1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

1.1 Introduction
Tourist accommodation facilities such as hotels generally tends to discharge a higher amount
of wastewater due to the high number of occupants as well as due to the tendency to consume
more water by the guests. This is reflected in the SLS 745: 2004 Part 2, where a high amount
of per capita daily wastewater flow is given for the hotel category, compared to other users. If
the wastewater is discharged to the sewer system, this higher pollutant load will cause an
additional burden on the authorities, which is not sustainable. Some other issues are as
follows,

 Apart from the wastewater flow from guestrooms and staff accommodations, there
will be wastewater coming from restaurants, kitchens and service areas too. Different
compounds in these wastewater flows will adversely affect the environment if
discharged directly to sources of water
 Even though the agricultural landscape is nearby, it is prohibited to discharge wastewater into
the agricultural landscape considering it is an inland agricultural landscape and water flow
within the agricultural landscape is very slow

Hence, it is proposed that a wastewater treatment plant is necessary for this establishment.
Under the existing conditions of the agricultural landscape, even releasing treated water
seemed questionable. Therefore, it is proposed to use the treated effluent from the plant to be
used for the indoor and rooftop gardens as well as for the surrounding landscape, as required.

1.2 Tolerance Limits

The treated effluent shall comply with the tolerance limits for the discharge of wastewater or
effluents on land for agricultural purposes (National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980) as
given in below table.

Tolerance limit values complying with NEA No. 47 of 1980

Parameter Acceptable Limit to Discharge to Water Body

Total Dissolved Solids 2000 mg/l
PH 6.5 - 8.5
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)5 250 mg/l
Oils and greases 10 mg/l
Nitrate Nitrogen 10 mg/l
 Chemical Oxygen Demand 400 mg/l
Fecal Coliform 1000 MPN/100ml
1.2.1 Determination of Influent Wastewater Characteristics
Parameter Value (mg/L)
BOD 441
COD 1083
TSS 434
TKN 168

For the design of unit processes, influent wastewater characteristics were calculated. A
summary of these characteristics is given in below table

Table 43- Influent wastewater characteristics

1.2.2 Chain of Unit Processes Proposed

Chain of unit processes proposed

1.2.3 Design of Oil and Grease Trap

Required Trap volume for a 30 min HRT was calculated as 2.34 m 3. Hence, an oil and grease
trap with a 1.35m × 1.8m footprint is provided, while water depth is taken as 1.0 m. Hence,
 provided volume is 2.43m3. A freeboard of 300 mm is also provided.
1.2.4 Design of Equalization Tank

Required Tank capacity for a 5-hour HRT was calculated as 46.67 m 3. Hence, a rectangular
equalization tank with a 6m × 4m footprint is provided, while water depth is taken as 2m.
Hence, provided volume is 48m3. Dead storage depth for submersible pump is taken as 300
mm. A freeboard of 300 mm is also provided.

0.3m

Equalization tank

1.2.5 Design of Aeration Tank

Required Tank capacity for a 16-hour HRT was calculated as 152 m3. Hence, an aeration tank
with a 12.75m × 4.25m footprint is provided, while water depth is taken as 3m. Hence,
provided volume is 162 m3. A freeboard of 400 mm is also provided.

Aeration tank
1.2.6 Design of Clarifier
Overflow rate was calculated as 18 m3/m2/day. Hence, a circular clarifier with a 4m radius and a
4m depth is provided. Hence, provided volume is 50.3 m3.

Clarifier tank

1.2.7 Sludge Disposal

Wet sludge coming from clarifier after thickening will be sent to a Filter press for sludge
dewatering. After this process, the dried sludge can be collected and can be either disposed of
or used for other purposes such as for landfills, as a soil conditioner or building material,
depending on the requirement.
1.2.8 Design of Toe Drains
Total amount of wastewater (grey & black water) generated from the project is directed to the
wastewater treatment plant via toe drains.

Total Design Flow = 224000 L/day

Q = 0.0035 m3/s

𝑣 = (1/𝑛) R2/3 S1/2

Flow velocity can be calculated by using manning’s equation,

𝑣: Flow velocity (m/s)

 𝑛: Manning’s roughness coefficient
R: Hydraulic radius (m)
S: Channel slope (m/m)

𝑛 = 0.015 (For concrete surfaces)

Take a = 200mm, b = 250mm, freeboard = 50mm

S = 0.1 (slope of the land)

v = () × ( ) 0.01 = 1.1126 m/s

0.015 0.25 + 0.15×2

Q = 𝐴V = 0.25×0.15×1.1126 = 0.042 𝑚3/𝑠

Since 0.042 𝑚3/𝑠 > 0.03 𝑚3/𝑠
Therefore, this section is adequate.

1.2.9 Odor Control

Odor originating from the wastewater treatment process will be a huge inconvenience to the
tourists as well as the staff working in the hotel. Hence, there should be measures taken to
control the air contamination due to odors.
1.2.10 Design of Toe Drains

Total amount of wastewater (grey & black water) generated from the project is directed to the
wastewater treatment plant via toe drains. Toe drains arrangement is shown in below figure.

ANNEX G - WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Calculation of Influent Wastewater Characteristics
Design Data

• Hotel has 59 no. of Double rooms, 27 no. of Deluxe rooms, 35 no. of Family rooms, 8
no. of suites and 20 no. of 2-person cabanas.
• According to SLTDA guidelines, 1.5 staff per room is required for a 5-star hotel. Hence,
hotel has total staff of 225 out of which 75% is resident and 25% is nonresident
• Hotel has an Outdoor Restaurant with 200 seating capacity
• Hotel has a Banquet hall with 330 seating capacity
 • Hotel has a Coffee shop with 100 seating capacity
• Hotel has Conference rooms with 150 seating capacity
• Hotel has a Nightclub with 100 guest capacity
• According to SLS 745: 2004 (Part 2) per capita wastewater flow, o For Hotel guest = 240
L/person/day o For Residential staff = 200 L/person/day o For Nonresidential staff = 100
L/person/day
o For Kitchen = 15 L/meal
o For Swimming Pool = 10 L/user/day
kkkkkkk

Assumptions
• Restaurants and Coffee shop serve 3 meals per day
• Nonresident staff have 2 meals per day and resident staff have 3 meals per day
• Swimming pool will be used by 90% of guests once a day
• Boiler blowdown and cooling tower bleeding do not contribute for organic load.
Assumed as used directly for gardening purposes
• Maximum number of events in Banquet hall, Conference rooms and Nightclub are one
per day, and one meal will be served
• Water demand for washing clothes 3 liters/cloth

Reference Descriptions Output

Calculation of Total Flow
No. of guests = 59×2 + 27×2 + 36×4 + 8×6 + 20×2 = 400
Discharge from guests = 400 × 240 = 96000 L/day
No. of residential staff = 225 × 75% = 169
Discharge from residential staff = 169 × 200 = 33800 L/day
No. of nonresidential staff = 225 × 25% = 56
Discharge from nonresidential staff = 56 × 100 = 5600 L/day
No. of meals for guests and staff = 400×3 + 169×3 + 56×2 = 1819
No. of meals for Outdoor restaurant & Coffee shop = 200×3 + 100×3
= 900 y
No. of meals for events = 330 + 150 + 100 = 580
Discharge from meals = (1819 + 900 + 580)×15 = 49485 L/day
Discharge from laundry = 1800 L/day Total
Flow =
Total Flow = 96000 + 33800 + 5600 + 49485 + 1800 = 186685 L/da 187
Considering a safety factor of 1.2 for fluctuations and future m3/day
developments,
Total Design Flow = 186685 L/day× 1.2 = 224000 L/day
Total
Calculation of BOD Design
Flow =
224
Average
m3/day
BOD
Population Black Grey loading
Characteristics Dining
Category water water (g
/capita
Day)
Guests Flow 240 40 170 30
BOD 10.3
54 16 5 33
Load
Res. Staff Flow 200 40 130 30
BOD 9.7
45 13.5 4.5 27
Load
Non. Res. Flow
100 20 70 10
staff
8.6
BOD
45 13.5 4.5 27
Load

Total per Population/

Category Total BOD load
capita load Meals
Guests 10.3 404 4161.2
Res. Staff 9.7 158 1532.6
Non. Res. Staff 8.6 67 576.2
Kitchen 25 2450 61250
 Restaurant 25 600 15000
Total BOD Load (g/day) 82520
BOD = (82520 × 1000)/187000 = 441 mg/L Total
BOD =
Calculation of COD 441
Total per mg/L
Population Factor Population/ Total COD
capita
Category for COD Meals load
load
Guests 10.3 1.9 404 7907
Res. Staff 9.7 1.9 158 2912
Non. Res.
8.6 1.9 67 1095
Staff
Kitchen 25 2.5 2450 153125
Restaurant 25 2.5 600 37500
Total COD Load (g/day) 202539
COD = (202539 × 1000)/187000 = 1083 mg/L
Total
Calculation of TSS COD =
1083
Average mg/L
Population Black Grey
Characteristics Dining TSS
Category water water
loading
Guests Flow 240 40 170 30
TSS 31.25
130 80 20 30
Load
Res. Staff Flow 200 40 130 30
TSS 33.5
130 80 20 30
Load
Non. Res.
Flow 100 20 70 10
staff
33
TSS
130 80 20 30
Load
Total per Population/
Category Average TSS load
capita load Meals
Guests 31.25 404 12625
Res. Staff 33.5 158 5293
Non. Res.
33 67 2211
Staff
Kitchen 20 2450 49000
Restaurant 20 600 12000
Total TSS Load (g/day) 81129
TSS = (81129 × 1000)/187000 = 434 mg/L
TSS =
Calculation of TKN 434
mg/L
Total
Population Characteristic Black Grey
Dining TKN
Category s water water
loading
Guests Flow 240 40 170 30
TKN 1.5
6 3.5 1 1.5
Load
Res. Staff Flow 200 40 130 30
TKN 1.6
6 3.5 1 1.5
Load
Non. Res.
Flow 100 20 70 10
staff
1.6
TKN
6 3.5 1 1.5
Load

Total per Population

Category Average TSS load
capita load / Meals
Guests 1.5 404 606
Res. Staff 1.6 158 252.8
Non. Res.
1.6 67 107.2
Staff
Kitchen 10 2450 24500
Restaurant 10 600 6000
Total TSS Load (g/day) 31466

TKN = (31466 × 1000)/187000 = 168 mg/L

TKN =
Summary of the wastewater characteristics: 168
Parameter Value (mg/l) mg/L
BOD 441
COD 1083
TSS 434
TKN 168
Design Calculations of Oil and Grease Trap
Reference Descriptions Output

Data and Assumptions:

• Flow rate from kitchen = 49485 L/day
• HRT of grease trap is taken as maximum 30 minutes
• Peak Factor for minute flow = 3
• Hourly flow rate is reasonably distributed as given below,
considering the morning and evening peak times
Calculations:

Average Average
Time Hourly Flow Minute Flow
(m3/h) (m3/min)
0:00-1:00 0.371 0.0062
1:00-2:00 0.495 0.0083
2:00-3:00 0.619 0.0103
3:00-4:00 0.99 0.0165
4:00-5:00 1.485 0.0248
5:00-6:00 2.474 0.0412
6:00-7:00 3.464 0.0577
7:00-8:00 4.701 0.0784
8:00-9:00 3.464 0.0577
9:00-10:00 1.979 0.033
10:00-11:00 1.485 0.0248
11:00-12:00 2.227 0.0371
12:00-13:00 2.969 0.0495
13:00-14:00 2.474 0.0412
14:00-15:00 1.979 0.033
15:00-16:00 1.485 0.0248
16:00-17:00 1.485 0.0248
17:00-18:00 2.474 0.0412
18:00-19:00 3.711 0.0619
19:00-20:00 3.464 0.0577
20:00-21:00 2.474 0.0412
21:00-22:00 1.732 0.0289
22:00-23:00 0.99 0.0165
23:00-24:00 0.495 0.0083
Total Flow 49.485
Average minute flow 0.0344
Maximum average minute
0.078
flow
Peak minute flow 1.03

Therefore, Tank volume for 30 min HRT = 0.078 × 30 = 2.34 m3

 Water depth is taken as 1.0 m. Footprint is taken as 1.8m × 1.35m.
Hence, provided volume is 2.43m3. Freeboard is taken as 300 mm.

Design Calculations of Equalization Tank

Reference Descriptions Output
Data and Assumption:
• Total Flow rate = 224000 L/day
• Maximum HRT of a tank is taken as 5 hours
• Hourly flow rate is reasonably distributed as given
below, considering the morning and evening peak times
Calculations:

Average Hourly
(Inflow –
Time Hourly Outflow
Outflow)
Flow (m3h) (m3h)
0:00-1:00 1.68 9.33 -7.65
1:00-2:00 2.24 9.33 -14.74
2:00-3:00 2.8 9.33 -21.27
3:00-4:00 4.48 9.33 -26.12
4:00-5:00 6.72 9.33 -28.73
5:00-6:00 11.2 9.33 -26.86
6:00-7:00 15.68 9.33 -20.51
7:00-8:00 21.28 9.33 -8.56
8:00-9:00 15.68 9.33 -2.21
9:00-10:00 8.96 9.33 -2.58
10:00-11:00 6.72 9.33 -5.19
11:00-12:00 10.08 9.33 -4.44
12:00-13:00 13.44 9.33 -0.33
13:00-14:00 11.2 9.33 1.54
14:00-15:00 8.96 9.33 1.17
15:00-16:00 6.72 9.33 -1.44
16:00-17:00 6.72 9.33 -4.05
17:00-18:00 11.2 9.33 -2.18
18:00-19:00 16.8 9.33 5.29
19:00-20:00 15.68 9.33 11.64
20:00-21:00 11.2 9.33 13.51
21:00-22:00 7.84 9.33 12.02
22:00-23:00 4.48 9.33 7.17
23:00-24:00 2.24 9.33 0.08
Total Flow 224.00
Average Flow 9.33
 250

200

150

100

50

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Cumulative Inflow Cumulative Outflow

Capacity to be provided = 28.73 + 13.51 = 42.24 m3

Capacity for 4-hour HRT = 224 × (5/24) = 46.67 m3
Hence, the design capacity is okay. Water depth is taken as 2m.
Footprint of the tank is taken as 6m × 4m. Dead storage depth for
submersible pump is taken as 300 mm. Freeboard is taken as 300mm.

Design Calculations of Aeration Tank

Reference Descriptions Output
• Soluble part of BOD is taken as 30% of total BOD
• bCOD is taken as 1.6 times BOD
• rbsCOD is taken as 25% of bCOD
• Soluble part of COD is taken as 40% of total COD
• NH4-N concentration is taken as 35% of TKN
value
• VSS is taken as 85% of TSS
sBOD = 0.3 x 441 = 132 mg/l
bCOD = 1.6 x 441 = 706 mg/l
rbsCOD = 0.25 x 706 = 177 mg/l
sCOD = 0.4 x 1083 = 433 mg/l
NH4-N = 0..35 x 168 = 59 mg/l
VSS = 0.85 x 434 = 369 mg/l

Calculation:
Design suspended growth system for BOD removal.
Step 1
Nonbiodegradable Volatile Suspended Solids (nbVSS)
𝑏𝑝𝐶𝑂𝐷𝑏𝐶𝑂𝐷𝐵𝑂𝐷 − 𝑠𝐵𝑂𝐷
={ }{ }
𝑝𝐶𝑂𝐷 𝐵𝑂𝐷𝐶𝑂𝐷 − 𝑠𝐶𝑂𝐷
𝑏𝑝𝐶𝑂𝐷 706 441 − 132
={ }{ } = 0.75
𝑝𝐶𝑂𝐷 4411083 − 433
 nbVSS = {1 − 𝑏𝑝𝐶𝑂𝐷
} VSS = {1 − 0.75} × 369 = 92 nbVSS =
mg/l 92 mg/l
𝑝𝐶𝑂𝐷

ITSS =
Inert total suspended solids
ITSS = TSS -VSS = 434 – 369 = 65 mg/l

Step 2
Specific Growth rate of nitrifying bacteria (g new cells / g

cells. d) µn = ((µ𝑛𝑚𝑁) ( 𝐷𝑂 ) - kdn

65 mg/l

𝐾𝑛+𝑁 𝐾0+𝐷𝑂 µnm = 0.75 g

VSS/g VSS.d at 20 0C Kn =
0.74 g NH4 -N/m3 at 20 0C kdn
= 0.08 g VSS/g VSS.d at 20 0C
µn =
Eq. 7.93 Values at T = 25 0C,
Table 8.11 µnm = 0.75 x 1.07(25 – 20) = 1.052 g VSS/g VSS.d Kn =
for T=200C 0.74 x 1.053(25 – 20) = 0.958 g NH4 -N/m3 kdn = 0.08 x
1.04(25 – 20) = 0.097 g VSS/g VSS.d
Eq. 2.25
Minimum DO level to be maintain, DO = 2.0 mg/L = 2.0 g/m3
0.191
Effluent NH4 -N concentration, N = 0.5 mg/L = 0.5 g/m3
Half saturation coefficient for DO, K0 = 0.5 g/m3
Table 8.11 Hence, µn = ((µ 𝑛𝑚𝑁
)( 𝐷𝑂
) - kdn
𝐾𝑛+𝑁 𝐾0+𝐷𝑂

µn = 0.191 g/g.d (g new cells / g cells.

d) Design
SRT =
Step 3
7.8 days
Determination of Theoretical & design SRT
Theoretical SRT = 1/ µn = 5.229 d
FS = TKN peak / TKN average = 1.5
Eq. 7.37 Design SRT = FS x Theoretical SRT
Design SRT = 7.8 days

Step 4
Calculating Biomass Production PX,bio = A + B + C
Heterotrophic Biomass (A) = 𝑄𝑌 (𝑆0 −𝑆)

1+kd SRT
Eq. 8.15
Cell debris (B) = 𝑓𝑑 𝑘𝑑 𝑄𝑌 (𝑆0 − 𝑆) 𝑆𝑅𝑇
1 + kd SRT

Nitrifying biomass (C) = QY n (NOx)

1+kd SRT
Flow rate (Q) = 224 m3 /day
Biomass yield (Y) = 0.4 g VSS/ g bCOD
Eq. 8.10 Influent substrate Concentration (S0) = 706 g bCOD/m3
 Concentration of growth-limiting substrate in solution (S)

S = Ks[1+ kd SRT]

SRT(µm − kd) − 1

Half velocity Constant (Ks) = 20 g bCOD/m3

Maximum Specific growth rate (µm) = 6 g VSS/g
VSS.d Endogenous decay coefficient (kd) = 0.12 g
VSS/g VSS.d fd = 0.15, kd at 250C,
Ks = 20x1(25-20) = 20 g bCOD/m3 µm = 6x1.07(25-
20)
=8.415 g VSS/g VSS.d kd = 0.12x1.04(25-20) =
0.146 g VSS/g VSS.d

Hence, S = Ks[1+ kd SRT] = 0.67 g bCOD/m3

SRT(µm − kd) − 1

Heterotrophic Biomass (A) = 𝑄𝑌 (𝑆0 −𝑆)

= 29.548 kg/d
1+kd SRT
Eq. 8.11 Cell debris (B) = 𝑓𝑑 𝑘𝑑 𝑄𝑌 (𝑆0 − 𝑆) 𝑆𝑅𝑇 = 5.047 kg/d PX,bio=
1 + kd SRT 36.945
Yn = 0.12 g.VSS/ g.NH4-N Kg/d
Assume, Nox = 0.8 x TKN = 134 g/m3
Nitrifying biomass (C) = QY n (NOx)
= 1.684 kg/d
1+kd SRT
Then,
Biomass Production PX,bio = A + B + C = 29.548 + 5.047 + 1.684
= 36.279 kg/d

Eq. 8.18 Step 5

Determination of the amount of Nitrogen oxidized to Nitrate
Nitrogen oxidized = Nitrogen in influent - Nitrogen in effluent -
Nitrogen in cell tissue
Q(NOx) = Q(TKN0) - QNe – 0.12 PX,bio
NOx = TKN0 - Ne - PX,bio /Q
= 168 - 0.5 - 0.12 x 36279 / 224
= 148 g/m3
(NOx)new - (NOx)old = 148 - 134 = 14 g/m3 > 1.0

Step 6
Determination of the Biomass Production with new value of
NOx
(NOx)new
(NOx)old SRT C PX,bio (NOx)new -
(NOx)old
3 3
g/m day Kg/d Kg/d g/m g/m3
134 7.8 1.684 36.769 148 22
148 7.8 1.860 36.945 148 0
 ⸫ NOx = 148 mg/l
Hence, C = 1.860 Kg/d
PX,bio= 36.945 Kg/d

Step 7
Determination of the concentration & masses of VSS & TSS
in aeration basin
Mass = PX (SRT)
Eq. 8.15 PX, VSS = A + B + C + D PX, VSS
D = QXO,i = nbVSS in the influent = 224 x 92/1000 kg/d = 20.60 =56.857
kg/d kg/d
Eq. 8.16 PX, VSS = A + B + C + D = 57.055 kg/d
PX, TSS = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + D + Q (TSS0 -VSS0) PX, TSS =
Eq. 7.54 0.85 0.85 0.85 78 kg/d
= (29.54/0.85) + (5.047/0.85) + (1.860/0.85) + 20.6 + 224 x (434
Mass of
- 369) /1000 = 78 kg/d MLVSS =
445 kg
Mass of MLVSS = XVSS V = PX, VSS x SRT = 57.055 x 7.8 = 445 kg
Mass of MLSS = XTSS V = PX, TSS x SRT = 78 x 7.8 = 608 kg Mass of
MLSS =
608 kg
Step 8
Determination of the Aeration tank volume
Design MLSS is taken as 4000 mg/L
HRT =
XTSS V = PX, TSS SRT
V =𝑃 𝑋,𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑅𝑇
16.3 h
= 608 x 1000/4000 = 152 m3
XTSS
HRT= V/Q = 152 x 24 / 224 = 16.3 h
According to Table 8-26, HRT shall be in the range of 4 - 8 hours.
However, this waste has high amount of nbVSS and iTSS.
Therefore, it got high HRT. If F/M ratio and volumetric BOD
loading is in the given range, it can accept tank volume.
However, tank volume can be reduced by introducing a grit
chamber as a pre-treatment.

Step 9
Determination of MLVSS
Eq. 7.60
Fraction VSS = 445 kg VSS = 0.90
608 kg TSS
F/M = 0.22 g
Table BOD / g
MLVSS = 0.90 x 4000 g/m3 = 3600 g/m3
8.16 MLVSS.d

Eq. 7.61 Determination of F/M ration and BOD volumetric loading Lorg =
F/M = QS0 /XV = 224 x 441 = 0.22 g BOD / g MLVSS.d
0.65 kg
Table
BOD / m3.d
8.16
F/M ratio is within the acceptable range of 0.2–0.6 g BOD / g
MLVSS.d
Determine Volumetric BOD loading Lorg =
224 x 441
QS0 /V = = 0.65 kg BOD /
3
m .d
1000 x 152
Lorg = 0.65 kg/m3.d kg/m3 .d
Lorg ratio is within the acceptable range of 0.3 - 1.6 kg BOD /
m3.d.
Height (H) of the aeration tank = 3 m
Length (L) : Width (W) = 3 : 1
L x W x H = 152 m3
3W x W x 3 = 152 hence W = 4.1m

Let’s take W = 4.25 m, then L = 3 x 4.25 = 12.75 m

Dimension Value
Length (L) 12.75 m
Width (W) 4.25 m
Height (H) 3.0 m
Freeboard 0.4 m
Volume (V) 162 m3

Step 10
Determination of the observed yield based on TSS and VSS

a. Observed yield based on TSS bCOD removed = Q (S0 -S)

= 224 (706 - 0.67) /1000 kg/d =158 kg/d
Yobs,TSS = PX, TSS / bCOD removed
 = PX, TSS / Q (S0 -S) Yobs,TSS =
= 78 /158 kg TSS/kg bCOD 0.78 g
= 0.49 g TSS/g bCOD TSS/ g
= 0.49 x 1.6 g TSS/ g BOD = 0.78 g TSS/ g BOD BOD

b. Observed yield based on VSS

Fraction VSS = 0.90, Then,
Yobs,VSS =
Yobs,VSS VSS/TSS = 0.78 x 0.9 1.12 g
= 0.70 g VSS/g bCOD
VSS/g
= 0.70 x 1.6 g VSS/g bBOD = 1.12 g VSS/g
bBOD
bBOD Step 11
Calculating the Oxygen demand
R0 = 10.42
R0 = Q (S0 -S) - 1.42 PX,bio + 4.33 Q(NOX)
kg/h
= 224 x (706−0.67) - 1.42 x 36.945 + 4
.33 x 224 x 148 = 10.42 kg/h
1000 1000

Step 12
Fine bubble aeration design
Air flow rate at average design flow rate,
Aeration tank depth = 3.5 m
Diffuser height from bed = 0.1 m
Eq. 5.55
a. Determination of C Ŝ,T,H
i. DO concentration in water at temperature; Colombo
Table D-1
Temperature: 25 0C
(Append.
D) C20 = 9.08 mg/L , C25 = 8.24 mg/L

ii. Relative pressure at Colombo at elevation of 1 m

Pb/Pa = exp {− 9 .81 𝑥 28.97 𝑥 (1−0) } = 1.0
8314 𝑥 (273.15+25)
(Append.
B)
Hence, Oxygen concentration at 1 m and 25 0C
C S,T,H = 8.24 mg/L x 1.0 = 8.24 mg/L

iii. Atmospheric pressure 1 m and 25 0C

Patm,H = 1 .0 x 101.325 = 10.34 m
9.802
iv. Average dissolved Oxygen saturation concentration
Assuming the percent oxygen concentration leaving the aeration
tank is 19%,
C S,T,H = 8 .24
x {+ } = 9.20
mg/L
2

b. Determination of SOTR α = 0.5, β = 0.95,

F = 0.9

SOTR = {5 .1 𝑥 9.08 𝑥 1.024^(20.25) }= 13.60

kg/h
0.5 𝑥 0.9 𝑥 [0.95 𝑥 9.20−2]

c. Air flow rate

Air flow rate, m3 /min = SOTR (kg/h) E (60 min/h) (kg O2 /m3
air)
 Density of air = PM/RT = { }=
(Append. Air pressure = 0.99989 x 101.325 kPa = 101.313 kPa Air flow
B) 101313.4 𝑥 28.97 rate = 2.36
1.18405 kg/m 3
m3
8314 𝑥 (273.15+25)
/min
Corresponding amount Oxygen by weight = 0.2318 x 1.18
= 0.274 kg O2 /m3 air
Assume, fine bubble ceramic diffusers with an aeration. Clean
water O2 transfer efficiency is 35%.
Air flow rate, m3 /min = SOTR (kg/h)
E (60 min/h) (kg O2 /m3 air)

=
0.
= 2.36 m3 /min

Step 13
Determination of the amount of alkalinity needed

a) Prepare an alkalinity mass balance

Alkalinity to be added to maintain pH ~ 7

= Influent Alkalinity - Alkalinity used + Alkalinity produced
i. Influent Alkalinity = 200 g/m3 as CaCO3 ii. Alkalinity used
= 7.14 (148 g NO3 -N/m3) = 1057 g/m3 iii. Alkalinity needed
to maintain neutral pH = 80 g/m3 as CaCO3
b) Calculate Alkalinity to be added from above equation

Alkalinity to be added = (80 – 200 + 1057) = 937 g/m3 as CaCO3

Mass of alkalinity needed = (1057 g/m3) (224 m3 /d)
(1kg/103g) = 237 kg/d as CaCO3
Mass of Na(HCO3) needed = (237
kgCaCO3/m3) (84 Na(HCO3)/eq
50 CaCO3/eq

= 446 kg/d as NaHCO3

Step 14
Estimation of effluent BOD
Assume sBODe = 3.0 g/m3, Practical sBOD measurement value
appears to be in the range of 2 to 4 mg/L.
TSS = 200 mg/L; (No permissible value given in gazette No.
2264/17 of 27/01/2022)
Eq. 825 BOD = sBODe + (1.0 g BOD/ 1.42g VSS) (0.85 g VSS/g TSS)
(TSS g/m3) = 3 + (1/1.42) x 0.85 x 200 = 123 g/m3
Permissible value given in gazette No. 2264/17 of 27/01/2022 for
BOD is 200 g/m3. Hence OK.
Design Calculations of Clarifier
Reference Descriptions Output
Design flow rate (Q) = 224 m3
MLSS = 4000 mg/l
Shape of the clarifier = Circular

Table 8.7, Assume settling followed by air activated sludge.

Metcalf & Overflow rate = 16 -28 m3/m2.day
Eddy
Assume overflow rate as 22 m3/m2.day
𝑄
Area = m2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Clarifier diameter = = 3.60 m

Let’s take clarifier diameter as 3.60 m
Corresponding area = 10.18 m2
Corresponding overflow rate = 22.0 m3/m2.day
⸫ Overflow rate is within the acceptable limit.
Solid loading rate (SLR) = ( 1 + 𝑅)𝑄.𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆

Xr = 4000 – 12000 mg/l, Assume Xr as 8000 mg/l.

R=𝑋= 4000
= 1.0
𝑋𝑟−𝑋 8000−4000

Hence, SLR = (1+1) 𝑥 224 𝑥 4000 = 7.33 kg MLSS/m2.h

10.18 𝑥 24 𝑥 1000
Acceptable limit of SLR = 4 - 6 kg MLSS/m2.h
⸫ Calculated SLR is high compared to acceptable limit.
Therefore, let’s assume overflow rate as 18 m3/m2.day
 𝑄
Area = m2
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

Clarifier diameter = = 3.98 m

Let’s take clarifier diameter as 4.00 m
Corresponding area = 12.57 m2
Corresponding overflow rate = 17.83 m3/m2day. Overflow rate is
within the acceptable limit.
Solid loading rate (SLR) = ( 1 + 𝑅)𝑄.𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆

𝐴
Xr = 4000 – 12000 mg/l, Assume Xr as 8000 mg/l.
R=𝑋= 4000
= 1.0
𝑋𝑟−𝑋 8000−4000

Hence, SLR = (1+1) 𝑥 224 𝑥 4000 = 5.94 kg MLSS/m2.h

12.57 𝑥 24 𝑥 1000

Acceptable limit of SLR = 4 - 6 kg MLSS/m2h. Calculated SLR

is within the acceptable limit. Hence OK.
Let’s take clarifier depth = 4.0 m (3.5 – 6 m)
Clarifier volume = 12.57 x 4 = 50.3 m3

Design Calculations of Filter Press

Reference Descriptions Output
Sludge produced in clarifier
PX, TSS = 78 kg/d = 3.25 kg/h Sludge
storage tank capacity
Amount of wet sludge = 2% ds
= 27.356 x 100/2x 10-3 = 1.96 m3/d
Sludge is pumping to the sludge mixing tank while polymer is
dosed to the pumping main.
Minimum of 20% db can be produced from the filter press
Capacity of the filtrate tank = (1.96–78)x100/20x10-3 = 1.57 m3
Capacity of the hopper = 78 x 100/20 kg/d = 390 kg/d
Polymer requirement = 1x10-3 kg/m3 x 1.37 kg/d = 1.96 g/d