What's A Bearing - V2

- 1- What`s a Bearing?.......
- 2- Types of Bearings…….
- 3- Types of bearing loads….
- 4- bearing in Mechanical Design….
- Bearing Dimensions and Designations...
- Bearing fit……
- Design of shafts and housings….
- Bearing seals…….
- 5- Choosing the right bearing and arrangement
- 6- materials for bearings….
- 7- lubrication…
1- What`s a Bearing?
A bearing is a machine Element that make rolling or linear motion
cause movements easier, and reduces Friction between the moving
parts.
Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation,
the motions allowed, or the directions of the loads (forces) applied
to the parts.
Bearings have two key functions:

• They transfer motion.
• They transmit forces.
2- Types of Bearings :
Ball Bearings:
Ball Bearings use balls as rolling elements. They are characterized by point contact between the balls and
the raceways. As a rule, ball bearings can rotate very quickly but cannot support heavy/large loads.
Deep-Groove Ball Bearings:

Deep-Groove Ball Bearings are the most commonly used and feature
in a wide range of different applications. Thanks to their simple design,
they are easy to maintain and not sensitive to operating conditions.
In addition to radial forces, they absorb axial forces in both directions.

Their low torque makes them suitable for high speeds. >>
Angular Contact Ball Bearings:

Angular Contact Ball Bearings are characterized by a contact angle.
This means that forces are transferred from one raceway to the other at
a particular angle.
Angular-contact ball bearings are therefore suitable for combined

loads, where high axial forces have to be transferred in addition
to radial forces. >>
Self-Aligning Ball Bearings:

Self-Aligning Ball Bearings comprise a double row of balls guided by
a cage and double row inner ring raceway but have the special feature
of a continuous spherical outer ring raceway allowing the inner ring /
ball complement to swivel within the outer ring. This enables a degree
of self-alignment in the application.
This type of bearing is recommended when problems arise with the

alignment of the shaft and the housing (misalignment) and the shaft
could deflect. Self-aligning ball bearings are primarily suitable for
absorbing radial forces. >>
Thrust Ball Bearings
Thrust Ball Bearings consist of two bearing discs with raceways for
the balls.
Thrust ball bearings were developed solely for absorbing axial forces in
one direction, which means that they can locate the shaft axially in one
direction. >>
Roller Bearings:
Roller Bearings are characterized by line contact. This type of contact means that roller bearings have a
higher load rating than ball bearings of the same size; however, the speed ability is lower than a ball
bearing due to the increased friction of a contact line.
Spherical Roller Bearings
Spherical Roller Bearings are very robust and work on the same principle
as Self-aligning bearings with the exception that they comprise spherical
rollers instead of balls allowing higher loads to be supported. This can
compensate for misalignments between the shaft and the housing.
Spherical roller bearings can absorb high radial loads and moderate axial
loads. >>
Cylindrical Roller Bearings
Cylindrical Roller Bearings use line contact between the rolling elements
and the raceways, which optimizes the distribution of stress factors at the
point of contact between the roller and the raceway. This construction means
that cylindrical roller bearings have a very high radial load rating.
Depending on the design, they may also be able to transmit limited amounts
of axial loads. >>
Tapered Roller Bearings
Tapered Roller Bearings have tapered raceways in the inner and outer
rings with conical rollers arranged between them.
Due to the contact angle, tapered roller bearings can absorb high radial and
axial forces in one direction.
Tapered roller bearings are often fitted in pairs to support axial forces in both
directions. >>
Needle Roller Bearings
Needle Roller Bearings are a special type of cylindrical roller bearing

which containing very long, thin rolling elements, known as needle
rollers. The ratio of diameter to length is between 1:3 and 1:10.
Needle roller bearings have a high load rating and are only suitable for
radial forces.
If space is a constriction, needle bearings can be a good solution. >>

3- Types of bearing loads:
• Radial Loads.
• Axial Loads.
• Combined load.
3- bearing in Mechanical Design:
3-1- Bearing Dimensions and Designations:

The dimensions of bearings (bore, outer diameter, width) are internationally
standardized.
The size of a bearing has to be known for its installation on a shaft and in a
housing. This is determined by the
dimensions of the outer geometry of the bearing and includes:
› Diameter of the bearing bore d
› Outer diameter D
› Nominal width B
› Height of the bearing T
› Edge reduction r
- Breakdown of a bearing designation:

3-2- bearing Fit:
Fitting-Calculator.......
3-3- Design of shafts and housings for optimum operation and
performance:
3-2-1- Accuracy of the shoulder and fillet radii:
1. Radial bearings
For radial bearings, the shaft and housing shoulders must be high enough to
adequately support the bearing face.
that the shoulder height (h) be large enough to provide sufficient support for
the bearing faces. The bearing rings must not overlap the fillets of the shaft or
the housing. The largest fillet radius ra of the shaft or the housing must be
smaller than the smallest edge radius r(min) or r1 (min) of the bearing ring
2. Thrust bearing:
For thrust bearings, attention must be paid to the perpendicularity and location
of the supporting surfaces. For axial ball bearings,
the diameter of the housing shoulder D a should be less than the pitch circle
diameter of the balls,
and the diameter of the shaft shoulder da should be greater than the pitch
circle diameter of the balls. For axial roller bearings,
it is recommended that the shaft and housing shoulders support the entire
contact length between the rollers and the rings.
3-4- Bearing seals:
Seals can prevent lubricants from escaping and stop dust, water and other
harmful. substances such as metal particles from getting into the bearing. By
doing so, they help to ensure that bearings last as long as possible. Seals must
not cause excessive friction and should only allow a small amount of seal
wear. External seals should also be easy to fit and remove.
Types of Seals:
- Contact seals.
- Non-contact seals.
Contact seals: work by means of physical contact between the shaft and the
seal. They can be made from materials such
as synthetic rubber, synthetic resin or felt. Radial shaft seals with rubber lips
are the most common type.
1. Radial shaft seals:
The sealing lips are usually made from synthetic rubber nitrile, acrylate,
silicone. Radial shaft seals made from synthetic rubber can lead to
problems such as overheating, wear and seizing if there is no oil film
between the sealing lip and the shaft. For this reason, a small amount of
lubricant should be applied to the sealing lips when the seals are installed.
the shaft’s contact surface must be smoothly finished and the concentricity
should be less than 0.02 to 0.05 mm.
2. Felt seals:
Felt seals are among the simplest and most common seals. They are
used for applications such as gear shafts. If oil is used as a lubricant,
it can soften the felt, which can cause leaks. For this reason, seals
of this kind are only used for grease lubrication. They serve to
prevent dust and other foreign matter from entering the bearing.
Non-contact seals: Some types of seal do not come into contact with the
shaft. These include oil groove seals, flingers and labyrinth seals, for example.
As they have little running clearance, they usually have a sufficient sealing
action. Centrifugal forces also help to prevent contaminant ingress and
lubricant loss.
1. Gap seals
Gap seals feature a thin cavity between the shaft and the housing and have
multiple grooves in the housing bore, the shaft surface or both. If simple gap
seals alone are not enough, a flinger or labyrinth seal is often combined with
the gap seal (not suitable for low speeds) The grooves are lubricated with a
grease which has a worked penetration of approximately 200 to prevent dust
from entering the bearing. The thinner the cavity between the shaft and the
housing, the more effective the seal is. However, the shaft and the housing
must not come into contact with one another during operation. A width of
approximately 3 to 5 mm and a depth of around 4 to 5 mm are recommended
for the grooves. If the seal relies on grooves alone, it should have three or
more grooves.
2. Seal with a flinger (oil slinger):
A flinger deflects water and dust with the aid of centrifugal forces. Seal
mechanisms with labyrinth housings are primarily
designed to prevent oil leaks and are mainly used in relatively dust-free
environments.
3. Labyrinth seals:
Labyrinth seals are made up of interlocking segments on the shaft and housing
which are separated by a very small gap.
They are particularly well suited to preventing oil leaks around the shaft at
high speeds.
5- Choosing the right bearing and arrangement:
SKF Product select Tool :
6 - materials for bearings:
- Chrome steel >> SAE 52100.
The most common material used to produce the load-carrying components.
- Stainless Steels >> AISI 440C / ACD34 / KS440/ SV30 / AISI316.

Stainless steel materials are used to make bearing components because it is more resistant to surface
corrosion due to the higher content of chromium (~18%) with the addition of nickel. The chromium
reacts with oxygen to form a layer of chromium oxide on the surface, creating a passive film.)
- Plastic & Non-Metal >> PTFE / PEEK / UHMW.

Applications for Plastic Ball Bearings:
• Conveyor systems used in cleaning systems.
• Food processing equipment.
• Medical imaging equipment.
• Pumps and spray equipment.
7- lubrication.

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- 1- What`s a Bearing?.......

Bearings have two key functions:

Deep-Groove Ball Bearings:

In addition to radial forces, they absorb axial forces in both directions.

Angular Contact Ball Bearings:

Angular-contact ball bearings are therefore suitable for combined

Self-Aligning Ball Bearings:

This type of bearing is recommended when problems arise with the

Thrust Ball Bearings

Spherical Roller Bearings

Cylindrical Roller Bearings

Tapered Roller Bearings

Needle Roller Bearings

Needle Roller Bearings are a special type of cylindrical roller bearing

If space is a constriction, needle bearings can be a good solution. >>

3-1- Bearing Dimensions and Designations:

- Breakdown of a bearing designation:

- Stainless Steels >> AISI 440C / ACD34 / KS440/ SV30 / AISI316.

- Plastic & Non-Metal >> PTFE / PEEK / UHMW.

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