11th Bio-Zoo & Zoo EM.

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ERRORLESS MATERIAL
2024-25
STANDARD
11
BIO - ZOOLOGY
AND
ZOOLOGY
BOOK BACK Q/A
N.SENTHILKUMAR
PGT IN ZOOLOGY
GBHSS THALAIVASAL
SALEM DT
ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

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Chapter -1
The Living World
9.Differentiate between probiotics and pathogenic bacteria.

Probiotics Pathogenic Bacteria
1.Beneficial bacteria. Harmful bacteria.
They are virulent enough to induce
2.They do not have any virulence.
toxicity.
3.They maintain gut health and take They cause severe illness which
care of the gastrointestinal tract. needs prevention and treatment.
4. Example - Lactobacillus sp. Example – M.tuberculosis
10. Why mule is sterile in nature?

 Mule gets one set of chromosomes (32) from male horse and one set of
chromosomes (31) from female donkey.
 These two sets of chromosomes do not match with each other and cannot
produce gametes by meiosis. Hence mule is sterile in nature.
11. List any five salient features of the family Felidae.

 They have adaptations to detect and hunt prey.
 They are carnivores.
 They have cutting teeth to shear meat. Canine teeth are large and sharp.
 They have acute senses hearing, smell, vision and touch.
 They have well padded toes with powerful and flexible bodies.Eg: Lion & Cat.
12. What is the role of Charles Darwin in relation to concept of species?

 In 1859 Charles Darwin in his book Origin of species explains the
evolutionary connection of species by the process of natural selection.
 Darwin defined evolution as "descent with modification," the idea that
species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common
ancestor.
13. Why elephants and other wild animals are entering into human living
area?
 Elephants and other wild animals enter into human living area because of
the loss of their habitat, deforestation, mono-culture vegetation by
destroying forests.
14. What is the difference between a Zoo and wild life sanctuary?
Zoo Wildlife sanctuary
1.Sanctuaries are protected regions
1.Place where animals are maintained for
where wild animals live in natural
public display.
habitats.
2. A zoo is a collection of animals gathered
2.It contains animals native to that
from all around the country and other
area.
countries to be displayed.
3.It provides protection to animals
3.It is an artificial habitat
in their natural habitat.

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4.They are large areas where

4.They are small areas where animals are
animals are free to move
kept in cages.
anywhere.
15. Can we use recent molecular tools to identify and classify organisms?
 Yes.
 DNA barcoding (short genetic marker in an organism’s DNA to identify it as
belonging to a particular species)
 DNA hybridization (measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools
of DNA sequences)
 DNA fingerprinting (to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking
at unique patterns in their DNA)
 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis (difference in
homologous DNA sequences that can be detected by the presence of fragments
of different lengths after digestion of the DNA samples),
 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sequencing ( to amplify a specific gene, or
portion of gene,) are used as taxonomical tools.
Chapter -2
Kingdom Animalia
22. Why are spongin and spicules important to a sponge?

 Spongin and spicules are important to a sponge because they provide support
and structure, and protect the sponge from predators.
23. What are the four characteristics common to most animals?

 Cell structure, movement, consumer habits, and reproduction habits
24. List the features that all vertebrates show at some point in their
development.
 Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
25. Compare closed and opened circulatory system.

Closed circulatory system Open circulatory system
1.It is found in vertebrates and a 1.It is primarily found in invertebrates
few invertebrates, like
earthworms
2.This system has vessels that 2.Here, the blood flows freely through
conduct blood throughout the cavities since there are no vessels to
body conduct the blood.
Eg. All mammals Eg.Insects
26. Compare Schizocoelom with enterocoelom.

Schizocoelomates Enterocoelomates
1.In these animals the body cavity is 1.The body cavity is formed in from
formed by splitting of mesoderm. the mesodermal pouches of
archenteron.
eg. Annelids,arthropods. Eg Hemichordates and chordates.

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27. Identify the structure that the archenteron becomes in a developing

animal.
 The archenteron becomes the cavity of the digestive tract.
28. Observe the animal below and answer the following questions.
 Identify the animal- Sea anemone.
 What type of symmetry does this animal exhibit? -Radial symmetry.
 Is this animal Cephalized? -No.
 How many germ layers does this animal have? Two (ectoderm and
endoderm)
 How many openings does this animal’s digestive system have? -One.
 Does this animal have neurons?- No (Have a nerve net)
29. Choose the term that does not belong in the following group and explain
why it does not belong?
 Notochord, cephalisation, dorsal nerve cord and radial symmetry.
Radial symmetry- Radial symmetry is a characteristic of Invertebrates such
as starfish and sea anemones.
 It refers to a body that can be divided into two similar halves by passing a
plane across it at any angle.
 Notochord, cephalization, and dorsal nerve cord are characteristic features of
chordates, which are animals with bilateral symmetry.
30. Why flatworms are called acoelomates?

 Flatworms are called acoelomates because they do not have a body cavity.
 Their body is solid without a perivisceral cavity, this restricts the free
movement of internal organs.
31. What are flame cells?

 Flame cells are specialized excretory cells helps in osmoregulation and
excretion. Eg. Platyhelminthes
32. Concept Mapping - Use the following terms to create a concept map that
shows the major characteristic features of the phylum nematoda:
Round worms, pseudocoelomates, digestive tract, cuticle, parasite,
sexual dimorphism.
33. In which phyla is the larva trochopore found?

 Annelida and Mollusca
34. Which of the chordate characteristics do tunicates retain as adults?

 Pharyngeal gill slits

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35. List the characteristic features that distinguish cartilaginous fishes with
living jawless fishes.
Cartilaginous fishes Jawless fishes
1.They are marine fishes with 1.All members of cyclostomata
cartilaginous endoskeleton. are primitive, poikilothermic,
Notochord is persistent throughout jawless aquatic vertebrates and
life. are ectoparasites on some
fishes.
2 .Skin is tough covered by placoid 2.Body is slender and eel-like
scales and the caudal fin is bearing six to fifteen pair of gill
heterocercal slits for respiration.
3.Mouth is located ventrally and teeth 3.Mouth is circular without jaws

are modified placoid scales and suctorial. Heart is two
chambered and circulation is of
closed type.
4.Respiration by lamelliform gills 4.No paired appendages.
without operculum (gill cover).
5.Excretory organs are mesonephric 5.Cyclostomes are marine but
kidneys. Two chambered heart is migrate to fresh waters for
present. spawning (anadromous
migration).
6.Ureotelic,poikilothermic and 6.External fertilization.The larvae
viviparous. Sexes are separate. In (ammocoete) after
males pelvic fins bear claspers to aid metamorphosis returns to the
in internal fertilization. ocean.
Eg.Scoliodon (Shark) Eg. Petromyzon (Lamprey)
36. List three features that characterise bony fishes.

 Bony endoskeleton and spindle shaped body.
 Air bladder helps in gaseous exchange and buoyancy.
 Skin is covered by ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid scales.
 Respiration is by four pairs of filamentous gills and is covered by an
operculum.
 Excretory organs are mesonephric kidneys and are ammonotelic.
 Presence of well developed lateral line sense organs.
37. List the functions of air bladder in fishes.

 Air bladder is present with or without a connection to the gut.
 It helps in gaseous exchange (lung fishes) and for maintaining buoyancy in
most of the ray finned fishes.
38. Write the characteristics that contributes to the success of reptiles on

land.
 They are mostly terrestrial animals and their body is covered by dry, and
cornified skin with epidermal scales.
 Reptiles have three chambered heart but four chambered in crocodiles.
 Reptiles breathe entirely through their lungs
 All are cold blooded amniotes (poikilotherms).

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 Most reptiles lay cleidoic eggs (oviparous) with extra embryonic membranes
like amnion, allantois, chorion and yolk sac. Internal fertilization
 Excretion by metanephric kidneys and are uricotelic.
39. List the unique features of bird’s endoskeleton.

 The endoskeleton is fully ossified (bony) and the long bones are hollow with
air cavities (pneumatic bones).
40. Could the number of eggs or young ones produced by an oviparous and
viviparous female be equal? Why?
 No
 The numbers of eggs produced by an oviparous mother will be more than
the young ones produced by a viviparous mother.
 This is because, in oviparous animals, the development of young ones takes
place outside the mother's body.
Chapter -3
Tissue Level of Organisation
6. Some epithelia are pseudostratified. What does this mean?

 Pseudo-stratified epithelial cells are columnar, but unequal in size.
 Although the epithelium is single layered yet it appears to be multi-layered
because the nuclei lie at different levels in different cells.
7. Differentiate white adipose tissue from brown adipose tissue.

White adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue
1.‘white fat’ or white adipose tissue 1.‘Brown fat’ or Brown adipose tissue
contain abundant mitochondria
2.It is used to heat the blood stream
to warm the body. It produces heat
2.White fat stores nutrients.
by non-shivering thermogenesis in
neonates.
8. Why blood is considered as a typical connective tissue?

 Blood is the fluid connective tissue containing plasma, red blood cells (RBC),
white blood cells (WBC) and platelets.
 It functions as the transport medium for the cardiovascular system, carrying
nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases throughout the body.
9. Differentiate between elastic fibres and elastic connective tissue.

Elastic fibres Elastic Connective Tissue
1.Fibres and fibroblasts are 1.It contains high proportion of elastic
compactly packed in the dense fibres.
connective tissues.
2.Dense regular connective tissues
primarily contain collagen fibres 2.It allows recoil of tissues
(Fibroblast)

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3.It attaches muscles and bones 3.It maintains the pulsatile flow of
and withstands great tensile blood through the arteries and the
stress when pulling force is passive recoil of lungs following
applied in onedirection. inspiration.
4.This connective tissue is present in 4.It is found in the walls of large

tendons, that attach skeletal arteries ligaments associated with
muscles to bones and ligaments vertebral column and within the
attach one bone to another. walls of the bronchial tubes.
10. Name any four important functions of epithelial tissue and provide at
least one example of a tissue that exemplifies each function.
 Protection, absorption, excretion, secretion
 Simple squamous epithelium: Allows the easy passage of gases by diffusion
and fluids by filtration
 Simple cuboidal epithelium: Helps in secretion and storage
 Columnar epithelium: Concerned with absorption and secretion
 Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium: Allows the movement of
particles, which helps in the excretion of foreign particles and the secretion of
mucus
11. Write the classification of connective tissue and their functions.

 Loose connective tissue
 Dense connective tissue
 Specialized connective tissue
 Loose connective tissues- The cells and fibres are loosely arranged in a semi
fluid ground substance. They are classified as
1.Areolar connective tissue- It lies beneath the skin
Acts as a support for epithelium. Acts as reservoir of water and salts for the
surrounding body tissues. Hence it is called tissue fluid.
2.Adipose Tissue
Found below the skin. 90% of the tissue contains Adipocytes or fat cells.
Richly vascularised and supplies energy to the body while fasting.
(i) White fat : (White adipose tissue) Found in subcutaneous tissue
surrounding kidneys, eye ball etc. It Store nutrients.
(ii) Brown fat : (Brown adipose tissue) contains abundant mitochondria.Used
to heat the blood stream to warm the body.
Reticular connective tissue : Matrix is filled with fibroblasts called reticular
cells.Forms an internal framework that supports the blood cells in the lymph
nodes, spleen and bone marrow.
 Dense connective tissues
Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed based on orientation of fibres it is
divided into:
1. Dense regular connective tissues-Primarily collagen fibres are arranged
in rows between parallel bundles of tissues and few elastic fibres.
Fibroblast is the major cell type.
Present in tendons that attach skeletal muscles to bones and ligaments.
Bones are attached to one another by ligaments. The tissue withstands tensile
strength when pulling force is applied in one direction.

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2. Dense irregular connective tissues- Have bundles of thick collagen fibres

and fibroblasts arranged irregularly. Fibroblast is the major cell type.
Functions: The tissue can withstand tension exerted in many directions. Some
elastic fibres are also present.
3. Elastic connective tissue- It contains high proportion of elastic fibres and
allows recoil of tissues following stretching. Eg: Walls of arteries.
 Specialised connective tissues-Classified as cartilage, bones and blood.
1.Cartilage
Intercellular material is solid and pliable and resists compression. Cells of this
tissue matrix secreted by them. Eg: Cartilage in ear pinna, Tip of nose etc.
2.Bones
Hard and non pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and collagen
fibres which gives strength. cells or osteocytes are present in spaces called
lacunae.
Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs. Bone marrrow is site of
production of blood cells.
3.Blood
Fluid connective tissue containing plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets.
Transport medium for the cardiovascular system carrying nutrients, wastes,
respiratory gases throughout the body.
12. What is an epithelium? Enumerate the characteristic features of
different epithelia.
 Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers the body surface. It occurs in
the body as a covering, as a lining epithelium and as glandular, epithelium.
 Functions: Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and
sensory reception.
I)Simple Epithelium : Single layer of cells found in organs of absorption,
secretion and filtration. They are classified into
1. Squamous epithelium : Single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular
boundaries.It forms a diffusion boundary and help in filtration.
2. Cuboidal epithelium : Single layer of cube like cells.Functions are
absorption, secretion of mucus etc.
3. Columnar epithelium: Composed of single layer of tall cells with round
to oval nuclei at base. Function are absorption, secretion of mucus etc.
4. Ciliated epithelium: Propels mucus by ciliary actions and occur in
bronchi, uterus etc. Non-ciliated type is seen in gall bladder.
5. Pseudo-stratified epithelium: Columnar cells but unequal in size.
Although epithelium is single layered, it appears to be multilayered because
the nuclei lie at different levels in different cells. Functions are protection,
secretions, movement of secretions from glands etc.
6.Some of the cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells get specialized for
secretion.
i).Unicellular Isolated glandular cells. Eg: Goblet cells of alimentary canal.
ii) Multicellular Cluster of cells. Eg. Salivary glands.
7.The secretions of exocrine glands are carried by tubes/ducts.
8. The secretion of endocrine glands are poured into blood steam.
II.Compound epithelium:
Multilayered tissue. -Protection against chemical and mechanical stresses.
They occur in dry surface of the skin, moist surface of buccal cavity etc.,

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Compound epithelium is divided into the four tyes.

1. Stratified squamous epithelium :
a). Keratinized type : Eg: Dry epidermis of the skin.
b). Non keratinized type: Eg: Moist lining of the oesophagus, mouth,
conjunctiva of the eyes and vagina.
2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium Eg:Ducts of sweat glands.
3. Stratified columnar epithelium Eg:Pharynx.
4. Transitional epithelium Eg:Urinary bladder.
Chapter -4
Organ and Organ Systems in Animals
14. What characteristics are used to identify the earthworms?
 It is light brown in colour with purple tinge at the anterior end ,Long and
cylindrical narrow body,bilateral symmetry and segmented body.
15. What are earthworm casts?

 The undigested particles along with soil are passed out through the anus, as
worm castings or vermicasts.
16. How do earthworms breathe?

 Respiration takes place through the body wall.
 Body wall is richly supplied with blood capillaries which aid in the diffusion of
gases.(O2 and CO2).The skin is kept moist by mucous and coelomic fluid.
17. Why do you call cockroach a pest?

 Cockroach carry harmful germs of various bacterial diseases like cholera,
diarrhoea, tuberculosis, and typhoid and hence are known as “Vectors”
18. Comment on the functions of alary muscles?

 The triangular muscles that are responsible for blood circulation in the
cockroach are called alary muscles (13 pairs).
 One pair of these muscles is found in each segment on either side of the heart.
19. Name the visual units of the compound eyes of cockroach.

 Each eye is formed of about 2000 simple eyes called the ommatidia through
which the cockroach can receive several images of an object.
 This kind of vision is known as mosaic vision with more sensitivity but less
resolution.
20. How does the male frog attracts the female for mating?
 The male frog has a pair of vocal sacs.
 Vocal sacs assist in amplifying the croaking sound of frog to attracts the
female.
21. Write the types of respiration seen in frog.

 Cutaneous respiration by skin.
 Buccal respiration by buccal cavity.
 Pulmonary respiration by lungs.

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22. Differentiate between peristomium and prostomium in earthworm.

 The mouth is found in the centre of the first segment of the body, called the
peristomium.
 Overhanging the mouth is a small flap called the upper lip or prostomium.
23. Give the location of clitellum and spermathecal openings in Lampito

mauritii.
 Clitellum - From 14th-17th segments.
 Spermathecal openings - 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9 segments.(Three pairs)
24. Differentiate between tergum and a sternum.

 In cockroach the sclerites of the dorsal side are called tergites, those on the
ventral side are called sternites.
25. Head of cockroach is called hypognathous. Why?

 The head of cockroach is small, triangular lies at right angle to the
longitudinal body axis.
 The mouth parts are directed downwards so it is hypognathous.
 It is formed by the fusion of six segments and shows great mobility in all
directions.
26. What are the components of blood in frog?

 The blood consists of plasma [60%] and blood cells [40 %] which includes red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
 RBCs are loaded with red pigment, nucleated and oval in shape. Leucocytes
are nucleated, and circular in shape
27. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the digestive system of frog.
28. Explain the male reproductive system of frog.

 The male frog has a pair of testes which are attached to the kidney and the
dorsal body wall by folds of peritonium called mesorchium.
 Vasa efferentia arise from each testis. They enter the kidneys on both side
and open into the bidder’s canal.
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 Finally, it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of kidneys
and opens into the cloaca.
29. Explain the female reproductive system of frog.

 Female reproductive system consists of paired ovaries, attached to the
kidneys, and dorsal body wall by folds of peritoneum called mesovarium.
 There is a pair of coiled oviducts lying on the sides of the kidney.
 Each oviduct opens into the body-cavity at the anterior end by a funnel like
opening called ostia.
 Female frog has separate genital ducts distinct from ureters.
 Posteriorly the oviducts dilated to form ovisacs before they open into cloaca.
Ovisacs store the eggs temporarily before they are sent out through the cloaca.
Fertilization is external.

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30. Differentiate between male and female cockroach?
S. No Character Male cockroach Female cockroach

1. Abdomen Long and narrow Short and broad
In the abdomen, nine In the abdomen, seven
2. Segments
segments are visible segments are visible
3. Anal styles Present Absent
7th tergum covers 8th 7th tergum covers 8th
4. Terga
tergum and 9th terga
Brood
5. Absent Present
pouch
6. Antenna Longer in length Shorter in length
Extends beyond the tip of Extends up to the end of
7. Wings
abdomen abdomen
Chapter -5
Digestion and Absorption
17. Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach?
 Because digestion of carbohydrate, protein and lipid is not completed in
stomach.
 The stomach stores food temporarily and helps in partial digestion of
proteins, while the small intestine absorbs nutrients.
18. Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet it is important for

digestion. Why?
 Bile juice has bile salts such as bilirubin and biliverdin.
 These break down large fat globules into smaller globules, so that the
pancreatic lipase can easily act on them.
19. List the chemical changes that starch molecule undergoes from the time
it reaches the small intestine.
 Salivary amylase(ptyalin) partially digests starch into maltose.
 Pancreatic amylase in the pancreatic juice breaks down starch into maltose,
a disaccharide.
 Maltase, an enzyme secreted by the small intestine, converts maltose into
glucose.
20.How do proteins differ from fats in their energy value and their role in
the body?
 The caloric value and physiological fuel value of one gram of protein are 5.65
Kcal and 4 Kcal respectively.
 Proteins are source of amino acids required for growth and repair of body
cells.The daily requirement 1gm per 1 kg body weight.
 Fat has a caloric value of 9.45 Kcal and a physiological fuel value of 9 Kcal
per gram.
 Lipids stored in our body which is used for production of energy.

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Chapter -6
Respiration
17. Respiratory organs of
Flatworm-Body surface Earthworm- Moist skin Fish- Gills
Prawn- Gills Cockroach-Tracheae. Cat-Lungs.
18. Name the enzyme that catalyses the bicarbonate formation in RBCs.
 Carbonic anhydrase
19.Air moving from the nose to the trachea passes through a number of
structures. List in order of the structures.
 External nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx.
20.Which structure seals the larynx when we swallow?

 Epiglottis
21.Resistance in the airways is typically low. Why? Give two reasons.

 The diameter of most airways is relatively large.
 For smaller air ways there are many in parallel, making their combined
diameter large.
 Air has a low viscosity.
22.How the body makes long–term adjustments when living in high altitude.
 The kidneys accelerate production of the hormone erythropoietin, which
signals the bone marrow to produce more RBCs.
23. Why is pneumonia considered a dangerous disease?

 Inflammation of the lungs due to infection caused by bacteria or virus is
called pneumonia.
 The common symptoms are sputum production, nasal congestion,
shortness of breath, sore throat etc.
24. Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in any other
part of the respiratory system. Discuss.
 The alveolar region is highly vascular. Each alveolus is made up of highly
permeable and thin layers of squamous epithelial cells.
 The barrier between the alveoli and the capillaries is thin and diffusion of
gases take place from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure.
25.Sketch a flow chart to show the path way of air flow during respiration.
 External nostrils→nasal cavity→ pharynx→larynx→trachea→ primary
bronchi→secondary bronchi→tertiary bronchi → bronchioles →alveoli.
26.Explain the conditions which creates problems in oxygen transport.

 When a person travels quickly from sea level to elevations above 8000ft,
where the atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of oxygen are lowered.
 It cause acute mountain sickness (AMS)– headache, shortness of breath,
nausea and dizziness due to poor binding of O2 with haemoglobin.

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 To overcome this situation for long–term basis kidneys accelerate production

of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to
produce more RBCs.
 When a person descends deep into the sea, the pressure in the surrounding
water increases which causes the lungs to decrease in volume and Increases
partial pressure of the gases within the lungs.
 This effect can be beneficial, because it tends to drive additional oxygen
into the circulation, but this benefit also has a risk, the increased pressure
can also drive nitrogen gas into the circulation lead to a condition called
nitrogen narcosis.
 When the diver ascends to the surface too quickly a condition called ‘bends’
occurs and nitrogen comes out of solution while still in the blood forming
bubbles.
 Small bubbles in the blood are not harmful, but large bubbles can lodge in
small capillaries, blocking blood flow or can press on nerve endings.
 Leads to pain in joints and muscles and neurological problems including
stroke.It is common in scuba divers.
Chapter -7
Body Fluids and Circulation
15. Distinguish between arteries and veins.
Arteries
 The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries.
 The arteries usually lie deep inside the body. The largest artery, the aorta
 The walls of the arteries are thick, non- collapsible to withstand high
pressure.
 Valves are absent and have a narrow lumen.
 All arteries carry oxygenated blood, except the pulmonary artery.
Veins
 Veins have thinner walls and a larger lumen and hence can be easily
stretched.
 They carry deoxygenated blood except, the pulmonary vein.
 The blood pressure is low and the lumen has a wide wall which is collapsible.
 Tunica media is thinner in veins than in arteries.
 Unidirectional flow of blood in veins is due to the presence of semilunar
valves that prevents backflow of blood.
16. Distinguish between open and closed circulation.

Open circulatory system Closed circulatory system
1.It has haemolymph as the
1.Blood is pumped by the heart
circulating fluid and is pumped by
and flows through blood
the heart, which flows through
vessels.
blood vessels into the haemocoel.
Eg. Arthropods and most Molluscs. Eg. Annelids and Vertebrates.
17. Distinguish between mitral valve and semi lunar valve.

 The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle is guarded by
the tricuspid valve (three flaps or cusps), whereas a bicuspid (two flaps or

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cusps) or mitral valve guards the opening between the left atrium and left
ventricle.
 The valves of the heart allows the blood to flow only in one direction.
 It prevent backward flow of blood.
18. Right ventricular wall is thinner than the left ventricular wall. Why?
 The left ventricle needs to generate more pressure to pump blood
throughout the body, so its wall is thicker
 The right ventricle only needs to pump blood a short distance to the lungs,
so its wall is thinner.
19. What might be the effect on a person whose diet has less iron content?
 Iron deficiency leads to anemia, tired and shortness of breath.
20. Describe the mechanism by which the human heart beat is initiated and
controlled.
 The heart in human is myogenic, rhythmic depolarisation that initiates
contractions.
 Pacemaker located in the right sinuatrial node.(SV node)
 On the left side of the right atrium is a node called auriculo ventricular
node (AV node).
 Two special cardiac muscle fibres originate from the auriculo ventricular
node and are called the bundle of His which runs down into the
interventricular septum and the fibres spread into the ventricles. These
fibres are called the Purkinje fibres.
 Early depolarisation is slow and takes place by sodium influx and reduction
in potassium efflux.
 Minimum potential is required to activate voltage gated calcium (Ca+)
channels that causes rapid depolarisation which results in action potential.
 The pace maker cells repolarise slowly via K+ efflux.
21. What is lymph? Write its function.

 The fluid inside the lymphatics is called lymph.
 It contain large number of lymphocytic cells
 The lymph nodes that filter the fluid from the lymphatic vessels of the skin
are highly concentrated in the neck.
 The lymph nodes successfully prevent the invading microorganisms from
reaching the blood stream.

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 Lymph collects fluids from your tissues and returns them to your blood. It
carries nutrients and proteins to your cells and tissues
 Fats are absorbed through lymph in the lacteals present in the villi.
22. What are the heart sounds? When and how are these sounds produced?
 During each cardiac cycle two sounds (lub-dub) are produced.
 The first heart sound (lub) is associated with the closure of the tricuspid and
bicuspid valves whereas second heart sound (dub) is associated with the
closure of the semilunar valves.
23. Select the correct biological term.

 Disc shaped cells which are concave on both sides- Erythrocytes
 Most of these have a large, bilobed nucleus- Leucocytes
 Enable red cells to transport blood- Haemoglobin
 The liquid part of the blood- Plasma
 Most of them move and change shape like an amoeba- Phagocyte
 Consists of water and important dissolved substances- Plasma
 Destroyed in the liver and spleen after circulating in the blood for four
months- Erythrocytes
 The substances which gives red cells their colour- Haemoglobin
 Another name for red blood cells- Erythrocytes
 Blood that has been changed to a jelly- Blood clot.
 A word that means cell eater- Phagocyte
 Cells without nucleus- Erythrocytes
 White cells made in the lymphatic tissue- Lymphocytes
 Blocks wound and prevent excessive bleeding- Blood clot
 Fragment of cells which are made in the bone marrow- Platelets
 Another name for white blood cells- Leucocytes
 Slowly releases oxygen to blood cells- Haemoglobin
 Their function is to help blood clot in wounds- Platelets
24. Name and Label the given diagrams to show A, B, C, D, E, F, and G

A-Aorta B-Left pulmonary artery C- Left pulmonary vein
D-Semilunar valve E-Left ventricle F- Right ventricle
G-Inferiour venacava
Chapter-8
Excreation
13. Arrange the following structures in the order that a drop of water
entering the nephron would encounter them.
(a) Afferent arteriole
(e) Glomerulus
(b) Bowman's capsule
(g) Proximal tubule
(f) Loop of Henle
(d) Distal tubule
(c) Collecting duct
(h) Renal pelvis

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14)Name the three filtration barriers that solutes must come across as they
move from plasma to the lumen of Bowman’s capsule. What components
of the blood are usually excluded by these layers?
 Glomerular capillary endothelium.
 Basal lamina or basement membrane.
 Epithelium of Bowman's capsule.
 Blood corpuscles and plasma protein are excluded by these layers.
15) What forces promote glomerular filtration? What forces opposes them?
What is meant by net filtration pressure?
 The glomerular blood pressure promote glomerular filtration (approximately
55 mmHg)
 Two opposing forces-Colloidal osmotic pressure (30 mmHg) and the
Capsular hydrostatic pressure (15 mmHg)
 Net filtration pressure = 55 mmHg -(30 mmHg + 15 mHg)=10mmHg
16) Identify the following structures and explain their significance in renal
physiology?
a. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
 Juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized tissue in the afferent
arteriole of the nephron that consists of macula densa and granular cells.
 The macula densa cells sense distal tubular flow and affect afferent arteriole
diameter, whereas the granular cells secrete an enzyme called renin.
 A fall in glomerular blood flow granular cells to release renin.
b. Podocytes
 The external parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule is made up of simple
squamous epithelium and the visceral layer is made of epithelial cells
called podocytes.
 The podocytes end in foot processes which cling to the basement
membrane of the glomerulus.
 The openings between the foot processes are called filtration slits.
c. Sphincters in the bladder
Internal sphincter
 Located at the base of the bladder, this sphincter is made of
smooth muscle and is under involuntary control.
External sphincter
 Located lower down the urethra, this sphincter is made of striated muscle
and is under voluntary control.
17. In which segment of the nephron most of the re-absorption of

substances takes place?
 The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the nephron .
18. When a molecule or ion is reabsorbed from the lumen of the nephron,
where does it go? If a solute is filtered and not reabsorbed from the
tubule, where does it go?
 When a molecule or ion is reabsorbed from the lumen of the nephron, it goes
into the bloodstream through the peritubular capillaries and systemic
venous circulation.

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 If a solute is filtered and not reabsorbed from the tubule, it goes along with
urine.
19. Which segment is the site of secretion and regulated reabsorption of

ions and pH homeostasis?
 The distal convoluted tubule is the segment of the nephron that regulates
reabsorption and secretion of ions and PH homeostasis.
 In this segment, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, and other
electrolytes are adjusted, along with the pH of the tubular fluid.
20. What solute is normally present in the body to estimate GFR in

humans?
 Creatinine is the solute that is normally present in the body to estimate
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in humans
21. Which part of the autonomic nervous system is involved in micturition
process?
 The parasympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous
system that is involved in the micturition process.
22. If the afferent arteriole of the nephron constricts, what happens to the
GFR in that nephron? If the efferent arteriole constricts what happens to
the GFR in that nephron?
 If the afferent arteriole of a nephron constricts, the glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) decreases.
 If the efferent arteriole constricts, the GFR increases
23.Identfiy the biological term

a. A liquid which gathers in the bladder- Urine
b. Produced when blood is filtered in a Bowman’s capsule- Glomerular
filtrate
c. Temporary storage of urine- Urinary bladder
d. A ball of inter twined capillaries- Glomerulus
e. Removal of unwanted substances from the body- Excretion
f. Each contains a glomerulus- Bowman’s capsule
g. Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder- Ureters
h. Scientific term for urination- Micturition
i. Regulation of water and dissolved substances in blood and tissue fluid
Osmosis
j. Consists of the kidneys, ureters and bladder- Urinary system
k. Removal of useful substances from glomerular filtrate-Reabsorption.
l. What solute the blood contains that are not present in the glomerular filtrate-
Proteins.
24. With regards to toxicity and the need for dilution in water, how different
are ureotelic and uricotelic excretions? Give examples of animals that
use these types of excretion?
 Ureotelic and uricotelic animals differ in the toxicity of their excretions and
the amount of water needed to dilute them.

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 Ureotelic-These animals excrete urea, which is less toxic and requires less
water than ammonia or uric acid. Examples include mammals, some bony
fish, and adult amphibians.
 Uricotelic-These animals excrete uric acid, which is the least toxic and
requires the least water. Examples include birds, snakes, lizards, and
terrestrial arthropods like insects.
25. Differentiate protonephridia from metanephridia

Protonephridia Metanephridia
1.It is a simple tubular excretory organ 1.It is a tubular excretory
seen in phyla like – organ seen in phyla like –
Platyhelminthes,Nematodes and Arthropoda (Insects),
Chordata (Amphioxus). Annelida and Mollusca.
2.They have either Flame cells 2.They have either
(Platyhelminthes),Solenocytes Malpighian tubules
(Amphioxus) and Rennette (Insects) and Green glands
cells(Nematodes). (Prawns).
26.What is the nitrogenous waste produced by amphibian larvae and by the
adult animal?
1)Amphibian larvae-Ammonia 2)Adult Amphibian-Urea
27. How is urea formed in the human body?

 The nitrogenous waste formed as a result of breakdown of amino acids is
converted to urea in the liver by the Ornithine cycle or urea cycle.
28. Differentiate cortical from medullary nephrons.

 In majority of nephrons, the loop of Henle is too short and extends only
very little into the medulla and are called cortical nephrons.
 Some nephrons have very long loop of Henle that run deep into the
medulla and are called juxta medullary nephrons (JMN)
29. What vessels carry blood to the kidneys? Is this blood arterial or
venous?
 The renal arteries carry arterial blood to the kidneys.
30. Which vessels drain filtered blood from the kidneys?

 The renal vein is the blood vessel that drains filtered blood from the kidneys.
31. What is tubular secretion? Name the substances secreted through the
renal tubules.
 Tubular secretion- Substances such as H+, K+, NH4+, creatinine and
organic acids move into the DCT from the peritubular capillaries.
32. How are the kidneys involved in controlling blood volume? How is the
volume of blood in the body related to arterial pressure?
 The kidneys are the primary organ responsible for regulating blood volume
by controlling the amount of water and solutes in the blood.
 The kidneys do this through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
 The kidneys also produce erythropoietin, which signals the bone marrow
to produce red blood cells.

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 The volume of blood in the body is directly related to arterial pressure,

with an increase in blood volume leading to an increase in arterial
pressure.
33) Name the three main hormones involved in the regulation of the renal
function?
 Aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic factor
(ANF)
34) What is the function of anti diuretic hormone? Where is it produced and
what stimuli increases or decreases its secretion?
 It regulate the body's water and salt levels, blood pressure and urine
production.
 The ADH produced by hypothalamus and released into the blood stream by
the posterior pituitary.
 ADH secretion is triggered by Blood volume changes, Blood osmolarity,
Thirst, nausea, vomiting, and pain.
 Alcohol prevents the release of ADH, which can lead to dehydration and
increased urine production.
35) What is the effect of aldosterone on kidneys and where is it produced?

 Na+ reabsorption ,K+excretion, Water reabsorption and Blood pressure
regulation.
 Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex of zona glomerulosa.
36) Explain the heart’s role in secreting a hormone that regulates renal
function? What hormone is this?
 It increases Na+ excretion and increases the blood flow to the glomerulus,
acting on the afferent glomerular arterioles as a vasodilator.
 It decreases aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex and also decreases
release of renin.
 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a peptide hormone produced by atrial
muscle cells of the heart.
 ANF acts antagonistically to the renin- angiotensin system.
Chapter -9
Locomotion and Movement
21. Name the different types of movement.
 Amoeboid movement, ciliary movement, flagellar movement and muscular
movement.
22. Name the filaments present in the sarcomere.

 The two main filaments present in a sarcomere are actin and Myosin.
23. Name the contractile proteins present in the skeletal muscle.

 Contractile proteins- Actin and Myosin.
 Regulatory proteins -Tropomyosin and Troponin.

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24.When describing a skeletal muscle, what does “striated” mean?

 Along the length of each myofibril there are a repeated series of dark and
light bands.
 The dark A-bands (Anisotropic bands) and the light I-bands (Isotropic
bands) are perfectly aligned with one another. This type of arrangement gives
the cell a striated appearance.
25.How does an isotonic contraction take place?

 In isotonic contraction the length of the muscle changes but the tension
remains constant.
 Here, the force produced is unchanged. Example: lifting dumb bells and
weightlifting.
26. How does an isometric contraction take place?

 In isometric contraction the length of the muscle does not change but the
tension of the muscle changes.
 Here, the force produced is changed. Example: pushing against a wall,
holding a heavy bag.
27. Name the bones of the skull.

 There are 29 bones present in the human skull. These includes 8 cranial
bones, 14 facial bones, one hyoid bone and 6 auditory bones.
 Cranial bones are paired parietal, paired temporal and individual bones
such as the frontal, sphenoid, occipital and ethmoid.
 Facial bones are maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, Inferior nasal concha,
lacrimal and nasal bones are paired and individual bones such as the
Mandible and Vomer.
 Each middle ear contains three tiny bones- malleus, incus and stapes
collectively are called ear ossicles.
28. Which is the only jointless bone in human body?

 The hyoid bone.
29. List the three main parts of the axial skeleton?

 Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
30. How is tetany caused?

 Rapid muscle spasms occur in the muscles due to deficiency of parathyroid
hormone resulting in reduced calcium levels in the body.
31. What are the functions of the skeletal system?

 Support –It forms a rigid framework and supports the weight of the body
against gravity.
 Shape - It provides and maintains the shape of the body.
 Protection – It protects the delicate internal organs of the body.
 Acts as reservoir – It stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate.
 Locomotion -It acts as lever along with the muscles attached to it.
 Strength-It can withstand heavy weight and absorbs mechanical shock.

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 As a haemopoietic tissue – Red and White blood cells are produced in the
bone marrow of the ribs, spongy bones of vertebrae and extremities of
long bones.
32. What are the different types of rib bones that form the rib cage?
 The first seven pairs of ribs are called ‘true ribs
 The 8th, 9th and 10th pairs of ribs do not articulate directly with the
sternum but joined with the cartilaginous part of the seventh rib. These are
called ‘false ribs’
 The last 11th and 12th pairs of ribs are not connected ventrally. Therefore,
they are called as ‘floating ribs’
33. What are the bones that make the pelvic girdle?
 Ilium, ischium, and pubis
34. List the disorders of the muscular system.

Myasthenia Gravis
 An autoimmune disorder affecting the action of acetylcholine at neuro-
muscular junction leading to fatigue, weakening and paralysis of skeletal
muscles
 Acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma are blocked by antibodies
leading to weakness of muscles.
 it can make chewing, swallowing, talking and even breathing difficult
Tetany
 Rapid muscle spasms occur in the muscles due to deficiency of parathyroid
hormone resulting in reduced calcium levels in the body.
Muscle Fatigue
 Muscle fatigue is the inability of a muscle to contract after repeated muscle
contractions.
 This is due to lack of ATP and accumulation of lactic acid by anaerobic
breakdown of glucose
Atrophy
 A decline of muscular activity results in the condition called atrophy which
results in the reduction in the size of the muscle and makes the muscle to
become weak, which occurs with lack of usage as in chronic bedridden
patients.
Muscle Pull
 Muscle pull is actually a muscle tear. A traumatic pulling of the fibres
produces a tear known as sprain.
 This can occur due to sudden stretching of muscle beyond the point of
elasticity.
 Back pain is a common problem caused by muscle pull due to improper
posture with static sitting for long hours.
Muscular Dystrophy
 Progressive degeneration and weakening of skeletal muscle fibres, leading
to death.
 The most common form of muscular dystrophy is called Duchene Muscular
Dystrophy (DMD).
35. Explain the sliding- filament theory of muscle contraction.

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 In 1954, Andrew F. Huxley and Rolf Niedergerke proposed the sliding-

filament theory to explain muscle contraction.
 Overlapping actin and myosin filaments of fixed length slide past one
another in an energy requiring process, resulting in muscle contraction.
 Muscle contraction is initiated by the signal from CNS.
 Release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
 Causes action potential in muscle fibre.
 The action potential travels along the T-tubules and Triggers therelease of
calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 Calcium ions combine with troponin and tropomyosin uncoversthe binding
sites on actin and initiates contraction.
 Myosin binding sites on actin exposed. Myosin head binds toactin to form
cross bridge.
 Myosin head executes power stroke (90◦ to 45‫)ﹾ‬.
 Actin filament slides towards the centre of sarcomere (contraction)
 Signal from CNS stops; calcium ions are pumped back into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
 Tropomyosin masks the binding sites on actin. Filaments pulled back to the
original position (relaxation)
36. What are the benefits of regular exercise?

 The muscles used in exercise grow larger and stronger.
 The resting heart rate goes down.
 More enzymes are synthesized in the muscle fibre.
 Ligaments and tendons become stronger.
 Joints become more flexible. Protection from heart attack.
 Influences hormonal activity. Improves cognitive functions.
 Prevents Obesity. Promotes confidence, esteem.
 Aesthetically better with good physique.
 Over all well-being with good quality of life.
 Prevents depression, stress and anxiety.
Chapter -10
Neural Control And Coordination
15. Why is the blind spot called so?

 The optic nerves and the retinal blood vessels enter the eye slightly below
the posterior pole.
 Which is devoid of photo receptors; hence this region is called blind spot.
16. Sam’s optometrist tells him that his intraocular pressure is high. What
is this condition called and which fluid does it involve?
 Glaucoma - Aqueous humour
17. The action potential occurs in response to a threshold stimulus; but not
at sub threshold stimuli. What is the name of the principle involved?
 All-or-none principle.

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18. Pleasant smell of food urged Ravi to rush into the kitchen. Name the
parts of the brain involved in the identification of food and emotional
responses to odour.
 The hypothalamus contains a pair of small rounded body called
mammillary bodies that are involved in olfactory reflexes and emotional
responses to odour.
19. Cornea transplant in humans is almost never rejected. State the reason.
 Cornea does not have blood vessels.
20. At the end of repolarization, the nerve membrane gets hyperpolarized.

Why?
 Because the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting
potential.
 During this, K+ ion gates are more permeable to K+ even after reaching the
threshold level as it closes slowly,hence called Lazy gates.
21. The choroid plexus secretes cerebrospinal fluid. List the function of it.
 CSF provides buoyancy to the CNS structures
 CSF acts as a shock absorber for the brain and spinal cord.
 It nourishes the brain cells by transporting constant supply of food and
oxygen.
 It carries harmful metabolic wastes from the brain to the blood and
maintains a constant pressure inside the cranial vessels.
22. What is ANS? Explain the components of ANS.

 Autonomic Neural System.
 A part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily
functions, such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration.. ANS controlling
centre is in the hypothalamus.
Components of ANS
 Preganglionic neuron whose cell body is in the brain or spinal cord; its
myelinated axon exits the CNS as part of cranial or spinal nerve and ends in
an autonomic ganglion.
 Autonomic ganglion consists of axon of pre ganglionic neuron and cell bodies
of postganglionic neuron.
 Postganglionic neuron conveys nerve impulses from autonomic ganglia to
visceral effector organs.
 The autonomic neural system consists of Sympathetic neural system and
Parasympathetic neural system.
23.Why the limbic system is called the emotional brain? Name the parts of
it.
 It plays a primary role in the regulation of pleasure, pain, anger, fear,
sexual feeling and affection. The hippocampus and amygdala also play a
role in memory.
 The main components of limbic system are olfactory bulbs, cingulate gyrus,
mammillary body,amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus.

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24. Classify receptors based on type of stimuli.

Receptors Stimulus Effector organs
Pressure and Cochlea of the inner ear and the
1)Mechano receptors
vibration semi circular canal and utriculus.
Taste buds in the tongue and
2)Chemoreceptors Chemicals
nasal epithelium
3)Thermoreceptors Temperature Skin
Rod and cone cells of the retina in
4)Photoreceptors Light
the eye
25. Differentiate between rod and cone cells.
Rod cells Cone cells
1)Rods are responsible for vision in The cones are responsible for
dim light colour vision and works best in
the bright light.
2)The pigment present in the rods The pigment present in the cones is
is rhodopsin, formed of a protein photopsin, formed of opsin
scotopsin and retinal (an protein and retinal.
aldehyde of vitamin A )
3)There are about 120 millions rod There may be 6-7 millions cone
cells cells
4)Rods are predominant in the Cones are concentrated in the
extra fovea region fovea region
26. The sense of taste is considered to be the most pleasurable of all senses.
Describe the structure of the receptor involved with a diagram.
 Gustatory receptor: The tongue is provided with many small projections

called papillae which give the tongue an abrasive feel.
 Taste buds are located mainly on the papillae which are scattered
over the entire tongue surface few are scattered on the soft palate, inner
surface of the cheeks, pharynx and epiglottis of the larynx.
 Taste buds are flask-shaped and consist of 50 – 100 epithelial cells of two
major types.
 Gustatory epithelial cells (taste cells) and Basal epithelial cells (Repairing
cells)
 Gustatory hairs are the sensitive portion of the gustatory cells bathed by
saliva and they have sensory dendrites which send the signal to the brain.

26
 The basal cells that act as stem cells, divide and differentiate into new
gustatory cells.
27. Describe the sensory receptors present in the skin.

 Tactile merkel disc is light touch receptor lying in the deeper layer of
epidermis.
 Hair follicle receptors are light touch receptors lying around the hair
follicles.
 Meissner’s corpuscles are small light pressure receptors found just beneath
the epidermis in the dermal papillae.
 Pacinian corpuscles are the large egg shaped receptors found scattered deep
in the dermis and monitoring vibration due to pressure.
 Ruffini endings which lie in the dermis responds to continuous pressure.
 Krause end bulbs are thermoreceptors that sense temperature.
Chapter -11
Chemical Coordination and Integration
14. Comment on homeostasis.

 Maintenance of constant internal environment of the body by the different
coordinating system.
15. Hormones are known as chemical messenger. Justify.

 Hormones are chemical messengers because they act as organic catalysts
and coenzymes to perform specific functions in the target organs.
16. Write the role of oestrogen in ovulation.

 Oestrogen is responsible for the maturation of reproductive organs and the
development of secondary sexual characters at puberty.
 When the level of Oestrogen is sufficiently high, it produces a sudden
release of LH, usually around day thirteen of the cycle.
17. Comment on Acini of thyroid gland.

 The lobules of thyroid gland consist of follicles called acini.
 Each acinus is lined with glandular, cuboidal epithelial cells.
 The lumen of acinus is filled with colloid, a thick glycoprotein mixture
consisting of thyroglobulin molecules.
18. Write the causes for diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
 Diabetes mellitus is caused due to reduced secretion of insulin. As the
result, blood glucose level is elevated.
 Diabates insipidus is caused due to hyposecretion of vasopressin (ADH)
from neurohypophysis.
19. Specify the symptoms of acromegaly

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 Symptoms - Over growth of hand bones, feet bones, jaw bones, malfunctioning
of gonads, enlargement of viscera, tongue, lungs, heart, liver, spleen and
endocrine gland like thyroid, adrenal etc.
20. Write the symptoms of cretinism.

 Symptoms -Retarded skeletal growth, absence of sexual maturity, retarded
mental ability, thick wrinkled skin, protruded enlarged tongue, bloated face,
thick and short limbs occurs, low BMR, slow pulse rate, subnormal body
temperature and elevated blood cholesterol levels.
21. Briefly explain the structure of thyroid gland.
 The butterfly shaped thyroid gland is a bilobed gland located below the
larynx on each side of upper trachea.
 It is the largest endocrine gland in the body. Its two lateral lobes are
connected by a median tissue mass called isthmus.
 Each lobe is made up of many lobules .The lobules consist of follicles called
acini .Each acinus is lined with glandular, cuboidal or squamous epithelial
cells.
 The lumen of acinus is filled with colloid, a thick glycoprotein mixture
consisting of thyroglobulin molecules.
 Hormones of the thyroid gland are often called the major metabolic hormones.
 The follicular cells of thyroid gland secrete two hormones namely tri-
iodothyronine (T3 ) and thyroxine (T4).
 The parafollicular cells or ‘C’ cells of thyroid gland secrete a hormone called
thyrocalcitonin.
 Iodine is essential for the normal synthesis of thyroid hormones.
 Thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus stimulates the
adenohypophysis to secrete TSH, which inturn stimulates the thyroid gland
to secrete the thyroid hormones.
 Thyroid hormones show a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and
pituitary.
22. Name the layers of adrenal cortex and mention their secretions.
 Zona glomerulosa- Mineralocorticoids(Aldosterone)
 Zona fasciculate- Glucocorticoids (cortisol,corticosterone)
 Zona reticularis- Adrenal androgen,oestrogen and glucocorticoids.
23. Differentiate hyperglycemia from hypoglycemia

 Hyperglycemia is when blood sugar levels are too high.
 Glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone that acts on the liver and promotes the
breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
 Hypoglycemia is when blood sugar levels are too low.
 Insulin is a hypoglycemic hormone that inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to
glucose and reduce blood sugar levels.
24 Write the functions of (CCK) Cholecystokinin.

 Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by duodenum in response to the presence
of fat and acid in the diet.
 It acts on the gall bladder to contract and release of bile into duodenum and
stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and its discharge.

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25. Growth hormone is important for normal growth. Justify the statement.
Growth hormone (somatotropic hormone)
 It is a peptide hormone. Growth hormone promotes growth of all the tissues
and metabolic process of the body.
 It influences the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids and
increases the rate of protein biosynthesis in the cells.
 It stimulates chondrogenesis (cartilage formation), osteogenesis (bone
formation) and helps in the retention of minerals like nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorus, sodium etc., in the body.
 GH increases the release of fatty acid from adipose tissue and decreases the rate
of glucose utilization for energy by the cells.
 Thus it conserves glucose for glucose dependent tissues, such as the brain.
26. Pineal gland is an endocrine gland, write its role.

 It located behind the third ventricle of brain and is formed of parenchymal
cells and interstitial cells.
 It secretes the hormone, melatonin, which plays a central role in the regulation
of circadian rhythm of our body and maintains the normal sleep wake cycle.
 It also regulates the timing of sexual maturation of gonads.
 In addition melatonin also influences metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual
cycle and defence mechanism of our body.
27. Comment on the functions of adrenalin.

 The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones adrenalin and noradrenalin and
are referred as "3F hormone" (fight, flight and fright hormone).
 Adrenalin increases liver glycogen breakdown into glucose and increases the
release of fatty acids from fat cells.
 During emergency it increases heart beat rate and blood pressure.
 It stimulates the smooth muscles of cutaneous and visceral arteries to decrease
blood flow.
 It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles thereby increases the
metabolic rate of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles and nervous tissue.
28. Predict the effects of removal of pancreas from the human body.
 Digestion and maintenance of blood sugar level get affected.
 Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucogon.
 The digestive enzymes digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
 Insulin and glucogon regulate blood sugar levels
29. Enumerate the role of kidney as an endocrine gland.

 In kidneys, hormones such as renin, erythropoietin and calcitriol are
secreted.
 Renin is secreted by juxta glomerular cells (JGA), which increases blood
pressure when angiotensin is formed in blood.
 Erythropoietin is also secreted by the JGA cells of the kidney and stimulates
erythropoiesis (formation of RBC) in bone marrow.
 Calcitriol is sercreted by proximal tubules of nephron. It is an active form of
vitamin D3 which promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption from intestine
and accelerates bone formation.

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30. Write a detailed account of gastro intestinal tract hormones.

 Group of specialized endocrine cells present in gastro-intestinal tract secretes
hormones such as gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin and gastric
inhibitory peptides (GIP).
 Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of HCl and
pepsinogen.
 Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by duodenum in response to the presence of
fat and acid in the diet. It acts on the gall bladder to release bile into
duodenum and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and its
discharge.
 Secretin acts on acini cells of pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ions and water
to neutralize the acidity.
 Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
Chapter -12
Trends in Economic Zoology
15. Write the advantages of vermicomposting
 Vermicompost is rich in essential plant nutrients.
 Improves soil structure texture, aeration, and water holding capacity and
prevents soil erosion
 Eco-friendly to soil for farming and terrace gardening.
 It enhances seed germination and ensures good plant growth
16. Name the three castes in a honey bee colony.

 Queen bee, worker bee and drones (male bees).
17. Name the following:

 The largest bee in the colony- Queen bee
 The kind of flight which the new virgin queen takes along with the drones out
of the hive- Nuptial flight
18. What are the main duties of a worker bee?

 Secretion of royal jelly, prepares bee-bread to feed the larvae, feeds the
queen, takes care of the queen and drones, secretes bees wax, builds
combs, cleans and fans the bee hive.
19. What happens to the drones after mating flight?
 Drones dies after copulation.
20. Give the economic importance of Silkworm.

 Silk fibers are utilized in preparing silk clothes.
 Silk fibers are now combined with other natural or synthetic fibers to
manufacture Teri-Silk, Cot-Silk etc.
 Silk is dyed and printed to prepare ornamented fabrics
 Silk is used in industries and for military purposes.
 It is used in the manufacture of fishing fibers, parachutes, insulation coils
for telephone, tyres of racing cars ,in medical dressings and as suture
materials.

30
21. What are the Nutritive values of fishes?

 Fishes from a rich source of protein food.
 Fish species such as sardines, mackerel, tuna, herrings have high amino
acids concentrations particularly histidine.
 It is rich in fat such as omega 3 fatty acids.
 Minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, iron,
manganese, iodine and copper.
22. Give the economic importance of prawn fishery.

 Prawn flesh is palatable and rich in glycogen, protein with low fat
content.
23. Give the economic importance of lac insect.

 Lac is largely used as a sealing wax and adhesive for optical instruments. It
is used in electric industry, as it is a good insulator.
 It is used in preparations of shoe and leather polishes and as a protective
coating of wood.
 It is used in laminating paper board, photographs, engraved materials and
plastic moulded articles.
 Used as a filling material for gold ornaments
25. Define cross breeding.

 Breeding between a superior male of one breed with a superior female of
another breed.
 The cross bred progeny has superior traits ( hybrid vigour or heterosis).
26. What are the advantages of artificial insemination?

 It increases the rate of conception
 It avoids genital diseases
 Semen can be collected from injured bulls which have desirable traits.
 Superior animals located apart can be bred successfully.
27. Discuss the various techniques adopted in cattle breeding?

1.Inbreeding
 Breeding between animals of the same breed for 4-6 generations is called
inbreeding.
 It increases homozygosity and exposes the harmful recessive genes.
 Continuous inbreeding reduces fertility and even productivity, resulting in
“inbreeding depression”.
2.Outbreeding:
 The breeding between unrelated animals is called outbreeding.
 Individuals produced do not have common ancestors for 4-6 generations.
 Outbreeding helps to produce new and favourable traits, to produce hybrids
with superior qualities and helps to create new breeds.
i.Out crossing:
 It is the breeding between unrelated animals of the same breed but having
no common ancestry.
 This method is suitable for breeding animals below average in productivity.
ii.Cross breeding:

31
 Breeding between a superior male of one breed with a superior female of

another breed. The cross bred progeny has superior traits ( hybrid vigour or
heterosis).
iii.Interspecific hybridization:
 In this method of breeding mating is between male and female of two
different species.
 The progeny obtained from such crosses are different from their parents,
and may possess the desirable traits of the parents.
 Mule was produced by the process of interspecific hybridization between a
male donkey and a female horse.
28. Mention the advantages of MOET.

 To produce high milk yielding females cows and high-quality meat yielding
bulls in a short time.
29. Write the peculiar characters of duck.

 The body is fully covered with oily feathers.
 They have a layer of fat under their skin which prevents it from getting wet.
 They lay eggs at night or in the morning.
 The ducks feed on rice bran, kitchen wastes, waste fish and snails.
30. Explain the life cycle of bombyx mori.
 The adult of Bombyx mori is about 2.5 cm in length and pale creamy white in
colour, flight is not possible by the female moth.
 Unisexual and does not feed during its very short life period of 2-3 days.
 Just after emergence, male moth copulates with female for about 2-3 hours.
 A single female moth lays 400 to 500 eggs depending upon the climatic
conditions.
 The eggs after ten days of incubation hatch into larva called as caterpillar.
 The newly hatched caterpillar is about 3 mm in length and is pale,
yellowish-white in colour and feed on the mulberry leaves.
 After 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th moultings caterpillars get transformed into 2nd,
3rd, 4th and 5th instars respectively
 It takes about 21 to 25 days after hatching. The fully grown caterpillar is 7.5
cm in length.

32
 It develops salivary glands, stops feeding and undergoes pupation.

 It secretes a sticky fluid through their silk gland. The secreted fluid comes
out through spinneret form of long fine thread of silk which form cocoon.
 The length of continuous thread secreted by a caterpillar for the formation of
cocoon is about 1000-1200 metres which requires 3 days to complete.
 The pupal period lasts for 10 to 12 days and the pupae cut through the
cocoon and emerge into adult moth.
LONG VERSION ZOOLOGY
Chapter 9
Locomotion and Movement
37. What are the different types of bone fracture?

 Tranverse - A fracture that is at right angle to the bone's long axis.
 Oblique non-displaced-A fracture that is diagonal to the bone's long axis
and the fractured bone is not displaced from its position.
 Oblique displaced - A fracture that is diagonal to the bone's long axis and
the fractured bone is displaced from its position.
 Spiral - Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a
bone
 Greenstick - Bone breaks incompletely, just like a green twig breaks. It is
common in children, because of the flexibility of the bones.
 Comminuted – Bone fragmented into three or more pieces. Particularly
common in the aged, whose bones are brittle.
38. Write about the mechanism and healing of bone fracture.

There are four major stages in repairing a simple fracture
1. Formation of haematoma
 When a bone breaks the blood vessels in the bone and surrounding tissues
are torn and results in haemorrhage.
 Due to this a haematoma, a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site.
The tissues at the site becomes swollen, painful and inflammed.
 The death of bone cells, occur due to lack of nutrition.
2. Formation of fibrocartilaginous callus
 Within a few days several events lead to the formation of soft granulation
tissue called callus.
 Capillaries grow into the haematoma and phagocytic cells invade the area and
begin to clean up the debris. Meanwhile the fibroblasts and osteoblasts invade
from the nearby periosteum and endosteum and begin reconstructing of the
bone. The fibroblasts produce fibres.
 The chondroblasts secrete the cartilage matrix.
 Within this repair tissue, osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone.
 The cartilage matrix later calcifies and forms the fibrocartilaginous callus.
3. Formation of Bony callus
 New bone trabeculae begin to appear in the fibro cartilaginous callus.
Gradually that is converted into a bony (hard) callus of spongy bone.
 Bony callus formation continues until a firm union is formed about two
months later to an year for complete woven bone formation.
4. Remodeling of Bone

33
 Bony callus formation will be continued for several months.

 After that the bony callus is remodelled. The excess material on the diaphysis
exterior and within the medullary cavity is removed and the compact bone is
laid down to reconstruct the shaft walls.
 The final structure of the remodelled area resembles like the unbroken bony
region.
39. What is meant by physiotherapy?

 Physiotherapy is the therapeutic exercise to make the limbs work near
normally.
 The common problem at the end of fracture treatment is the wasting of
muscles and stiffness of joints.
 These problems can be restored by the physiotherapy with gradual exercises.
40. Comment on the dislocation of joints.

 Dislocation of joint is the total displacement of the articular end of the bone
from the joint cavity.
 The normal alignment of the bones becomes altered. Joints of the jaw,
shoulders, fingers and thumbs are most commonly dislocated
Chapter 12
Basic Medical Instruments and Techniques
8. Write the normal values of total RBC and WBC.

 There are about 5 million to 5.5 millions of RBC mm-3 of blood in a healthy
man and 4.5-5.0 millions of RBC mm-3 in healthy women
 Approximately 6000 to 8000 per cubic mm of WBCs are seen in the blood of
an average healthy individual.
9. What does a pace maker do?

 Pacemaker is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by
electrodes contracting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the
heart

34
 The primary purpose of a pacemaker is to maintain an adequate heart rate,

either because the heart’s natural pacemaker is not fast enough, or
because there is a block in the heart’s electrical conducting system.
10. What are the advantages of CT over other imaging techniques?
 It is used to generate a three dimensional image of the internal organs.
Clinical significance
 Gives a clear image of bone, soft tissues and blood vessels
 Helps in the diagnosis of injuries of the inner ears and sinuses
 To detect cancer, heart and lung disorders
 For diagnosis of spinal problems and skeletal injuries
 Helps to measure bone mineral density
 To detect stroke causing clots and hemorrhage in the brain.
11. Enumerate the uses of stethoscope.

 Stethoscope helps to find the normal and abnormal heart beat sounds and
also to diagnose valve functions.
 It helps to diagnose lung diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema,
bronchitis and pleuritis.
 Stethoscopes along with sphygmomanometer are used to read the blood
pressure.
 It outlines the status of cardiac, respiratory and intestinal disorders.
12. Explain the working of MRI.

 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive medical test that
physicians use to diagnose medical conditions
 Unlike conventional X-ray examinations and computed tomography (CT)
scans, MRI does not utilize ionizing radiation.
 MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio frequency pulses and a computer
to produce detailed pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all
other internal body structures.
 The radio frequency pulses re-align hydrogen atoms that naturally exist
within the body while the patient is in the scanner without causing any
chemical changes in the tissues.
 As the hydrogen atoms return to their usual alignment, they emit different
amounts of energy that vary according to the type of body tissue from which
they come.
 The MR scanner captures this energy and creates a picture of the tissues
scanned based on this information
 The magnetic field is produced by passing an electric current through wire
coils in most MRI units.
 A computer then processes the signals and generates a series of images,
each of which shows a thin slice of the body.
 The images can then be studied from different angles and interpreted by a
radiologist.
 Detailed MR images allow physicians to evaluate various parts of the body
and determine the presence of certain diseases.
13. How does a normal EEG appear?

 EEG evaluate the electrical activities of the brain Brain cells
 An EEG tracks and records the brain wave patterns.

35
 It is a graphical recording of the electrical activities of the cortical and sub

cortical regions of the brain.
 It is recorded by placing the surface electrodes on the scalp region.
 The electrodes analyse the electrical impulses in the brain and send signals
to a computer which records the results.
 In 1929 Germen scientist Hans Berger was the first to analyse the EEG.
Hence, EEG is also known as “Berger Wave”.
 It has four frequency waves/ rhythms namely alpha, beta, delta and theta
waves.
14. Write the clinical significance of ultra sonogram.

 Ultrasound waves are used to image the foetus at different stages of
pregnancy to study the progress of the developing foetus.
 They are used to hear foetal heart sound, blood flow, etc.
 Used in echocardiography to diagnose the damages in heart.
 Used for diagnosis of tumours, gall stones, kidney stones, obstructions in
the genital tracts.
15. Explain the principle involved in PET scan.

 Positron emissiontomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine procedure based on
the measurement of positron emission from radiolabelled tracer
molecules.
 These radiotracers allow biological processes to be measured and whole body
images to be obtained which demonstrates sites of radiotracer accumulation.
 A PET image gives quantitative regional information on the metabolic and
physiological processes.
 PET uses positron emitting radio isotopes (11C 13N 15O 18F) which are
generated by the cyclotron.
 The most common radiotracer in use today is 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose
(18F-FDG) which is a radio labelled sugar (glucose) molecule.
 These atoms are then incorporated by chemical methods into biological
molecules like glucose, amino acids and ammonia.
 The three dimensional distribution of the labeled trace is then probed by
powerful PET cameras and the images are reconstructed by a computer.
 The quantitative interpretation of the image is done by varying mathematical
models.
 They deal with the process of uptake and metabolism of the radioisotope.

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1

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

9.Differentiate between probiotics and pathogenic bacteria.

10. Why mule is sterile in nature?

11. List any five salient features of the family Felidae.

12. What is the role of Charles Darwin in relation to concept of species?

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

4.They are large areas where

22. Why are spongin and spicules important to a sponge?

23. What are the four characteristics common to most animals?

25. Compare closed and opened circulatory system.

26. Compare Schizocoelom with enterocoelom.

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

27. Identify the structure that the archenteron becomes in a developing

30. Why flatworms are called acoelomates?

31. What are flame cells?

33. In which phyla is the larva trochopore found?

34. Which of the chordate characteristics do tunicates retain as adults?

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

3.Mouth is located ventrally and teeth 3.Mouth is circular without jaws

36. List three features that characterise bony fishes.

37. List the functions of air bladder in fishes.

38. Write the characteristics that contributes to the success of reptiles on

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

39. List the unique features of bird’s endoskeleton.

6. Some epithelia are pseudostratified. What does this mean?

7. Differentiate white adipose tissue from brown adipose tissue.

8. Why blood is considered as a typical connective tissue?

9. Differentiate between elastic fibres and elastic connective tissue.

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

4.This connective tissue is present in 4.It is found in the walls of large

11. Write the classification of connective tissue and their functions.

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

2. Dense irregular connective tissues- Have bundles of thick collagen fibres

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

Compound epithelium is divided into the four tyes.

15. What are earthworm casts?

16. How do earthworms breathe?

17. Why do you call cockroach a pest?

18. Comment on the functions of alary muscles?

19. Name the visual units of the compound eyes of cockroach.

21. Write the types of respiration seen in frog.

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

22. Differentiate between peristomium and prostomium in earthworm.

23. Give the location of clitellum and spermathecal openings in Lampito

24. Differentiate between tergum and a sternum.

25. Head of cockroach is called hypognathous. Why?

26. What are the components of blood in frog?

27. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the digestive system of frog.

28. Explain the male reproductive system of frog.

29. Explain the female reproductive system of frog.

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

30. Differentiate between male and female cockroach?

S. No Character Male cockroach Female cockroach

18. Bile juice contains no digestive enzymes, yet it is important for

ERRORLESS MATERIAL - N.SENTHILKUMAR ,PGT IN ZOOLOGY,GBHSS,THALAIVASAL,SALEM DT. 9715964639

20.Which structure seals the larynx when we swallow?

21.Resistance in the airways is typically low. Why? Give two reasons.

23. Why is pneumonia considered a dangerous disease?