Temperature and Heat 1

Common Temperature Scales

Temperature is a measure of the warmth or

coldness of an object or substance with
reference to some standard value.

The temperature of two systems is the

same when the systems are in thermal
equilibrium.
Temperatures are reported in degrees
Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit.
From Fahrenheit to Celsius

From Celsius to Fahrenheit

Where TC and TF are the temperature in Celsius

and Fahrenheit scale respectively
Common Temperature Scales

Example Converting from a Celsius to a Fahrenheit Temperature

A time and temperature sign on a bank indicates that the outdoor

temperature is -20.0oC. Find the corresponding temperature on
the Fahrenheit scale.

Solution
The Kelvin Temperature Scale

Although the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales

are widely used, the Kelvin temperature
scale has greater scientific significance.

Kelvin temperature

T  Tc  273.15 (3)

Experiments have shown that there exists

a lowest possible temperature, below
which no substance can be cooled. This
lowest temperature is defined to be the
zero point on the Kelvin scale and is
referred to as absolute zero.
The Kelvin Temperature Scale

• If the straight line is extended

or extrapolated to lower and
lower temperatures, the line
crosses the temperature axis at
-273.15 °C.
• In reality, no gas can be cooled
to this temperature, because all
gases liquefy before reaching it.
• The significance of this number
is that it is the absolute zero
point for temperature
measurement.

• The phrase “absolute zero” means that temperatures lower than -273.15
°C cannot be reached by continually cooling a gas or any other
substance.
• Thus, the Kelvin scale is chosen so that its zero temperature point is the
lowest temperature attainable
Kelvin Temperature Scale

Example 2 Converting from a Fahrenheit to a Celsius and Kelvin

Temperature scales

A healthy person has an oral temperature of 98.6oF. What would this

reading be on (a) the Celsius scale and (b) the Kelvin scale?

Solution

(a) Using equation (1)

(b) Using equation (3)

Thermometers

• Thermometers make use of the change in some physical property with

temperature.
• A property that changes with temperature is called a thermometric
property.
Examples

Thermometer The Thermometric Property

Mercury thermometer the length of the mercury column

The Constant-volume the pressure of the gas

gas thermometer
The thermocouple The voltage
Electrical resistance The resistance
thermometers
Thermometers

Thermocouple
Thermocouples are used to measure temperatures as high as 2300 °C
or as low as - 270 °C.
Thermometers

A constant-volume gas
thermometer.
Linear Thermal Expansion

NORMAL SOLIDS

• Most materials expand when heated and contract when

cooled.
• The increase in any one dimension of a solid is called linear
expansion, linear in the sense that the expansion occurs
along a line.
Linear Thermal Expansion

L  Lo
Linear Thermal Expansion

LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION OF A SOLID

The length of an object changes when its temperature changes:

L   Lo T

coefficient of
linear expansion

 C 
1  1
Common Unit for the Coefficient of Linear Expansion: 
C
Linear Thermal Expansion
Linear Thermal Expansion
Linear Thermal Expansion

Example 3 Linear Expansion

An aluminum baseball bat has a length of 0.86 m at a temperature of 17 °C.

When the temperature of the bat is raised, the bat lengthens by 0.000 16 m.
Determine the final temperature of the bat.

Solution

We have L = 0.00016 m, L0 = 0.86 m, Ti = 17 C, and  = 23 × 10-6 C-1

But
∆ .
× × .

Thus
Linear Thermal Expansion

Example 4 Linear Expansion

Find the approximate length of the Golden Gate Bridge if it is known that
the steel in the roadbed expands by 0.53 m when the temperature
changes from 2 to 32 °C.

Solution

We have L = 0.53 m, Ti = 2 °C, Tf = 32 °C,  = 12×10-6 C-1

T = Tf – Ti = 32 °C - 2 °C = 30 °C

But
∆ .
∆ × ×
Linear Thermal Expansion

THE EXPANSION OF HOLES

Conceptual Example 1 The Expansion of Holes

The figure shows eight square tiles that are arranged to form a square pattern
with a hole in the center. If the tiled are heated, what happens to the size of the
hole?
Linear Thermal Expansion

A hole in a piece of solid material expands when heated and contracts

when cooled, just as if it were filled with the material that surrounds it.
Linear Thermal Expansion

Conceptual Example 2 Expanding Cylinders

Each cylinder is made from a different material.

All three have the same temperature and they
barely fit inside each other.

As the cylinders are heated to the same,

but higher, temperature, cylinder C falls
off, while cylinder A becomes tightly wedged
to cylinder B.

Which cylinder is made from which material?

(a) A is brass, B is lead, C is steel
(b) A is lead, B is brass, C is steel Coefficient of
(c) A is lead, B is steel, C is brass Substance linear expansion
(d) A is brass, B is steel, C is lead  (C) -1
(e) A is steel, B is brass, C is lead Steel 12 × 10-6
(f ) A is steel, B is lead, C is brass Brass 19 × 10-6
Lead 29 × 10-6
Linear Thermal Expansion

Answers (a), (b), (e), and (f) are

incorrect.
Since the steel cylinder expands the
least, it cannot be the outer one and
also cannot be the inner one

Answers (c) and (d) are correct.

Since the steel cylinder cannot be on

the outside or on the inside, it must be
the middle cylinder B.
Volume Thermal Expansion

VOLUME THERMAL EXPANSION

The volume of an object changes when its temperature changes:

V   Vo T

coefficient of
volume expansion

Common Unit for the Coefficient of Volume Expansion:   C 

1  1

C
Volume Thermal Expansion

Example 5 An Automobile Radiator

A small plastic container, called the

coolant reservoir, catches the radiator
fluid that overflows when an automobile
engine becomes hot. The radiator is
made of copper and the coolant has an
expansion coefficient of 4.0x10-4 (Co)-1.
If the radiator is filled to its 15-quart
capacity when the engine is cold (6oC),
how much overflow will spill into the
reservoir when the coolant reaches its
operating temperature (92oC)?
Volume Thermal Expansion

Solution

When the temperature increases by 86 C°, the coolant expands by an

amount

The radiator cavity expands as if it were filled with copper ( = 5110-6 (C)-1
The expansion of the radiator cavity is

The overflow volume is

Heat and Internal Energy

DEFINITION OF HEAT

Heat is energy that flows from a higher-

temperature object to a lower-temperature
object because of a difference in temperatures.

SI Unit of Heat: joule (J)

The heat that flows from hot to cold

originates in the internal energy of
the hot substance.

It is not correct to say that a substance

contains heat.
Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

HEAT SUPPLIED OR REMOVED IN CHANGING THE TEMPERATURE

OF A SUBSTANCE

The heat that must be supplied or removed to change the temperature of

a substance is

Q  mcT
specific heat
capacity

Common Unit for Specific Heat Capacity: J/(kg·Co)

Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity
Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

Example 6 A Hot Jogger

In a half-hour, a 65-kg jogger can generate 8.0x105J of heat. This heat

is removed from the body by a variety of means, including the body’s own
temperature-regulating mechanisms. If the heat were not removed, how
much would the body temperature increase?

Q  mcT

Q 8.0 10 J 5
T    


mc 65 kg  3500 J kg  C 

3.5

C
Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity

Example 7 Taking a Hot Shower

Cold water at a temperature of 15 °C enters a heater, and the resulting

hot water has a temperature of 61 °C. A person uses 120 kg of hot water
in taking a shower.
(a) Find the energy needed to heat the water.
(b) Assuming that the utility company charges $0.10 per kilowatt hour for
electrical energy, determine the cost of heating the water.
( 1 kWh = 3.6 × 106 J)
Solution
(a) The amount of heat needed to heat the water is

(b) The number of kilowatt hours of energy used to heat the water is

At a cost of $0.10 per kWh, the bill for the heat is $0.64 or 64 cents
Problems
1. Dermatologists often remove small precancerous skin
lesions by freezing them quickly with liquid nitrogen,
which has a temperature of 77 K. What is this
temperature on the (a) Celsius and (b) Fahrenheit scales?
2. When the temperature of a coin is raised by 75 C°, the
coin’s diameter increases by 2.3 × 10-5 m. If the original
diameter of the coin is 1.8 × 10-2 m, find the coefficient of
linear expansion.
3. A 2 kg metal object requires 5.02 × 103 J of heat to raise its
temperature from 20 °C to 40 °C. What is the specific
heat capacity of the metal?