Water Resources (Prashant Kirad) - Removed

PRASHANT KIRAD
Water resources
Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface is covered with water.
About 97.5% of the total volume is ocean water.
2.5% is freshwater, comprising rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, ponds, etc.
70% of freshwater is frozen ice in icebergs and glaciers. Less than 30% of
freshwater is stored as groundwater.
India receives merely 4% of global precipitation.
Water scarcity Water scarcity means shortage of water.

Quantitative reasons for water scarcity (E.M.A)
1. Uneven distribution of rainfall: Some regions receive greater rainfall and
some regions come under rain shadow areas and receive less rainfall.
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2. Excessive use of groundwater for agricultural purposes.
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3. Growing population and consequent greater domestic water demands, growing
urban centres and unequal access to it.
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4. Increasing numbers of industries not only exert pressure on existing
freshwater resources but also pollute them.
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Qualitative reasons for water scarcity

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In some regions where freshwater is available in the form of rivers, lakes, and
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ponds, it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals,

pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for
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human use.
NEED FOR WATER CONSERVATION
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We have finite water resources, yet our demands are growing exponentially
due to the increasing number of industries, urbanization, and agriculture.
Most of our water resources are polluted, posing severe health hazards and
threatening food security.
To prevent catastrophic consequences such as drought, famine, and epidemics.
To reduce over-exploitation and mismanagement of water resources.
(E.M.A)
To minimise climate changes and uneven distribution of rainfall.
Multipurpose River Projects (MPRP) :

Dams :
A dam is a structure built across a
river or watercourse to hold back
water, creating a reservoir (the
stored water) behind it. JOSH METER?
PRASHANT KIRAD
Irrigation for agriculture.

Some projects
Bhakra-Nangal project
Electricity generation (hydroelectricity).
on Sutlej-Beas River
Flood control.
basin.
Water supply for domestic and industrial use.
Hirakud project in the
Fish breeding and recreation
Mahanadi basin.
Advantage of (MPRP) Disadvantage of (MPRP)

or Dams or Dams
Irrigation Multipurpose projects can induce
Hydroelectricity for our industries earthquakes.
and homes. It displaces the local people of the
place where it is constructed.
Water supply for drinking It can cause water-borne diseases
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Flood control Unsuccessful in controlling floods
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Recreational facilities It affects the river's natural flow
Inland navigation Submerge the existing vegetation
and soil.
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Pisciculture (fish breeding)
Destroys the habitats for the
Soil conservation
river‘s aquatic life.
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Rainwater Harvesting
The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collecting of water from the
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surface on which rainfalls and subsequently saving this water for later use.
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A water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically

and environmentally.
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MAIN OBJECTIVE 🤔
To meet the increasing demands of water.
Support growing demand for water for irrigation and domestic use.
Promoting sustainable water management practice
To reduce groundwater pollution and improve the quality of groundwater.
Conserving and recharging groundwater.
Methods of Rainwater harvesting:

(i) Guls and Kuls:
In mountainous areas of the western Himalayas, rainwater is collected and

saved for agriculture.
PRASHANT KIRAD
(ii) Tankas (iii) Khadins and Johads

In arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan In Jaisalmer & Rajasthan,
[Bikaner, Phalodhi] Underground tanks agricultural fields were converted
for storing rainwater harvested from into rain-fed storage structures.
rooftops for drinking purpose
(iv) Bamboo drip irrigation
system in Meghalaya
A system of tapping streams and spring
water using bamboo pipes has been used for
over 200 years to transport water. (E.M.A)
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting:
It is Compulsory in
Tamil Nadu for all
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houses.
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If not implemented,
punishment will be
given
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In rooftop harvesting, the roof acts as the catchment, and the rainwater is
collected from the roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a
tank or diverted to an artificial recharge system.
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Rainwater from rooftops is collected using pipes.

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Pipes are connected to underground tanks.

Rocks and sand in the tanks filter the rainwater.
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Clean water is then available for drinking purposes.

This eco-friendly system ensures a steady supply of clean drinking water, even
during water scarcity periods, making it an ideal solution for sustainable living."
Gendathur model
*Location:* Gendathur is a backward village in Mysuru, Karnataka
*Achievement:* 200+ households with rooftop rainwater harvesting systems,
collecting over 1.5 million litres of water annually.
*Impacts:*
Reduced dependence on external water sources by 70%.
Conserved water for future generations, ensuring a sustainable future.
Replicable model for other villages, inspiring a wave of community-led
sustainability initiatives.
PRASHANT KIRAD
Map work
Major dams in India:
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PRASHANT KIRAD

Water scarcity Water scarcity means shortage of water.

Qualitative reasons for water scarcity

ponds, it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals,

Multipurpose River Projects (MPRP) :

Irrigation for agriculture.

Advantage of (MPRP) Disadvantage of (MPRP)

A water harvesting system was a viable alternative, both socio-economically

Methods of Rainwater harvesting:

In mountainous areas of the western Himalayas, rainwater is collected and

(ii) Tankas (iii) Khadins and Johads

Rainwater from rooftops is collected using pipes.

Pipes are connected to underground tanks.

Clean water is then available for drinking purposes.

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