Research 1 Introduction

Introduction
So as to fulfill the huge demand on sustainable electricity, the researchers presented
two probable solutions: nuclear power or solar power. Although Nuclear Power is the
best response to sustainable energy demand and better alternative to coal power
plants, issues about environmental impact, nuclear waste, and radiation arise at the
mere mention of nuclear power and so the researcher focused their study on solar
power instead. Solar Panels which are normally silicon based- is one of the devices
used to harvest the energy from the sun and convert it directly into electrical energy.
However, obtaining of the materials used in solar panels are expensive and toxic. For
such reason, a study conducted by Gratzel and Raegan in 1991 using dye sensitized
solar cells aimed to imitate the working mechanism of the photosynthesis and
developed it as DSSCs. DSSCs are readily available, cheap, non toxic, biodegradable,
environmentally friendly and easily extracted with or without purification (Kariem et Al.
2017).DSSCs works by converting inexpensive photon from solar energy to electrical
energy based on sensitization of wide bandgap semiconductor, dyes and electrolytes
(Bisquert & Gratzel). It comprises a number of basic parts including an electrolyte
containing a redox mediator, natural dye and a counter electrode.
DSSCs as a substitute for cheaper cost brings with it several disadvantages including
low efficiency because of the weak binding with titanium dioxide film as well as the low
charge transfer absorption in the whole visible range. The improvements to be
developed are the stability of DSSCs for long term, electrolyte leakage, dye absorption
and degradation of the dye itself. For this reason, past research studies aimed an
efficient dye sensitizer that absorb light in the visible region, good attachment at the
surface of photoelectrode to ensure fast electron transfer, good interfacial properties,
high stability to enable good absorption to TiO2, easily accepting replacement electron
from electrolyte, excited state of dye must be slightly above the TiO2 conduction band,
its ground state level below the redox potential of the electrolyte, lifetime of the dye
must be consistent with device life, stable enough to sustain about 20 years exposure to
natural light. Studies such as photonic crystals integration to increase the absorption of
photons through light scattering by Hongtao et. Al (2012), assimilation of plasmonic
metal of TiO2 to result in better scattering of light and its concentration via surface
plasmonics by Zhang et. Al (2016) , stands as the basis for further improvement.
Additionally, a design using fluorine doped tin oxide, accompanied with alcohol,
deionized water, nitrogen, TiO2 films, organic dye and ethanol was used. The method
used was through UV exposure to fully ensure the dryness and avoid organic
contamination in the substrate. Furthermore, an additional multilayer sample of TiO2
was also observed. Different devices were used, including profilometer, UV-Vis
spectrophotometer, EIS measurement, potentiostat and a source meter. All processes
and equipment will provide the precise and accurate results of optical absorption
spectra, leakage current, power conversion efficiency and device efficiency.
Work on the fabricated DSSCs photovoltaic properties undergone investigation to
identify the photochemical parameters of the cell (Taya et. Al, 2015). While on the other
hand a study discovered Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes as one of the most effective
sensitizers because of their high conversion efficiency, excellent chemical stability, and
intense charge transfer absorption in the entire visible light spectrum. However, it is
really expensive and hazardous to the environment. Commonly studied natural dyes
includes chlorophyll, anthocyanins, carotenoids, betalains, flavonoids, cyanine and
tannins.
Many studies show that chlorophyll dyes are effective photosensitizer in photosynthesis
and are potential environmentally friendly dye source (Calagero et. Al, 2009).
Chlorophyll absorbs light from red, blue, and violet wavelengths and obtains its color by
reflecting green. Thus, pigment is suitable photosensitizer in the visible light region.
Chlorophyll are found in leaves of most green plants, cyanobacteria, algae and primarily
exists as chlorophyll a.
Current studies include chlorophyll as a photosensitizer on zinc oxide semiconductor
(Tributsch, 1972) and natural dyes extracted from the leaves of pandan (Pandanus
amaryllifolices L) as a photosensitizer. Researchers come up with Ruthenium and
Osmium metal organic complexes with the most stable and effectively used for DSSC.

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Introduction

So as to fulfill the huge demand on sustainable electricity, the researchers presented

2017).DSSCs works by converting inexpensive photon from solar energy to electrical

energy based on sensitization of wide bandgap semiconductor, dyes and electrolytes

(Bisquert & Gratzel). It comprises a number of basic parts including an electrolyte

containing a redox mediator, natural dye and a counter electrode.

charge transfer absorption in the whole visible range. The improvements to be

surface of photoelectrode to ensure fast electron transfer, good interfacial properties,

photons through light scattering by Hongtao et. Al (2012), assimilation of plasmonic

contamination in the substrate. Furthermore, an additional multilayer sample of TiO2

spectrophotometer, EIS measurement, potentiostat and a source meter. All processes

spectra, leakage current, power conversion efficiency and device efficiency.

Work on the fabricated DSSCs photovoltaic properties undergone investigation to

includes chlorophyll, anthocyanins, carotenoids, betalains, flavonoids, cyanine and

Current studies include chlorophyll as a photosensitizer on zinc oxide semiconductor

amaryllifolices L) as a photosensitizer. Researchers come up with Ruthenium and

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