Q.

Discuss the condition of the equilibrium of body under actions of two

forces and torque with suitable figures.
The equilibrium of a body under the actions of two forces and a torque can be
described by the following two conditions:
The sum of the forces acting on the body must be equal to zero.
The sum of the torques acting on the body must be equal to zero.
The first condition ensures that the body does not move in any direction, while
the second condition ensures that the body does not rotate.
Fig. 1 shows a body under the actions of two forces, F1 and F2, and a torque, t.
The sum of the forces is equal to zero because F1 + F2 = 0. The sum of the
torques is equal to zero because τ1 + 2 = 0.
The condition of equilibrium can also be
expressed mathematically as follows:
Sigma*F = 0 alpha
sum tau = 0
where Sigma F is the sum of the forces acting
on the body, sum tau is the sum of the
torques acting on the body, and F and t are
the individual forces and torques.
The condition of equilibrium is important in many engineering applications. For
example, it is used to design structures and machines that are stable and do
not move or rotate under load.
Q. State the procedure for the dynamic analysis of four-link mechanism
Here is the procedure for the dynamic analysis of four- link mechanism:
1. Identify the kinematics of the mechanism. This includes determining the link
lengths, the angles between the links, and the relative motion between the
links.
2. Calculate the inertia properties of the links. This includes the mass of each
link, the moment of inertia of each link about its centre of mass, and the mass
moment of inertia of each link about a fixed point.
3. Derive the equations of motion for the mechanism. This can be done using
either the Varangian or Newton-Euler methods.
4. Solve the equations of motion. numerically or analytically. can be done
5. Analyse the results. This includes examining the natural frequencies of the
mechanism, the response of the mechanism to external mechanism.
Q.Draw and discuss (i) knife-edge follower and (ii) flat-faced follower.
(1)Here are the diagrams and discussions of knife-edge follower and flat-faced
follower:
Knife-edge follower- A knife-edge follower is a type of
follower that has a sharp edge that contacts the cam.
This type of follower is simple to construct, but it has a
high wear rate. The sharp edge rate. T of the knife-edge
follower slides on the the cam, cart which causes wear
on both the cam and the follower. Knife-edge followers
are typically used in applications where high
accuracy is required.
(2) flat-faced follower.-A flat-faced follower is a
type of follower that has a flat surface that
contacts the cam. This type of follower has a lower
wear rate than a knife-edge follower, but it is also
less accurate. The flat surface of the flat-faced
follower rolls bu the cam, which causes less wear
than the sliding motion of a knife-edge follower. However, the rolling motion
also introduces some error into the follower's motion.
Q. Determine the equivalent spring constant for the following cases:
(i) Two springs with stiffness k{1} and k{2} in series. (ii) Two springs with
stiffness k in parallel
Here is how to determine the equivalent spring constant for two springs in
series and parallel: com (i) Two springs with stiffness k{1} and When two
springs are connected k{2} in series an series, the equivalent spring constant is
the sum the individual spring - constants. The formula is:
k eq =k 1 +k 2 For example, if two with spring constants of springs are
connected m and 20 N/m spring constant would 10 N/ in series, the equivalent
be 30 N/m.
(ii) Two springs with stiffness k in parallel the individual spring constants. The
formula is: For example, if two springs with spring constants of 10 N
k eq =1/(1/k 1 +1/k 2 )
When two springs are connected in parallel, the equivalent spring constant is
the inverse of the sum of the inverses of m and 20 N/m are connected in
parallel, the equivalent spring constant would be 5 N/m
Q. Explain turning moment diagram for 2-stroke and 4-stroke single cylinder
IC engine."
A turning moment diagram is a graphical representation of the turning moment
or torque produced by an internal combustion engine (ICE) as a function of the
crank angle. It is used to understand the operating characteristics of the engine
and to design the engine for optimal performance. The turning moment
diagram for a 2-stroke single cylinder ICE is shown below. The diagram shows
that the turning moment is positive during the power stroke and negative
during the intake and exhaust strokes. The negative turning moment during the
intake and exhaust
strokes is due to the
fact that the piston
is moving against
the pressure of the
air in the intake
manifold or the
exhaust gases in the
exhaust manifold
The turning moment diagram for a 4-stroke single cylinder ICE is shown below.
The diagram shows that the turning moment is positive during the
compression stroke,
power stroke, and
exhaust stroke. The
negative turning
moment during the
intake stroke is due to
the fact that the piston
is moving against the
manifold . The
fuel consumption of the
engine. The fuel
consumption is equal to the power output divided by the efficiency of the
engine. The turning moment diagram is a valuable tool for understanding and
designing ICEs. It can be used to optimize the performance of the engine and to
improve the fuel efficiency of the engine
Q. Discuss flywheel and its uses.
A flywheel is a heavy rotating wheel that is used to store rotational energy.
Flywheels are used in a variety of applications, including: engine.com
Engines: Flywheels are used in smooth out the power output of the engine.
The flywheel stores energy during the power stroke of the engine and releases
it during' the other strokes. This helps to keep the engine running smoothly
and prevent it from stalling
Generators: Flywheels are used in
generators to store energy and provide a
smooth output of electricity. The flywheel
stores energy during periods of high
demand for electricity and releases it during
periods of low demand.
This helps to keep the power grid stable and
prevent blackouts.
Machine tools: Flywheels are used in machine tools to provide a smooth
motion of the cutting tool. The flywheel stores energy during the cutting stroke
and releases it during the return stroke. This helps to prevent the cutting tool
from chattering and ensures a smooth finish on the workpiece
Q. Define coefficient of fluctuation of energy and coefficient of fluctuation of
speed
The coefficient of fluctuation of energy refers to the ratio between the
maximum fluctuation of kinetic energy in a system and the total energy of the
system. In the context of flywheels or engines, it is used to evaluate the energy
variation during one cycle of operation.
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Speed (CFS)
The coefficient of fluctuation of speed is a measure of how much the speed of
a rotating body fluctuates during a cycle, relative to the mean speed. It is
important in systems like flywheels to determine how much the speed deviates
due to energy variations.
Mathematically, it is given by
Where:
ΔN is the difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during the
cycle.
Nm is the mean or average speed over the cycle.
Q .Draw the cam profile for the following particulars: 4 knife-edge follower,
Disc cam, knife-edge radial and reciprocating follower, uniform motion during
out- stroke (first-half) and return-stroke minimum radius of cam is 30 mm,
and follower lift is 40 mm
Here is the cam profile for the particulars: Knife-edge follower
Knife-edge radial and reciprocating follower Uniform motion during ut-stroke
(first-half) and return- stroke (second-half) Minimum radius of cam is 30 mm
Follower lift is 40 mm of
The cam profile profile is shown below. The out-stroke of the follower is shown
in blue, and the return-stroke of the follower is shown in red. The minimum
radius of the cam is shown as a dashed line

The cam profile is symmetrical, so the out-stroke and return-stroke are the
same. The follower starts at the point where the cam radius is 30 mm. The
follower then moves up in a straight line until it reaches a height of 40 mm. The
follower then moves down in a straight line until it returns to the point where
the cam radius is 30 mm.
The cam profile is designed for uniform motion, so the follower moves at a
constant speed during the out-stroke and the return-stroke. The speed of the
follower is determined by the lift of the follower and the radius of the cam. In
this case, the speed of the follower is 40 mm/30 mm = 4/3 rad/s.
The cam profile is a simple a cam example of profile that can be used to
achieve uniform motion. The cam profile can be modified to achieve other
acceleration, deceleration, and dwell
Q. Construct the displacement diagram of cam that gives simple harmonic
motion. the follower with the following particulars : Out-stroke 50 mm,
division on harmonic semicircle = 12, cam displacement = 360°
here is the displacement diagram of a cam that gives simple harmonic motion
with the following particulars:
Out-stroke: 50 mm
Division on harmonic semicircle: 12
Cam displacement: 360°
The displacement diagram is shown below. The out-stroke is shown in blue,
and the
return-
stroke is
shown in
red. The
maximu
m
displace
ment of the follower is 50 mm. The displacement of the follower is sinusoidal,
with a period of 360°/12=30.
The displacement diagram is a simple example of a displacement diagram that
can be used to achieve simple harmonic motion. The displacement diagram can
be modified to achieve other types of motion, such as acceleration,
deceleration, and dwell
Q. What is offset follower? How is it different from radial follower?
In mechanics and engineering, a follower is a mechanism that converts the
rotary motion of a cam into a linear motion.
There are different types of of followers, including of offset followers and radial
followers.
Offset followers have a point have a poi of contact with the cam that is offset
from the centre of the follower. This offset causes the follower to mo move in a
direction that is parallel to the axis of the cam. Offset followers are typically
used in application distance. s where the follower needs to move a long biha
Radial followers have a point of contact with the cam Radial that is located on
the centre of the follower. This causes the follower to move in a direction that
is radial to he axis of the cam. Radial followers are typically used in applications
where the follower needs to move a short distance
Q. Sketch typical displacement and velocity diagrams for the follower moving
with constant velocity during out-stroke.
Here are the typical displacement and velocity
diagrams for the follower moving with constant
velocity during out- stroke:
Displacement diagram: The displacement
diagram is a graph of the follower's
displacement as a function of time. The
displacement diagram is a straight line, with a
slope of the lift of the follower divided by the
time of the out- stroke. Velocity diagram: The
velocity diagram is a graph of the follower's
velocity as a function of time. The velocity
diagram is a horizontal line, with a constant value
of the follower's velocity.
The displacement and velocity diagrams are symmetrical, so the out-stroke and
return-stroke are the same.
Q. Draw spinning top and show spin axis, input axis and output axis clearly.
Also show all three major planes. Use the centre of gravity of top as the
origin, of reference frame.
Here is a diagram of a spinning top showing the spin axis, input axis, and
output axis, as well as the three major planes

The spin axis is the axis around which the top spins. The input axis xis is the axis
along which the top is spun. The output axis is the axis along which the top's
motion is transmitted. The three major planes are, the spin plane, the
precession plane, and the nutation plane.
The spin plane is the plane in which the top spins. The precession plane is the
plane in which the top's axis of spin processes. The nutation plane is the plane
in which the top's axis of spin nutates. origin of the reference frame. The three
major planes are all perpendicular to each other at the centre of gravity
Q. Discuss the effect of the gyroscopic couple on the ship.
A gyroscopic couple is a force that acts on a spinning object when the object's
axis of rotation is not aligned with the direction of motion. Gyroscopic couples
can have a significant effect on the motion of ships, especially when the ship is
making a turn. The gyroscopic couple on a ship acts in a direction
perpendicular to both the axis of rotation of the ship and the direction of
motion of the ship. The magnitude of the gyroscopic couple is proportional to
the angular momentum of the ship, which is the product of the mass of the
ship, the speed of rotation of the ship, and the distance between the center of
mass of the ship and the axis of rotation.The gyroscopic couple can cause the
ship to roll, yaw, or pitch. The direction of the roll, yaw, or pitch depends on the
direction of the gyroscopic couple. For example, if the gyroscopic couple is
acting in the direction of the ship's keel, the ship will tend to roll to one side.
The gyroscopic couple can be counteracted by acing rudders or fins. Rudders
are plates that are attached to the stern of the ship and can be used to change
the direction of the ship's motion. Fins are plates that are attached to the side
of the ship and can be used to stabilize the ship's roll.
Q. Derive gyroscopic couple equation. What is spin and precession
Here is the derivation of the gyroscopic couple equation:
Let's consider a spinning top as an example. The top is spinning about its own
axis, which we will call the spin axis. The top is also moving through space, so it
has a velocity vector. The gyroscopic couple acts on the top in a direction
perpendicular to both the spin axis and the velocity vector.
The magnitude of the gyroscopic couple can be calculated
using the following equation:
where: C is the magnitude of the gyroscopic couple I is the moment of inertia
of the top about its spin axis wis the angular velocity of the top
v is the velocity vector of the top. The direction of the gyroscopic couple can be
determined using the right-hand rule. If you point your right thumb in the
direction of the spin axis and your right fingers in the direction of the velocity
vector, your palm will be pointing in the direction of the gyroscopic couple.
The gyroscopic couple causes the top to process. Precession is a slow,
rotational motion of the top's spin axis about the direction of the velocity
vector. The top about its spin axis. The gyroscopic couple equation can be used
to explain many different phenomena, such as the motion of gyroscopes, the
stability of ships, and the operation of gyrocompasses
Q. What gyroscopic motion?
Gyroscopic motion is the motion of a spinning object about an axis that is not
parallel to the axis of spin. This motion is caused by the gyroscopic couple,
which is a force that acts on a spinning object when the object's axis of rotation
is not aligned with the direction of motion.
There are two types of gyroscopic motion: precession and nutation.
Precession is the slow, rotational motion of the spin axis about the direction of
the velocity vector. The precession rate is proportional to the magnitude of the
gyroscopic couple and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the
spinning object. Nutation is the small, oscillatory motion of the spin axis about
the precession axis. The nutation rate is proportional to the torque that is
applied to the spinning object and inversely proportional to the moment of
inertia of the spinning object. y.com Gyroscopic motion is a complex
phenomenon, but it is an important concept in physics and engineering.
Gyroscopic motion is used in a variety of applications, including gyroscopes,
ships, and aircraft
Q. Show with neat sketches, the effect of gyroscopic couple on the motion of
an aeroplane while taking turn.
Here are the sketches that show the
effect of gyroscopic couple on the
motion of an aeroplane while taking
turn: Initially, the aeroplane is flying in
a straight line. The propeller is
rotating clockwise, and the angular
momentum of the propeller is aligned
with the direction of flight
When the aeroplane starts to turn, the angular momentum of the propeller is
no longer aligned with the direction of flight. This creates a gyroscopic couple,
which acts to try to keep the
propeller spinning in the
same direction.
The gyroscopic couple causes
the aeroplane to roll in the
opposite direction to the
turn. This This is because the
gyroscopic couple is trying to keep the propeller spinning in the same direction,
and the only way to do that is to roll the aeroplane in the opposite direction.
Q.Derive the equation of the angle of heel for two- wheeled vehicle to avoid
skidding.
Here is the derivation of the equation of the angle of heel for a two-wheeled
vehicle to avoid skidding:
Consider a t two-wheeled vehicle that is turning. The vehicle has a mass of m, a
center of mass of G, and a radius of gyration of k. The vehicle is turning at a
rate of w. The angle of heel of the vehicle is 0.
The gyroscopic couple on the vehicle can be calculated using the following
equation: C =Iwv
The moment of inertia of the vehicle about its center of mass can be calculated
using the following equation: I = m k^2
The velocity of the vehicle can be calculated using the following equation:
v = omega*r
The gyroscopic couple causes the vehicle to heel. The angle of heel of the
vehicle can be calculated using the following equation:
theta = C/mgk
The angle of heel of the vehicle must be less than a critical
angle in order to avoid skidding. The critical angle can be
calculated using the following equation:
Therefore, the equation of the angle of heel for a two-
wheeled vehicle to avoid skidding is:
Q. Describe in brief the balancing of inline engine.
An inline engine is a type of piston engine where the cylinders are arranged in a
single line. The balancing of an inline engine is important to minimize the
vibrations and noise produced by the engine. There are two two types ty of
imbalances that need to be considered when balancing an inline engine:
Primary imbalance: The primary imbalance can be minimized by balancing the
pistons and connecting rods so that their masses are equal.
Secondary imbalance: This is the imbalance caused by the rotating masses of
the crankshaft and flywheel. The secondary imbalance can be minimized by
balancing the crankshaft so that its mass is evenly distributed.
The balancing of an inline engine is typically done by adding balance weights to
the pistons, connecting rods, or crankshaft. that is similar in weight to the
material of the engine components, and they are placed in a way that. Cancels
out the imbalances. The balancing of an inline engine is a complex process, and
it is important to use the correct balancing techniques to ensure that the
engine is properly balanced.
Q. Derive an expression for swaying couple.
The swaying couple is the moment created by the unbalanced forces acting
along the line of stroke of a reciprocating engine. It is a force that tends to
make the engine sway from side to side.
The unbalanced force acting on a piston of a reciprocating engine can be
expressed as: Unbalanced force = (Mass of piston × Acceleration due to gravity
× Crank radius × Sine of the crank angle) where: Mass of piston is the mass of
the piston. Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration due to gravity, which
is approximately 9.8 m/s². Crank radius is the distance between the centre of
the crankpin and the centre of the crankshaft. Sine of the crank angle is the
sine of the angle between the piston and the connecting rod.
The swaying couple can then be expressed as: Swaying couple = (Unbalanced
force × Crank radius) The maximum value of the swaying couple occurs when
the crank is at 90 degrees from the top dead centre. This is because the
unbalanced forces are at their maximum at this point.
The expression for the swaying couple can be simplified as follows:
Swaying couple = (Mass of piston × Acceleration due to gravity x Crank radius
Sire of the crank angle) 2 This expression can be used to calculate the swaying
couple for any reciprocating engine. to calcular engine
Q . What is damped vibration? How can the external damping to the system
be increased? What shall be damping ratio (5) for critical damping, over.
damping and under-damping?
Damped vibration is a type of vibration that is characterized by the gradual
decrease in amplitude over time. This is due to the presence of a damping
force, which opposes the motion of the system and dissipates its energy.
The external damping to a system can be increased by adding a damping
element to the system. The damping ratio, denoted by ξ, is is a a n measure of
the amount of damping in a system the critical damping force nine of the
damping force. The critical damping ratio is equal to 1. This means that the
system will experience critical damping if the damping force is equal to the
critical damping force. An overdamped system is a system with a damping ratio
greater than 1. This means that the damping force is greater than the critical
damping force. Overdamped systems have a very slow decay rate, and their
vibrations will eventually die out. An underdamped system is a system with a
damping ratio less than 1. This means that the damping force is less than the
critical damping force. Underdamped systems have a relatively fast decay rate,
and their vibrations will eventually die out
Q. What is magnification factor? Write its equation and list all parameters in
it.
Magnification factor is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the
amount of magnification that is produced by an optical system. It is defined as
the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object. The equation for
magnification factor is: M = (image size)/(object size) The magnification factor
can also be expressed as the ratio of the focal length of the lens to the object
distance. M = f/d
The magnification factor is a useful quantity to know when using optical
systems, such as microscopes and telescopes. It can be used to calculate the
size of the image that will be produced by the system, or to determine the
object distance that is required to produce a desired magnification.
Here are some of the for-magnification factors: in the equation Image size:
This is the size of the image that is produced by the optical system. It is
measured in units of length, such as meters or centimetres. Object size: This is
the size of the object that is being magnified. It is measured in the same units
as the image size.
Focal length: This is the distance from the centre of the lens to the point where
parallel rays of light converge after passing through the lens. It is measured in
units of length, such as meters or centimetres.
Object distance: This is the distance between the object and the lens. It is
measured in the same units as the focal length.