INDEX

SL. TABLE OF
No CONTENTS
1. CERTIFICATE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. INTRODUCTION

4. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

5. THEORY

6. APPARATUS REQUIRED

7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

8. CONCLUSION

9. SOURCES OF ERROR

10. PRECAUTION

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Kovidashree Behera of Class XII-B
has successfully completed his Physics Investigatory
project titled ““To investigate the relation between the
ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number of
turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-
designed transformer” as per the guidelines of Central
Board of Secondary Education for the academic year
2024-2025.
It is further certified that this project is the individual
and Bonafede work of the candidate.

Signature of Physics Teacher: _____________

Signature of Principal: ______________

Signature of External Examiner: ______________

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to present the Project on
“To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i)
output and input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the
secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed
transformer”
I would like to express my gratitude towards me I
express my special gratitude to my principal, Ms.
Diptimayee Mohanty for allowing me to do this
project.
I give my special thanks to my Physics Teacher Mr.
Pradyumna Upadhyaya for helping me in every regard.
Under whose guidance and constant Supervision, the
project has been completed. The instruction and
Suggestions given by him have been a major
contributor forwards the completion of the project.
At the same time, I am very thankful to my parents who
provided all necessary things and my friends helping
me a lot. I am thankful to CBSE for giving me this
opportunity. Overall, without the support of all these
people this project could not be successful.
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current circuit.
As such transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weighs only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of
tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from
one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self-made transformer.

THEORY: When an altering e.m.f. is supplied

to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with
the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus, if Ep and
Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and Np
and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and
 dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np
dф/dt _______________ (1) and
Es = -Ns
dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant,

so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np
______________ (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the
resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp
Ip can be neglected so therefore
 E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f
= Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation
ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant,
then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
And Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer,
then
Input power = output power Or Ep Ip = Es Is
or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
 IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown, that in a step-down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain
in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer in reality steps down
the current & a step down transformer steps up the
current.
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power.
i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there are no

power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

Efficiency, η = Outer Power / Input Power x 100%

= Input Power – Losses / Input Power x 100%
= 1 – losses / Input Power x 100%
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss
in a transformer:
1. Copper loss: It is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is
due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss: It is the energy loss in the form of heat
in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to
formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: It occurs in spite of
best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less
than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss: It is the loss of energy due to
repeated magnetization and demagnetization of
the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation: i.e. humming noise of a
transformer.
APPARATUS REQURIED

Iron Rod

Copper Wire

Ammeter
Volt Meter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The mutual inductance term in the primary circuit
represents the load of secondary. It has the
negative sign because it helps the source to
produce more current in response to increasing
load in the secondary circuit.
Vp = IpR1 + L1∆Ip / ∆t – M ∆Is / ∆t

The mutual inductance term in the secondary

represents the coupling from the primary and acts
as the voltage source that drives the secondary
circuit.
M ∆Ip / ∆t = IsR2 + L2∆Is / ∆t
 PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper
and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire
on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary
coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and
wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20)
of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the
input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current
through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step-up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers
by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations –
➢ In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,
computer, air conditioner, etc.
➢ A step-down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
➢ A step-down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
➢ A step-up transformer is used for the production
of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
➢ Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
➢ Transformers are used in the transmissions of
a.c. over long distances.
➢ Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.
CONCLUSION
1. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np)
with respect to the input voltage.
3. There is a loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to
heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

PRECAUTIONS
➢ Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
➢ While taking the readings of current and voltage
the A.C should remain constant.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY
1) NCERT textbook class 12
2) NCERT physics lab Manuel
3) INTERNET
4) www.yahoo.com
5) www.scribd.com
6) www.google.com
THANK
YOU