDING END CURRENT 1457.76 at -25.8264 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.89882
SENDING END REAL POWER
500.109
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
243.883
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
0.166386
REAL POWER LOSS 0.109075
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 1.72148
EFFIC IENCY
99.9782

Page 27 of 155
 5. The following data refers to a 3 phase overhead transmission line. The voltage is 220KV.
Total series impedance /ph=200∟30’. Total shunt
admittance/ph= 0.0013∟90’Ʊ . Load delivers is 100MW at 0.8pf lag. Using rigorous
method determine line performance.
Manual Calculation:

LONG TRANSMISSION LINE (RIGOROUS METHOD)

PRO GRAM:
clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequenc y :');
z= (R+j*XL); y=
(G+j*XC); gm=sqrt(z*y);
zc=sqrt(z/y);
A=cosh(gm*length);
B=zc*sinh(gm*length);
C=1/zc *sinh(gm*length);
D=A;
TM=[A B;C D]; Z=B;
Y=2/zc*tanh(gm*length/2);
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIV ING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VR L)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;

Page 28 of 155
QL=QS-QR;
z
y
zc
Z
Y
TM
fprintf('SENDING END VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);
fprintf('SENDING END CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);
fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',P L);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\n',QL);
fprintf('EFFIC IENCY %G', eff);

Page 29 of 155
OUTPUT:

Resistance : 35
Inductive Reactance : 197
Capacitive Reactance : 0.0013
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE : 220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW : 100
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :
0.8 z =
3.5000e+001 +1.9700e+002i
y=
0 + 0.0013i
zc =
3.9080e+002 -3.4446e+001i
Z=
3.2069e+001 +1.8895e+002i
Y=
0.0000 + 0.0013i
TM =
1.0e+002 *
0.0087 + 0.0002i 0.3207 + 1.8895i
-0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0087 + 0.0002i
SENDING END VOLTAGE 282.874 at 16.3752 degrees
SENDING END CURRENT 232.732 at -2.03335 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.948829
SENDING END REAL POWER
108.192
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
36.0088
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
46.9731
REAL POWER LOSS 8.19239
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -38.9912
EFFIC IENCY
92.4279

RESULT:

Thus the line modeling of different types of transmission lines was done.

Page 30 of 155
Page 31 of 155