1.

For each of the following input output relationships, determine whether the corresponding
system is causal or not.

a. y(n) = nx(n)

b. y(n) = x(– n)

c. y(t) = sin(x(t))

d. y(t) = x(2t)

e. y(t) = x(t) cos(t+1)

2. For each of the following input output relationships, determine whether the corresponding
system is stable or unstable.
a. 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑥(𝑡)
b. 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑡)
1
c. 𝑦(𝑡) = [𝑥(𝑛) + 𝑥 (𝑛 − 1) + 𝑥(𝑛 − 2)]
3
d. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑥(𝑛) where 𝑟 > 1
e. 𝑦(𝑛) = ∑∞ 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝜌 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘),
3. For each of the following input output relationships, determine whether the corresponding
system is time – invariant.
a. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑥(𝑛)
b. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(−𝑛)
c. 𝑦(𝑡) = sin[𝑥(𝑡)]
d. 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(2𝑡)
4. For each of the following input output relationships, determine whether the corresponding
system is causal.
a. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑥(𝑛)
b. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(−𝑛)
c. 𝑦(𝑡) = sin[𝑥(𝑡)]
d. 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(2𝑡)
e. 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 (𝑡) cos(𝑡 + 1)
5. Determine whether or not each of the following signals is periodic. If signal is periodic
determine its fundamental period.
a. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐸{cos(4𝜋𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)}
b. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐸{sin(4𝜋𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)}
c. 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
𝜋
d. 𝑥(𝑛) = cos ( 8 𝑛2 )
𝜋 𝜋
e. 𝑥(𝑛) = cos ( 2 𝑛) cos ( 4 𝑛)
6. The discrete time signal,
∞

𝑥(𝑛) = 1 − ∑ 𝛿(𝑛 − 1 − 𝑘)
𝑘=3
Determine the value of integers 𝑀 and 𝑛0 so that 𝑥(𝑛) maybe express as,
𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑀𝑛 − 𝑛0 )
7. Consider a discrete time system with input 𝑥(𝑛) and output 𝑦(𝑛) by,
𝑛+𝑛0

𝑦(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑘)
𝑘=𝑛−𝑛0
Where 𝑛0 hey is a finite positive integer.
a. Is this system linear?
b. Is this system time invariant?
8. Consider a discrete time system with input 𝑥(𝑡) and output 𝑦(𝑡) by,
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(sin(𝑡))
a. Is this system causal?
b. Is this system linear?
9. The system with input 𝑥(𝑡) or 𝑥(𝑛) and output 𝑦(𝑡) or 𝑦(𝑛). For each system, determine
whether it is i. Memoryless, ii. Stable, iii. Causal, iv. Linear or v. time invariant.
2𝑡
a. 𝑦(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑥(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
𝑑
b. 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)
0, 𝑡<0
c. 𝑦(𝑡) = { ( )
𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 (𝑡 − 2), 𝑡 ≥ 0
0, 𝑥(𝑡) < 0
d. 𝑦(𝑡) = {
𝑥(𝑡) + 𝑥(𝑡 − 2), 𝑥(𝑡) ≥ 0
e. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝐸 {𝑥(𝑛 − 1)}
f. 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛2 )
10. Let 𝑥(𝑡) be a continuous time signal, and let,
𝑡
𝑦1 (𝑡) = 𝑥(2𝑡) and 𝑦2 (𝑡) = 𝑥 (2)
Read the following statements carefully.
a. If 𝑥(𝑡) is periodic, then 𝑦1 (𝑡) is periodic.
b. If 𝑦1 (𝑡) is periodic, then 𝑥(𝑡) is periodic.
c. If 𝑥(𝑡) is periodic, then 𝑦2 (𝑡) is periodic.
d. If 𝑦2 (𝑡) is periodic, then 𝑥(𝑡) is periodic.
For each of these statements determine whether it is true, and if so, determine the
relationship between the fundamental periods of the two signals considered in the
statement.
11. A discrete time LTI system has the output 𝑦(𝑛) due to an input 𝑥 (𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛) is 𝑦(𝑛) =
2𝛿(𝑛) − 𝛿 (𝑛 − 1) + 𝛿(𝑛 − 2).
a. Find the output 𝑦1 (𝑛) due to an input 𝑥1 (𝑛) = 𝛿(𝑛 − 1).
 b. Find the output 𝑦2 (𝑛) due to an input 𝑥2 (𝑛) = 2𝛿 (𝑛) − 𝛿(𝑛 − 2).
c. Find the output 𝑦3 (𝑛) due to an input 𝑥3 (𝑛) = 𝛿 (𝑛 + 1) − 𝛿 (𝑛) + 2𝛿(𝑛 − 1).
Draw the input and output waveforms for each case.

12. Prove the following.

∞
𝑦(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥(𝜏) ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏
−∞

13. Prove the following.

∞

𝑦(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑘) ℎ(𝑛 − 𝑘)

𝑘=−∞

14. State and prove the following properties of convolution integral and convolution sum.
a. Commutative
b. Associative
c. Distributive
d. Shift property
e. Differentiation
f. Time scaling
15. Show that:
a. The convolution of an odd function and n even function is an odd function.
b. The convolution of two odd functions is an even function.
c. The convolution of two even function of an even function.
16. Prove the following convolution integral.
a. 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝛿 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) = 𝑥 (𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
b. 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝛿 (𝑡 + 𝑡0 ) = 𝑥 (𝑡 + 𝑡0 )
𝑡
c. 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝑢(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑥(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
d. 𝑥(𝑡) ∗ 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑥 (𝑡) ∗ 𝛿 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑥′(𝑡)
e. 𝑢(𝑡) ∗ 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡)
17. Determine and sketch the convolution of following two signals:
1 −1<𝑡<1
𝑥 (𝑡 ) = {
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝛿 (𝑡 + 1) + 2𝛿(𝑡 + 2)
18. Determine and sketch the convolution of the following two signals:
𝑡 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
( )
𝑥 𝑡 𝑠 = { 2 − 𝑡, 1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝛿 (𝑡 + 2) + 2𝛿(𝑡 + 1)
19. Compute the convolution of the following signals.
a. 𝑥(𝑛) = ℎ(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛)
b. 𝑥(𝑛) = (0.8)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛); ℎ(𝑛) = (0.4)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
c. 𝑥(𝑛) = ℎ(𝑛) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑢(𝑛)
d. 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛 − 1); ℎ (𝑛 ) = 𝑎 𝑛 𝑢 (𝑛 − 1)

20. Suppose that the unit impulse response of an LTI system is a unit ramp,
ℎ(𝑛) = 𝑟(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑢(𝑛)
Compute the response of this system to a unit step input 𝑥(𝑛) = 𝑢(𝑛).
Or determine the step response 𝑠(𝑛) of the LTI system characterised by the impulse
response ℎ(𝑛) = 𝑛𝑢(𝑛).
21. A. Demonstrate the validity of the following relationships:
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
′( ′( ′(
𝑦(𝑡) = (∫ 𝑥(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏) ∗ ℎ 𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥 𝜏) ∗ ℎ(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 = 𝑥 𝜏) ∗ (∫ ℎ(𝜏) 𝑑𝜏)
−∞ −∞ −∞

B. Let 𝑠(𝑡) be the unit step response of a continuous time LTI system. Show that the
response 𝑦(𝑡) to the input 𝑥(𝑡) is
∞
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 𝜏) ∗ 𝑠(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥 ′ (𝜏) ∗ 𝑠(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏
′(
−∞

22. Find the convolution of 𝑥(𝑛) = [2 1 2 − 1] and ℎ(𝑛) = [1 2 3 4] using analytical

and tabular method.
23. Find the circular convolution of 𝑥 (𝑛) = [2 1 2 − 1] and ℎ(𝑛) = [1 2 3 4] using
matrix multiplication method, analytical method and Stockham’s method.
24. If
∞

𝑦(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑛 − 𝑘)
𝑘=0
Find the value of ℎ(𝑛). Hint use 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) ∗ ℎ(𝑛)
25. If
 𝑛

𝑦(𝑛) = ∑ 𝑥(𝑘)
𝑘=−∞
Find the value of ℎ(𝑛). Hint use 𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥(𝑛) ∗ ℎ(𝑛)
26. Determine whether each of the following statements concerning LTI systems is true or
false. Justify your answers.
a) If ℎ(𝑡) is the impulse response of the LTI system and ℎ(𝑡) is periodic and nonzero, the
system is unstable.
b) The inverse of a causal LTI system is always causal.
c) If |ℎ(𝑛)| ≤ 𝐾 for each of 𝑛, where 𝐾 is given number, then the LTI system with ℎ(𝑛) as
its impulse response is stable.
d) If a discrete time LTI system has an impulse response ℎ(𝑛) of finite duration this system is
stable.
e) if an LTI system is causal, it is stable.
f) The cascade of a noncausal LTI system with a causal one is necessarily noncausal.
g) A continuous time and LTI system is stable if and only if its step response 𝑠(𝑡) is
absolutely integrable. i.e. if and only if
∞
∫ 𝑠(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 < ∞
−∞

h) A discrete time LTI system is causal if and only if its step response 𝑠(𝑛) is zero for 𝑛 < 0.
27. Find step response for the LTI systems represented by the following impulse responses:
1 𝑛
a) ℎ(𝑛) = (− 2) 𝑢(𝑛)

b) ℎ(𝑛) = 𝛿 (𝑛) − 𝛿(𝑛 − 2)

c) ℎ(𝑛) = (−1)𝑛 [𝑢(𝑛 + 2) − 𝑢(𝑛 − 3)]
d) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −|𝑡|
1
e) ℎ(𝑡) = 4 (𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 4)

28. The following are the impulse responses of continuous time LTI systems. Determine
whether each system is causal and / or stable. Justify your answers.
a) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
b) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −6𝑡 𝑢(3 − 𝑡)
c) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −6|𝑡|
d) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡)
29. The following are the impulse responses of discrete time LTI systems. Determine
whether each system is causal and / or stable. Justify your answers.
 1 𝑛
a) ℎ(𝑛) = (5) 𝑢(𝑛)

b) ℎ(𝑛) = (0.8)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛 + 2)

1 𝑛
c) ℎ(𝑛) = (2) 𝑢(−𝑛)

d) ℎ(𝑛) = (5)𝑛 𝑢(3 − 𝑛)

1 𝑛
e) ℎ(𝑛) = (− 2) 𝑢(𝑛) + (1.01)𝑛 𝑢(𝑛 − 1)

30. Let
∞

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢(𝑡) ∗ ∑ 𝛿(𝑡 − 3𝑘)

𝑘=−∞
−𝑡
Show that 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 3, and determine the value of 𝐴.
31. Perform the following on the sequences, 𝑥 (𝑛) = [1, 2, 3, 1] & ℎ(𝑛) = [1, 1, 1]
a. Linear convolution.
b. Circular convolution.
c. Circular convolution using linear convolution.
d. Linear convolution using circular convolution.
32. Find the convolution of
𝑥(𝑛) = 𝛿 (𝑛) + 3𝛿 (𝑛 − 1) + 2𝛿(𝑛 − 2) − 𝛿 (n − 3) + 𝛿 (𝑛 − 4)

ℎ(𝑛) = 2𝛿 (𝑛) − 𝛿(𝑛 − 1)