Sectional Views

 Invisible feature of an object shown by hidden lines

 When object is more complex, more hidden lines may be required making the views
difficult to interpret.
 An imaginary plane is assumed to cut/section the object between such a plane and the
observer
 The view shown is sectional view.
 Imaginary plane is called cutting plane or sectional plane.
 Cutting plane is assumed to be parallel to the plane on which the view is projected.
 The surface produced by cutting an object by the section plane is called section.
 The projection of section with the remaining part of the object is called sectional view.
 Sectional view not only show the shape of the section
but also all the visible edges and contours of the
objects behind the section plane.
 Section is indicated by means of hatching or section
lines
 Dashed lines for hidden details are not considered
unless they are essential.
 Sectional lines are uniformly spaced and of uniform
thickness.
 Grey in color. To be drawn with 3H or 4H pencil.
 Section in 1 view does not affect the other views.
 Only the cutting plane line is included to show the
location of the section and the direction in which it is
viewed.

Cutting Plane Line:

 Position of cutting plane is indicated by cutting plane

line
 It is thin, long chain like thickened at the ends, bends
and change of directions.
 The direction of viewing the section is shown by
arrows resting on the cutting planes and designated by
capital letters A-A, X-Y, etc.
 Types of Sectional Views
Full Section:

 Object is cut through entirely and front half is removed. It is full section.
 Projected view is full section view.
When object is cut by horizontal section plane as illustrated,
 Half Section

 When object is symmetrical, it is assumed to be cut by two cutting planes at right angles
to each other and containing the two centre lines of the object.
 The one quarter of the object between two plane is then removed, showing only half
section.
 Projected view is called half sectional view.
 Fig. iii, external and internal feature is shown in one single view.
When the object is symmetrical about
vertical axis, half sectional view may be
assumed to be on any side of that axis.
In half sectional view, dashed line for
hidden feature is always shown for better
understanding.
Line separating sectional view and external
view always coincide with the centre line.
 Partial or Broken Section

 When only a small portion of an object is required to be shown in section to reveal a

minute feature, the view is shown in partial or broken section.
 Irregular line shows the boundary of the section.
 Section known as local section.
 Revolved Section

 A section is formed by passing a cutting plane at right angles to the axis of object to
reveal a minute feature.
 This section then revolved and brought into plane of the axis and shown in the view in
which axis is seen as line.

Removed Section
 Here it is same as revolved section, but is drawn outside the view, generally around the
extension of the cutting-plane line.
 When it is not convenient to show the section in this manner, it may be drawn away
from its location.
 In such case, section is identified by a note below it. Eg. Section C-C.
 Offset Section
 For revealing more section than ordinary section, cutting plane may be offset.
Corresponding section obtained is called offset section.
 This view is also called sectional view.
 Section lines in the sectional views are similarly spaced but are offset along the dividing
lines between sections.
 Position of the offset plane is always shown by a cutting plane line in the view in which it
is seen edge-wise.
 Sectioning Conventions
a) Bolts, nuts, studs, rivets, pins, keys, cotters, shafts, etc are never shown in section
longitudinally, when cutting plane pass through such a way that, it contain the axis.
However, they are cut and shown in section, when the cutting plane is at right angles to
their axis.
b) Spokes or arms of wheels or pulleys are never sectioned longitudinally. The cutting plane
is assumed to be in offset so that the arms are left intact and behind the cutting plane.
c) Web or rib is also not shown in section when a cutting plane cuts it along its length and
breadth. It is left intact by offsetting the cutting plane (normally used)
Another practice: show the rib by means of dashed line and to draw section lines in it, by
omitting the alternate lines.
Ribs are shown in sections, when cut along their cross section as shown in the sectional
top view.
d) Sectional view of the having an odd number of arms is shown in Fig. (i)arm B is shown in
its true projection. In conventional practice, it is assumed to be revolved and brought in
line with the arm A as shown in Fig. (ii). It makes the view comparatively simpler.
e) Shafts, pipes etc. of long lengths are generally shown broken in the middle to
accommodate their views in a drawing sheet without reducing the scale.
Conventional methods of showing broken ends of (i) round bar, (ii) pipes, (iii) bars of
rectangular or square cross section and (iv) wood scantlings are shown.
The section lines are drawn in both broken parts.
f) Different types of holes:
Holes are produced by drilling. Finished by either reaming or boring process. Holes are
enlarged at one end to receive the head of screw, or bolt or rivets.
Holes are classified under

(1) Drilled hole: a hole is produced by twist drill. If the hole is not through, it is blind
hole, if it is through hole then it is through hole. (i,ii)
(2) Bored hole: hole produced by drill is not accurate. Accurate hole produced by
boring process (ii). If the hole enlarged at one end by boring process, then it is
called counter-boring (iv)
(3) Counter sunk hole: Counter sinking is the process of enlarging the hole at one end
by tapered tool. Such holes are counter sunk hole (v).
(4) Tapped hole: when the internal threads are produced by special internal threads,
cutting tool known as tap in the hole, such hole is known as tapped hole. (vi)
(5) Spot facing: process of enlarging hole upto 1.5 to 2 mm depth by milling operation
(vii)
 Hatching or Section Lines

 Section lines are drawn in the section (i.e the portion cut by the section plane).
 Section lines are thin continuous line drawn inclined at 45 to the axis or to the main
outline of the section.
 Section lines should be spaced uniformly throughout a drawing. Spacing should be 1.5
mm to 2 mm, depending on the size of the figure to be sectioned.
 By marking on longer edge at uniform spacing, section line may be drawn.
 Section lines should never cross an outline of a drawing. They should be interrupted for
dimensions only, not for dimension lines or arrow heads.
 Any object should have section lines drawn in same direction in all its views.
 Section lines in two different pieces in contact should have section lines drawn in the
opposite direction (a).
 When three or more parts are in contact, spacing of section lines should be varied as
shown (b).
 Very thin sections are shown totally black leaving thin spaces between adjacent sections
(c).
Conventions of Sections lines
Draw the sectional front view and top view of the plate shown pictorially
Draw the sectional front view and top view of the plate shown pictorially
Draw the sectional front view of the plate shown pictorially
Draw the sectional front view of the plate shown pictorially
Draw the sectional front view of the each block as shown in figure pictorially
Draw the sectional front view of each of the cylindrical block as shown in figure pictorially
Draw the sectional front view, sectional side view and top view of the casting shown in figure.
Draw the front view, side view and sectional top view of the block shown pictorially.
The pictorial view of the bearing bracket is given in figure. Draw its following views
a) Half sectional front view, looking in direction of arrow X.
b) Half sectional side view
c) Half sectional top view.
Assignments: