History of Computers

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Content
1. Introduction
2. Chapter 1: [The early year of computing] (page 1- )
3. Chapter 2: [The birth of the computer] (page - )
4. Section 1: [Electro-mechanical computing devices]
(page - )
5. Section 2: [Electronic computing devices] (page - )
6. Conclusion (page - )
7.Bibliography (page - )
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Intro ~
The history of computers is a story of human ingenuity
and innovation, spanning over two centuries. From
humble beginnings as simple calculating machines to the
powerful, ubiquitous devices we use today, computers
have revolutionized the way we live, work, and
communicate.
The journey begins with Charles Babbage’s vision of a

mechanical computer, the Difference Engine, in the early
19th century. Later, Ada Lovelace’s work on the Analytical
Engine laid the foundation for modern programming. In
the 20th century, the development of electronic
computers transformed the landscape. Pioneers like
Konrad Zuse, Alan Turing, and John Mauchly pushed the
boundaries of technology, leading to the creation of the
first electronic computers, like ENIAC and UNIVAC.The
microprocessor revolution of the 1970s and 1980s
brought computers to the masses, with the rise of
personal computers and the internet. Today, computers
are an integral part of our daily lives, from smartphones
and laptops to servers and supercomputers.
The history of computers is a testament to human

creativity, perseverance, and innovation, shaping the
world as we know it.
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The early year of computing ~

The early years of computing were marked by innovation
and experimentation, laying the foundation for the
modern computers we use today. In the early 19th
century, Charles Babbage conceptualized the first
mechanical computer, the Difference Engine, and later
the Analytical Engine, which could perform calculations
and store data.
Ada Lovelace, daughter of Lord Byron, wrote the first

computer program in 1848, recognizing the potential of
the Analytical Engine to go beyond mere calculation. Her
vision of a machine that could create music and art, as
well as perform mathematical tasks, was well ahead of its
time.In the late 19th century, Herman Hollerith developed
a punch-card system for data processing, which was used
in the 1890 US Census. This innovation led to the
development of mechanical tabulators and the founding
of IBM.
The early 20th century saw the rise of analog computers,
which used continuous physical phenomena, like
electrical voltages, to solve problems. Vannevar Bush’s
Differential Analyzer, developed in 1931, was a significant
example of this technology.The invention of the electronic
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computer in the 1940s revolutionized computing. John

Atanasoff’s ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) and ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer),
developed in the 1940s, were the first electronic
computers. These machines used vacuum tubes to
perform calculations and laid the foundation for modern
digital computers.
The birth of the computer ~
The birth of the computer can be traced back to the early
19th century, when mathematician Charles Babbage
conceptualized the first mechanical computer, the
Difference Engine. However, it wasn’t until the mid-20th
century that the modern computer as we know it today
was born.
The 1940s saw the development of the first electronic
computers, including ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer) and UNIVAC I (Universal
Automatic Computer). These machines used vacuum
tubes to perform calculations and were the precursors to
modern digital computers.
The invention of the transistor in 1947 revolutionized
computer design, leading to smaller, faster, and more
reliable machines. The development of programming
languages like COBOL and FORTRAN in the 1950s and
1960s enabled computers to be used for practical
applications.
The birth of the computer also saw the establishment of
companies like IBM, Apple, and Microsoft, which would go
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on to shape the industry. The introduction of personal

computers in the 1970s and 1980s brought computing to
the masses, transforming the way people worked,
communicated, and lived.
In conclusion, the birth of the computer was a gradual
process, spanning centuries and involving the
contributions of many innovators. From Babbage’s
mechanical dreams to the electronic marvels of the 20th
century, the computer has evolved to become an integral
part of modern life.
Electro-mechanical computing devices ~

Electro-mechanical computer devices were a precursor to
modern digital computers, using a combination of
electrical and mechanical components to perform
calculations and process information. Here are some brief
examples:
1. *Z1 (1936)*: Konrad Zuse's first computer, using binary

arithmetic and floating-point numbers.
2. *Z3 (1941)*: Zuse's improved machine, fully automatic

and programmable.
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3. *Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) (1942)*: John

Atanasoff and Clifford Berry's digital electronic computer,
using vacuum tubes and binary arithmetic.
4. *ENIAC (1946)*: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert's

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, a large-
scale digital computer using vacuum tubes.
5. *UNIVAC (1951)*: The first commercial computer,

designed for business applications and using magnetic
tapes for storage.
These devices paved the way for the development of

modern digital computers, which would eventually
replace electro-mechanical systems with fully electronic
and integrated circuit designs.
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Electronic computing devices ~

Electronic computing devices have revolutionized the way
we live, work, and communicate. These devices have
come a long way since the invention of the first electronic
computer, ENIAC, in 1946. Today, we have a wide range
of devices, from small wearables to powerful servers, that
have transformed every aspect of our lives.
One of the most significant impacts of electronic

computing devices is the way they have enabled rapid
communication and information sharing. The internet,
made possible by these devices, has connected people
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across the globe, fostering global collaboration,

commerce, and education. Social media platforms,
messaging apps, and email have made communication
faster and more convenient.
Electronic computing devices have also transformed the

way we work. They have automated many tasks,
increasing productivity and efficiency. They have enabled
remote work, flexible schedules, and access to a global
talent pool. Industries like e-commerce, online education,
and healthcare have been revolutionized by these
devices.
Moreover, electronic computing devices have opened up

new avenues for entertainment, education, and creativity.
They have enabled the development of new forms of
media, like videos, podcasts, and blogs. They have also
made it possible for people to access vast amounts of
information, learn new skills, and express themselves
creatively.
However, electronic computing devices also raise

important ethical and environmental concerns.
Cybersecurity threats, data privacy concerns, and the
environmental impact of e-waste and energy
consumption are some of the challenges we need to
address.
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In conclusion, electronic computing devices have had a

profound impact on modern society. While they offer
numerous benefits and opportunities, it is important to
address the challenges they pose and ensure responsible
development and use of technology. By doing so, we can
harness the full potential of these devices to create a
better future for all.
Resolution ~
In conclusion, the history of computers is a rich and
fascinating story that spans centuries, from the early
mechanical calculators to the modern digital computers
that have revolutionized our world. From Charles
Babbage's vision of a mechanical brain to the
development of the internet and beyond, computers have
evolved through innovation, perseverance, and
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collaboration. Today, computers are an integral part of

our daily lives, transforming the way we work,
communicate, and live. As technology continues to
advance, it is clear that the future of computing will be
shaped by artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and
the Internet of Things. As we look to the future, we
honour the pioneers who have brought us to this point
and embrace the exciting possibilities that lie ahead.
The future of computing holds much promise, but it is up
to us to ensure that its benefits are equitably distributed
and its risks are mitigated.

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0604 0562 5108 4

The journey begins with Charles Babbage’s vision of a

The history of computers is a testament to human

The early year of computing ~

Ada Lovelace, daughter of Lord Byron, wrote the first

computer in the 1940s revolutionized computing. John

on to shape the industry. The introduction of personal

Electro-mechanical computing devices ~

1. *Z1 (1936)*: Konrad Zuse's first computer, using binary

2. *Z3 (1941)*: Zuse's improved machine, fully automatic

3. *Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) (1942)*: John

4. *ENIAC (1946)*: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert's

5. *UNIVAC (1951)*: The first commercial computer,

These devices paved the way for the development of

Electronic computing devices ~

One of the most significant impacts of electronic

across the globe, fostering global collaboration,

Electronic computing devices have also transformed the

Moreover, electronic computing devices have opened up

However, electronic computing devices also raise

In conclusion, electronic computing devices have had a

collaboration. Today, computers are an integral part of

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1. Z1 (1936): Konrad Zuse's first computer, using binary

2. Z3 (1941): Zuse's improved machine, fully automatic

3. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) (1942): John

4. ENIAC (1946): John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert's

5. UNIVAC (1951): The first commercial computer,