LINUX

Practical No.
-1
 Objectives-Aspiring for the position of linux system
administrator at ABC Company so I can utilize my
expertise in managing servers running on Red Hat
Enterprise or CentOS distributions efficiently .
LINUX- Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community-developed

operating system (OS) for computers, servers, mainframes, mobile
devices and embedded devices. It is supported on almost every major
computer platform, including x86, ARM and SPARC, making it one of the
most widely supported operating systems.
 The Linux OS can be found in many different settings, supporting many

different use cases. Linux is used in the following ways:
 Server OS for web servers, database servers, file servers, email servers
and any other type of shared server. Designed to support high-volume and
multithreading applications, Linux is well-suited for all types of server
applications.
 Desktop OS for personal productivity computing. Linux is an open source

and freely available desktop environment for users who prefer it to
commercial OSes.
 Headless server OS for systems that do not require a graphical user

interface (GUI) or directly connected terminal and keyboard. Headless
systems are often used for remotely managed networking server and other
devices.
 Embedded device or appliance OS for systems that require limited

computing function. Linux is used as an embedded OS for a variety of
applications, including household appliances, automotive entertainment
systems and network file system appliances.
 Network OS for routers, switches, domain name system servers, home

networking devices and more. For example, Cisco offers a version of the
Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) that uses the Linux kernel.
 Software development OS for enterprise software development. Although

many development tools have been ported to Windows or other OSes,
Linux is home to some of the most widely used open source software
development tools. For example, git for distributed source control; vim and
emacs for source code editing; and compilers and interpreters for almost
every programming language.
 Cloud OS for cloud instances. Major cloud computing providers offer

access to cloud computing instances running Linux for cloud servers,
desktops and other services.
 Linux is highly configurable and depends on a modular design that

enables users to customize their own versions of Linux. Depending on
the application, Linux can be optimized for different purposes such as:
 networking performance;
 computation performance;
 deployment on specific hardware platforms; and
 deployment on systems with limited memory, storage or computing

resources.
Users can choose different Linux distributions for specific applications or

adapt a specific distribution to incorporate custom kernel configurations.
Linux components and terminology

The Linux OS system incorporates several different components, including:
 Bootloader. A bootloader is responsible for managing the boot process of
the computer and for starting the Linux kernel. It can also be used to
manage systems that boot more than one OS.
 Kernel. The core of the Linux system, the kernel handles network access,
schedules processes or applications, manages basic peripheral devices
and oversees all file system services. The Linux kernel is the software that
interfaces directly with the computer hardware.
 Init system. The first process to run once the kernel is loaded. A process
is an instance of a program running on a computer, and the init system
initializes the system to enable it to run other processes. Init is a daemon
program that acts as the parent process to all other processes running on
the system. Init can be configured to start specific processes at system
initialization. For example, when the system will be running a web server
the init system can be configured to load all necessary web server
software.
 Daemons. This is a program that runs in the background, handling

requests for a service. A web server running on a Linux server depends on
a daemon, usually named httpd, to listen for web server requests.
 Graphical server. This is the software that controls how graphics are
displayed on a computer. Without a graphical server, users can only
interact with the Linux system through a command-line interface. The X
Window System, also known as X11 or X, is the most common graphical
server for Linux, though not the only one. X runs as a server daemon on
the system and is called upon by applications when graphical output is
required.
 Desktop environment. This is the collection of applications and user

interface controls with which users interact when using Linux as a desktop
platform. Access to the desktop environment is usually controlled through
the X Window System or another graphical system. Each desktop
environment defines its own look, including the way graphical elements like
windows, pull-down menus and files are displayed and manipulated. The
desktop environment will also include a set of default applications for
managing files and folders, text editing, running a command-line session
and other common tasks.
Unix
 Objective of UNIX
The objectives of this module is to
introduce you to managing a UNIX system

write shell scripts
process text files and generate reports (program in awk)
use system tools and utilities
develop programs based on sockets and process communication
 Unix is an Operating System that is truly the base of all Operating

Systems like Ubuntu, Solaris, POSIX, etc. It was developed in the 1970s
by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others in the AT&T Laboratories.
It was originally meant for programmers developing software rather than
non-programmers.
Unix and the C were found by AT&T and distributed to government and
academic institutions, which led to both being ported to a wider variety of
machine families than any other operating system. The main focus that was
brought by the developers in this operating system was the Kernel. Unix was
considered to be the heart of the operating System. System Structure of Unix
OS are as follows:
STRUCTRE for unix-
 The UNIX Operating System

This section outlines the basic structure of the UNIX operating
system, as a division of three parts.
kernel
schedules programs
manages data/file access and storage
enforces security mechanisms
performs all hardware access
shell
presents each user with a prompt
interprets commands types by a user
executes user commands
supports a custom environment for each user
utilities
file management (rm, cat, ls, rmdir, mkdir)
user management (passwd, chmod, chgrp)
process management (kill, ps)
printing (lp, troff, pr)
program development tools.
Some features:-
 Multiuser System. ...
 Portability. ...
 Hierarchical File System. ...
 UNIX Toolkit. ...
 Program Execution. ...
 Multitask system. ...
 Pattern Matching. ...
 The Building-Block Approach.
Window
 Objective-To
work as a Windows System Administrator in
an organization where I can utilize my knowledge and
experience to contribute to the growth of the company.
 Windows is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft.

It allows users to view and store files, run the software, play games,
watch videos, and provides a way to connect to the internet. It was
released for both home computing and professional works.
Microsoft introduced the first version as 1.0
Features provided by the Windows Operating System

 Provides an efficient speed.
 Allows disk access as well as file systems.
 Program execution is done in a smooth way.
 Protected and supervisor mode is always there.
 Memory Management is supported to allow multiprogramming.
 Provides regular updates to ease the usage.

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Practical No.

LINUX- Linux is a Unix-like, open source and community-developed

 The Linux OS can be found in many different settings, supporting many

 Desktop OS for personal productivity computing. Linux is an open source

 Headless server OS for systems that do not require a graphical user

 Embedded device or appliance OS for systems that require limited

 Network OS for routers, switches, domain name system servers, home

 Software development OS for enterprise software development. Although

 Cloud OS for cloud instances. Major cloud computing providers offer

 Linux is highly configurable and depends on a modular design that

 deployment on specific hardware platforms; and

 deployment on systems with limited memory, storage or computing

Users can choose different Linux distributions for specific applications or

Linux components and terminology

 Daemons. This is a program that runs in the background, handling

 Desktop environment. This is the collection of applications and user

introduce you to managing a UNIX system

 Unix is an Operating System that is truly the base of all Operating

 The UNIX Operating System

 Windows is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft.

Microsoft introduced the first version as 1.0

Features provided by the Windows Operating System

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