C5 Acids, Bases, and Salts

C5.
Acids, bases and salts

C5.01 What is an acid?
1. The major acids
● corrosive - dangerous on the skin, attack stonework
● powerful acids - mineral acids
● can detect using indicator
● uses
○ ethanoic acid CH3COOH - In vinegar
○ nitric acid- HNO3 - used in making fertilisers and explosives
2. What are indicators?
Indicator acid neutral alkali
Litmus red purple blue
3. PH scale
Rules for the PH scale
● Acids have a ph less than 7
● The more acidic a solution, the lower PH
● Neutral substances, such as pure water - PH 7
● alkalies - greater than 7
C5.02 Acids and alkali solutions

1. The importance of hydrogen ions
● hydrogen ions(H+) in acid solutions make litmus go red
○ conduct electricity very well
● hydroxide ions(OH-) in alkali solutions make litmus go blue
○ conduct electricity very well
2. The importance of water
1. gas hydrogen chloride is made up of covalently bonded molecules
2. if gas is dissolved in organic solvent, it’s not acid
3. However in water, conduct electricity, acid solution produced
so does for acidic oxides(sulfur, phosphorus, carbon)
C5.03 Metal oxides and non-metal oxides

1. Acidic oxides
● non-metal is heated with oxygen - acidic oxides eg) S(g) + O2(g) = SO2(g)
● acidic oxides are dissolved and it creates acid
element How it reacts Products + water then litmus
non-metals
sulfur bright blue flame colourless gas - SO2 red
Phosphorus yellow flame white solid - P2O5 red
carbon glows red colorless gas - CO2 slowly red

2. Basic oxides
● metal is heated with oxygen - basic oxides are created eg) MgO + H2O => Mg(OH)2
● basic oxides is dissolved and it makes alkaline
element How it reacts Products + water then litmus
metals
sodium yellow flame Na2O blue
magnesium bright white flame MgO slowly blue
calcium red flame CaO blue
iron yellow sparks FeO insoluble
copper doesn’t burn, turns black CuO insoluble
3. Neutral and amphoteric oxides

Neutral oxides
● do not react with either acids or alkalis
● carbon monoxide(CO)
amphoteric oxides
● a hydroxide or metal oxide that reacts with both an acid and an alkali to give a salt and water
● zinc hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide
○ ZnCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) = Zn(OH)2(s) +2NaCl(aq) - white precipitate formed
○ Zn(OH)2(s) + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2O - Zn(OH)2 - amphoteric
○ Zn(OH)2 - usually metal oxides neutralise acids but this neutralises alkaline
○ ZnO - neutralise acid, Zn(OH)2 - neutralise alkalis as well
4. Hierarchy
non-metal oxides
● acidic oxides - SO2
● neutral oxides - CO
Metal oxides
● amphoteric oxides - ZnO
● Basic oxides - CaO
C5.05 Alkalis and bases

1. What types of substances are alkalis and bases?
● Base: a substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only
● Alkali: a base that is soluble in water.
● Neutralisation
○ Acid + base = salt + water
2. Properties and uses of alkalis and bases

Bases Alkalis Antacids
Oxides and hydroxides of metal Bases dissolved in water used to neutralise acid indigestion
Mainly soluble in water Feel soapy MgO, Mg(OH)2
Solution containing OH- Na2CO3, NaHCO3
Turn litmus blue CACO3, MgCO3
C5.06 Characteristic reactions of acids

1. The reactions of acids
Salt: A compound made from an acid when a metal takes the place of the hydrogen in the aicd
● all acid
1. The reaction of acids with metal
※ If metal is too unreactive*magnesium) => no reaction all too slow
● hydrochloric acids always gives a chloride
● nitric acid always gives a nitrate
● sulfuric acid always gives a sulfate
● ethanoic acids always gives an ethaonate
Metal + acid = salt + hydrogen
2. The reaction of acids with bases and alkalis

Acid + base = salt + water
3. The reaction of acids with carbonates

Acid + metal carbonate = salt + water + carbon dioxide
C5.07 Acids and alkalis in chemical analysis

1. The test for carbonates using acid
● All carbonates react with acids to give off carbon dioxide -
use this property
● add hydrochloric acid to powered substance - gas to
limewater - cloudy
2. Tests for metal ions in salts using alkalis
● all salts - ionic compounds (positive metal ion, negative non
-metal ion)
Coloured hydroxide precipitates
● copper salts - light blue precipitate of copper hydroxide
● iron(ll) salt - light green precipitate of iron hydroxide
● iron(lll) salts- red-brown precipitate of iron hydroxide
white hydroxide precipitates
● hydroxide of calcium,zinc,aluminium
○ ZnSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) => Zn(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
● when an excess of sodium hydroxide is added, zinc and aluminium hydroxide precipitates re-dissolve t
o give colourless solutions
○ exception: calcium does not re-dissolve
● To distinguish zinc and aluminium - use ammonia solution
○ with excess ammonia solution - only zinc hydroxide precipitate re-dissolve
○ aluminium hydroxide does not re-dissolve
3. The test for ammonium salts using alkali
● to detect NH4 ions, produce ammonia gas, which turns damp red litmus paper blue
○ NH4NO3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) => NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l) + NH3(g)
○ it occurs because ammonia is more volatile base than sodium hydroxide => good displacement
C5.09 Preparing soluble salts
- react safely - does it react safely when touching acids? - no - dissolve in the water - use titration
Method A - acid plus solid metal, base or carbonate

1. an excess of the solid is added to the acid and allowed to react
a. using excess to make sure that all acid is used up
b. or acid would become more concentrated when the water is evaporated later
2. the excess solid is filtered out
3. filtrate is gently evaporated to concentrate salt solution, by heated water bath
4. when crystals can be seen forming(crystallisation point), stop heating
5. cooled down, crystals are filtered off and washed with little distilled water
Method B - Acid plus alkali by titration
titration - neutralisation of an acid with an alkali(indicator is used for detecting end-point)
1. Acid solution is poured into burette, measure the volume of solution
2. using pipette, deliver alkali solution
3. keep doing it to obtain accurate volume
4. then without indicator, put same volume, and evaporate
C5.10 Choosing a method of salt preparation

1. Soluble salts
● is the metal reactive enough to displace the hydrogen in the acid? too reactive?
● Is the base or carbonate soluble or insoluble?
2. Making salts by precipitation

● some insoluble salts - precipitated - crystallisation methods can’t be used
● so we can use precipitation e.g) Barium nitrate
○ Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) => BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
3. What happens to ions in neutralisation

acid + alkali => salt + water
Ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) => H2O(l)
● Acid: a molecule or ion that is able to donate a proton(H+)
● base: a molecule or ion that is able to accept a proton

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C5.

Acids, bases and salts

Litmus red purple blue

C5.02 Acids and alkali solutions

C5.03 Metal oxides and non-metal oxides

element How it reacts Products + water then litmus

sulfur bright blue flame colourless gas - SO2 red

Phosphorus yellow flame white solid - P2O5 red

carbon glows red colorless gas - CO2 slowly red

sodium yellow flame Na2O blue

magnesium bright white flame MgO slowly blue

calcium red flame CaO blue

iron yellow sparks FeO insoluble

copper doesn’t burn, turns black CuO insoluble

3. Neutral and amphoteric oxides

C5.05 Alkalis and bases

2. Properties and uses of alkalis and bases

Mainly soluble in water Feel soapy MgO, Mg(OH)2

Solution containing OH- Na2CO3, NaHCO3

Turn litmus blue CACO3, MgCO3

C5.06 Characteristic reactions of acids

2. The reaction of acids with bases and alkalis

3. The reaction of acids with carbonates

C5.07 Acids and alkalis in chemical analysis

C5.09 Preparing soluble salts

Method A - acid plus solid metal, base or carbonate

C5.10 Choosing a method of salt preparation

2. Making salts by precipitation

3. What happens to ions in neutralisation

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