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AMT Review

review in AMT

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29 views30 pages

AMT Review

review in AMT

Uploaded by

cyril.sanchez00
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Regime Mach Number

Subsonic 𝑀 < 1

Sonic 𝑀 = 1

Supersonic 𝑀 > 1

Transonic 0.8 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 1.2

Hypersonic 𝑀 > 5
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Neglects the change in density Take account the change in density
Velocity less than 100 m/s (328 ft/s, Velocity equal or greater than 100
223mph) m/s
Mach number less than 0.3 Mach number equal or greater than
Applicable Equations: Continuity 0.3
Equations, Bernoulli’s Equation, Applicable Equations: Continuity
Equation of State Equations, Energy Equation,
Isentropic Relationships, Equation of
State
Law of Continuity

“Mass cannot be created nor destroy”


Mass Flow Rate

ṁ = ρ𝐴𝑉
ṁ = ρ1 𝐴1𝑉1 = ρ2 𝐴2𝑉2
𝒅𝑽 𝒅𝑨
+ =𝟎
𝑽 𝑨
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider the incompressible flow of water through a divergent duct. The inlet velocity
and area are 5 ft./s and 10 ft.2, respectively. If the exit area is four time the inlet area,
calculate the water flow velocity at the exit.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider a convergent duct with an inlet area A1 = 5 m2. Air enters this duct with
a velocity V1 = 10 m/s and leaves the duct exit with a velocity V 2 = 30 m/s. What
is the area of the duct exit?
Incompressible Flow
(Bernoulli’s Equation)

𝝆 𝟐 𝝆 𝟐
𝑷𝟐 + 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑽𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

“The total pressure across the flow is always constant”


SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider a duct with decreasing cross-section area with same conditions from the
previous example. If the flowing fluid has a pressure and temperature at the inlet are
1.2x105 Pa and 330 K, respectively. Calculate the pressure at the exit.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider an airplane flying with a velocity of 60 m/s at a standard altitude of 3 km. At a
point on the wing, the airflow velocity is 70 m/s. Calculate the pressure at this point.
Assume incompressible flow.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Consider an airfoil in a flow of air, where far ahead of the airfoil, the pressure, velocity,
and density are 2116 psf, 100 mph, and 0.002377 slug/ft.3, respectively. At a given point
A on the airfoil, the pressure is 2070 psf. What is the velocity at that point? Assume one
dimensional flow.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Air is flowing horizontally at a speed of 100mph through a duct 4 sq ft in cross section. The
duct gradually narrows down to a throat section. If a U tube shows a difference in pressure
between the throat and main section of 7 in of water, what is the cross sectional area of the
throat?
(Assume that the air is non-compressible and has a density of 0.002377 slugs per cu ft.).
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compressible Flow
(Specific Heat)
𝛿𝑞
𝑐≡
𝑑𝑇
𝛿𝑞 = c dT
𝛿𝑞 = 𝑐𝑣 dT Constant Volume

𝛿𝑞 = 𝑐𝑝 dT Constant Pressure
Compressible Flow
(Specific Heat Relationship)
𝒄𝒑 = 𝒄𝒗 + 𝑹

𝑹 𝒌𝑹 𝒄𝒑
𝒄𝒗 = 𝒄𝒑 = 𝒌=
𝒌−𝟏 𝒌−𝟏 𝒄𝒗
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the CP , Cv of air at standard sea level condition.
Compressible Flow
(Isentropic Relationship)
𝒌
𝒌
𝑷𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝑻𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
= =
𝑷𝟏 𝝆𝟏 𝑻𝟏

“Adiabatic and Reversible Process”


SAMPLE PROBLEM
Air at standard pressure and temperature is adiabatically compressed to 50 lb per sq in
pressure. What is the temperature?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Air at standard pressure and temperature is permitted to expand adiabatically to ½ atm
pressure, what are the density and the temperature?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
𝑘𝑔
Air at standard pressure and temperature has a density of 1.225𝑚3 ,if the air is compressed
adiabatically to 4atm, what are the temperature, density and specific weight?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
An airplane is flying at standard sea level conditions. The temperature at a
point on the wing is 250 K. What is the pressure at this point? Assuming
the flow is compressible and isentropic.
Compressible Flow
(Energy Equation)

𝟐 𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐
𝒄𝒑 𝑻𝟏 + = 𝒄𝒑 𝑻𝟐 + = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐 𝟐

“Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be


transformed from one form to another”
SAMPLE PROBLEM
𝑘𝑔
In an undisturbed airstream, the pressure is 101325 Pa, the density is 1.225 𝑚3
and the
𝑚
speed is 160 𝑠 . Find the velocity if the pressure is 90000Pa.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A supersonic wind tunnel has a reservoir temperature and pressure are 1000 K and 10 atm,
respectively. The static temperatures at the throat and exit are 833 K and 300 K,
respectively. The mass flow through the nozzle is 0.5 kg/s. For air, CP = 1008 J/(kg*K).
Calculate the (a) Velocity at the throat section (b)Velocity at the exit, (c) Exit Area
SAMPLE PROBLEM
An experimental rocket-powered aircraft is flying with a velocity of 3000 mph at an altitude
where the ambient pressure and temperature are 151 psf and 390 ⁰R, respectively. A pitot
tube is mounted in the nose of the aircraft. What is the pressure at the Pitot tube?
Disregard the effect of shockwave at the front of the pitot tube.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
You are given a job of designing a supersonic wind tunnel that has a Mach 2 flow at
standard sea level conditions in the test section. What reservoir pressure and temperature.
QUESTIONS?
IMPORTANT TIPS TO ACE THE EXAM
• UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPTS FIRST!
• Read the problem twice or more.
• List down all the given parameters.
• Assess the problem from the given parameters.
• Determine whether compressible or incompressible
• Write applicable working equations
• Evaluate the unknown from the working equations.
• Improve algebraic reasoning. Solve the problem.
• Calculate the unknown or the required parameters.
• Re-check your answers if you have remaining time.
• MOST IMPORTANTLY, PRACTICE AS MANY PROBLEMS AS POSSIBLE BEFORE THE
EXAMINATION.

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