Group - S of P

1. Group/s of people living in this world without religion.
Explain each of it, their beliefs,

customs, principles, and their concept or perspective to god.
1. Atheists: Atheists do not believe in the existence of any deity or deities. Their beliefs are
often rooted in skepticism and a reliance on scientific reasoning. Atheism can encompass a
wide range of views, from strong atheism, which asserts that no gods exist, to weak atheism,
which simply lacks belief in gods without making a definitive claim. Atheists often value
empirical evidence and the scientific method, seeking to understand the universe through
observation and experimentation. Customs among atheists may include celebrating secular
holidays and engaging in community service, but they typically do not have rituals associated
with worship.
2. Spiritual but Not Religious (SBNR): This group includes individuals who identify as spiritual
and seek meaning and purpose in life without adhering to organized religion. They may draw
from various religious traditions or philosophies, creating a personalized spiritual practice that
resonates with them. SBNR individuals often believe in a sense of connection to something
greater than themselves, which they may define as the universe, nature, or a collective
consciousness, rather than a specific deity. Their customs can include meditation, mindfulness
practices, or participation in nature-based rituals. Each of these groups approaches the concept
of God and spirituality from different angles, often emphasizing human experience, reason, and
ethical living over traditional religious frameworks.
2. Purpose of god in creating human beings in non- Islamic perspectives.
1. Christianity: In Christian theology, the purpose of human creation is often understood as a

divine plan for love and relationship. Humans are created in the image of God (imago Dei) to
have fellowship with Him. The ultimate purpose is seen as glorifying God and enjoying a
personal relationship with Him, marked by obedience and moral living, often centered around
the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
2. Judaism: In Jewish thought, the purpose of human beings is to participate in the ongoing
creation of the world through acts of kindness, justice, and adherence to the commandments
(mitzvot) of the Torah. Humans are viewed as co-creators with God, tasked with improving the
world (tikkun olam) and upholding ethical standards.
3. Hinduism: Hinduism presents a diverse range of beliefs regarding the purpose of life. Central
to many interpretations is the concept of dharma, or duty, which varies according to one's
position in society and stage of life. The ultimate goal is often seen as achieving moksha, or
liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara), through self-realization and
understanding one’s unity with Brahman, the ultimate reality.
4. Buddhism: While Buddhism does not center around a creator God, it emphasizes the
purpose of human existence as the attainment of enlightenment (nirvana) through the
understanding of the Four Noble Truths and following the Eightfold Path. It teaches that human
suffering can be transcended through mindfulness, ethical living, and wisdom.
3. Philosophy of religion. Enumerate and explain each of it.
The philosophy of religion is a branch of philosophy that examines the concepts, beliefs, and
practices associated with religion. It addresses fundamental questions regarding the nature of
the divine, the examination of religious experiences, and the implications of religious beliefs for
human life. Here are some key areas within the philosophy of religion:
1. Metaphysics of Religion: This area explores the nature of the divine, the existence of God,
and the relationship between God and the universe. Philosophers ask questions such as: What
is God? Is God necessary or contingent? What attributes does God possess (e.g., omnipotence,
omniscience, benevolence)? Theistic arguments, such as the cosmological, teleological, and
ontological arguments, are central to this discussion.
2. Epistemology of Religion: This branch investigates the nature and scope of religious
knowledge and belief. It questions how we come to know about God or the divine and what
justifies religious beliefs. Important topics include the problem of religious experience, the role
of faith versus reason, and the validity of religious texts. Philosophers may also explore the
issue of religious pluralism and the implications of differing religious claims.
3. Ethics and Religion: This area examines the relationship between religion and morality.
Philosophers discuss whether moral values are grounded in divine commands, whether ethics is
independent of religion, and how religious beliefs influence moral behavior. Key questions
include: Are moral truths objective or subjective? Can one be moral without adhering to a
religious framework? What role does conscience play in ethical decision-making?
4. Philosophy of Religion and Science: This branch analyzes the relationship between religious
beliefs and scientific understanding. It explores how religious explanations coexist with
scientific explanations of the world, addressing topics such as creationism versus evolution, and
the implications of scientific discoveries for religious belief. Philosophers may also engage with
questions about the nature of miracles and the possibility of divine intervention in a
scientifically explained world.
5. Philosophy of Religion and Existentialism: This area delves into the existential questions
raised by religious belief, such as the meaning of life, suffering, and the search for purpose.
Philosophers like Soren Kierkegaard emphasize the subjective experience of faith and the
importance of individual choice in relation to God. Existentialist thought often grapples with the
tension between faith and doubt, as well as the human condition's inherent struggles.
6. Comparative Religion: This field involves the philosophical analysis and comparison of
different religious traditions. It studies the similarities and differences in beliefs, practices, and
ethical systems across various religions. Philosophers may engage in dialogue about the nature
of religious truth and the impact of cultural context on religious expression.
7. Philosophy of Religion and Atheism: This area examines the philosophical arguments for
atheism and secularism. It investigates the implications of rejecting religious belief, including
moral, existential, and social dimensions. Philosophers may analyze arguments such as the
problem of evil, which questions how a benevolent God could allow suffering, and explore the
consequences of a secular worldview.

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1. Group/s of people living in this world without religion.

Explain each of it, their beliefs,

2. Purpose of god in creating human beings in non- Islamic perspectives.

1. Christianity: In Christian theology, the purpose of human creation is often understood as a

3. Philosophy of religion. Enumerate and explain each of it.

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