Networking

Module 1: Networking Today
Introduction to Networks v7.0

(ITN)
Module Objectives
Module Title: Networking Today
Module Objective: Explain the advances in modern technologies.
Topic Title Topic Objective

Networks Affect our Lives Explain how networks affect our daily lives.
Network Components Explain how host and network devices are used.
Network Representations and Topologies Explain network representations and how they are used in network topologies.
Common Types of Networks Compare the characteristics of common types of networks.
Internet Connections Explain how LANs and WANs interconnect to the internet.
Reliable Networks Describe the four basic requirements of a reliable network.
Network Trends Explain how trends such as BYOD, online collaboration, video, and cloud computing
are changing the way we interact.
Network Security Identify some basic security threats and solution for all networks.
The IT Professional Explain employment opportunities in the networking field.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
1.1 Networks Affect Our
Lives
Networking Today
Networks Connect Us
Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and

shelter. In today’s world, through the use of networks, we are connected like never
before.
Networking Today
Video – The Cisco Networking Academy Learning Experience
Cisco Networking Academy: learn how we use technology to make the world a better place.
Networking Today
No Boundaries
• World without boundaries
• Global communities
• Human network
1.2 Network Components
Network Components
Host Roles
Every computer on a network is
called a host or end device.
Servers are computers that provide
information to end devices:
• email servers
• web servers Server Description
Type
• file server
Email Email server runs email server software.
Clients are computers that send Clients use client software to access email.
requests to the servers to retrieve
Web Web server runs web server software.
information: Clients use browser software to access web pages.
• web page from a web server
• email from an email server File File server stores corporate and user files.
The client devices access these files.
Network Components
Peer-to-Peer
It is possible to have a device be a client and a server in a Peer-to-Peer Network. This type of
network design is only recommended for very small networks.
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration
Less complex Not as secure
Lower cost Not scalable
Used for simple tasks: transferring files and sharing Slower performance
printers
Network Components
End Devices
An end device is where a message originates from or where it is received. Data originates with an
end device, flows through the network, and arrives at an end device.
Network Components
Intermediary Network Devices
An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples include switches, wireless
access points, routers, and firewalls.
Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role of an intermediary
device, including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.
Network Components
Network Media
Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to
travel from source to destination.
Media Types Description
Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses
Glass or plastic fibers Uses pulses of light.

within cables (fiber-optic
cable)
Wireless transmission Uses modulation of

specific frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.
1.3 Network Representations and
Topologies
Network Representations and Topologies
Network Representations
Network diagrams, often called topology

diagrams, use symbols to represent
devices within the network.
Important terms to know include:
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Physical Port
• Interface
Note: Often, the terms port and

interface are used interchangeably
Network Representations and Topologies
Topology Diagrams
Physical topology diagrams illustrate the Logical topology diagrams illustrate devices,
physical location of intermediary devices ports, and the addressing scheme of the
and cable installation. network.
1.4 Common Types of Networks
Common Types of Networks
Networks of Many Sizes
• Small Home Networks – connect a few
computers to each other and the Internet
• Small Office/Home Office – enables
computer within a home or remote office
to connect to a corporate network
Small Home SOHO • Medium to Large Networks – many
locations with hundreds or thousands of
interconnected computers
• World Wide Networks – connects
hundreds of millions of computers world-
wide – such as the internet
Medium/Large World Wide

LANs and WANs
Network infrastructures vary greatly in
terms of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services
available
• Area of responsibility
Two most common types of networks:

• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN).
LANs and WANs (cont.)
A LAN is a network infrastructure that spans A WAN is a network infrastructure that spans
a small geographical area. a wide geographical area.
LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas.
Administered by a single organization or Typically administered by one or more service
individual. providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal Typically provide slower speed links between LANs.
devices.
The Internet
The internet is a worldwide collection of
interconnected LANs and WANs.
• LANs are connected to each other using
WANs.
• WANs may use copper wires, fiber optic
cables, and wireless transmissions.
The internet is not owned by any individual
or group. The following groups were
developed to help maintain structure on
the internet:
• IETF
• ICANN
• IAB
Intranets and Extranets
An intranet is a private collection of LANs

and WANs internal to an organization that
is meant to be accessible only to the
organizations members or others with
authorization.
An organization might use an extranet to
provide secure access to their network for
individuals who work for a different
organization that need access to their
data on their network.
1.5 Internet Connections
Internet Connections
Internet Access Technologies There are many ways to connect users
and organizations to the internet:
• Popular services for home users
and small offices include
broadband cable, broadband digital
subscriber line (DSL), wireless
WANs, and mobile services.
• Organizations need faster
connections to support IP phones,
video conferencing and data center
storage.
• Business-class interconnections
are usually provided by service
providers (SP) and may include:
business DSL, leased lines, and
Metro Ethernet.
Home and Small Office Internet Connections
Connection Description
Cable high bandwidth, always on, internet

offered by cable television service
providers.
DSL high bandwidth, always on, internet

connection that runs over a
telephone line.
Cellular uses a cell phone network to connect
to the internet.
Satellite major benefit to rural areas without

Internet Service Providers.
Dial-up an inexpensive, low bandwidth
telephone option using a modem.
Businesses Internet Connections
Corporate business connections may Type of Description
require: Connection
Dedicated These are reserved circuits within
• higher bandwidth Leased Line the service provider’s network that
• dedicated connections connect distant offices with private
voice and/or data networking.
• managed services
Ethernet This extends LAN access technology
WAN into the WAN.
DSL Business DSL is available in various

formats including Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Lines (SDSL).
Satellite This can provide a connection when

a wired solution is not available.
The Converging Network
Before converged networks, an

organization would have been
separately cabled for telephone, video,
and data. Each of these networks
would use different technologies to
carry the signal.
Each of these technologies would use a
different set of rules and standards.
The Converging Network (Cont.)
Converged data networks carry
multiple services on one link including:
• data
• voice
• video
Converged networks can deliver data,
voice, and video over the same
network infrastructure. The network
infrastructure uses the same set of
rules and standards.
Video – Download and Install Packet Tracer
This video will demonstrate the download and install process of Packet Tracer.
Video – Getting Started in Cisco Packet Tracer
This video will cover the following:
• Navigate the Packet Tracer interface
• Customize the Packet Tracer Interface
Packet Tracer – Network Representation
In this Packet tracer you will do the following:
• The network model in this activity incorporates many of the technologies that you will
master in your CCNA studies.
Note: It is not important that you understand everything you see and do in this activity.
1.6 Reliable Networks
Reliable Network
Network Architecture
Network Architecture refers to the
technologies that support the infrastructure
that moves data across the network.
There are four basic characteristics that the
underlying architectures need to address to
meet user expectations:
• Fault Tolerance
• Scalability
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Security
Reliable Network
Fault Tolerance
A fault tolerant network limits the impact of
a failure by limiting the number of affected
devices. Multiple paths are required for
fault tolerance.
Reliable networks provide redundancy by
implementing a packet switched network:
• Packet switching splits traffic into
packets that are routed over a network.
• Each packet could theoretically take a
different path to the destination.
This is not possible with circuit-switched
networks which establish dedicated
circuits.
Reliable Network
Scalability
A scalable network can expand

quickly and easily to support
new users and applications
without impacting the
performance of services to
existing users.
Network designers follow
accepted standards and
protocols in order to make the
networks scalable.
Reliable Network
Quality of Service
Voice and live video transmissions
require higher expectations for those
services being delivered.
Have you ever watched a live video with

constant breaks and pauses? This is
caused when there is a higher demand
for bandwidth than available – and QoS
isn’t configured.
• Quality of Service (QoS) is the primary

mechanism used to ensure reliable
delivery of content for all users.
• With a QoS policy in place, the router
can more easily manage the flow of
data and voice traffic.
Reliable Network There are two main types of network
Network Security security that must be addressed:
• Network infrastructure security
• Physical security of network devices
• Preventing unauthorized access to
the devices
• Information Security
• Protection of the information or data
transmitted over the network
Three goals of network security:
• Confidentiality – only intended
recipients can read the data
• Integrity – assurance that the data has
not be altered with during transmission
• Availability – assurance of timely and
reliable access to data for authorized
users
1.7 Network Trends
Network Trends
Recent Trends
The role of the network must adjust
and continually transform in order to
be able to keep up with new
technologies and end user devices as
they constantly come to the market.
Several new networking trends that

effect organizations and consumers:
• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• Online collaboration
• Video communications
• Cloud computing
Network Trends
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
Bring Your Own Device allows users to use their own devices
giving them more opportunities and
greater flexibility.
BYOD allows end users to have the

freedom to use personal tools to
access information and communicate
using their:
• Laptops
• Netbooks
• Tablets
• Smartphones
• E-readers
BYOD means any device, with any
ownership, used anywhere.
Network Trends
Online Collaboration
▪ Collaborate and work with others
over the network on joint projects.
▪ Collaboration tools including Cisco
WebEx (shown in the figure) gives
users a way to instantly connect and
interact.
▪ Collaboration is a very high priority

for businesses and in education.
▪ Cisco Webex Teams is a

multifunctional collaboration tool.
• send instant messages
• post images
• post videos and links
Network Trends
Video Communication
• Video calls are made to anyone, regardless of where they are located.
• Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others.
• Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration.
• Cisco TelePresence powers is one way of working where everyone,

everywhere.
Network Trends
Video – Cisco WebEx for Huddles
Network Trends
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or backup our data on servers over the internet.
• Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud.
• Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in the world.
Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.

• Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data centers, lease server and storage services from larger
data center organizations in the Cloud.
Network Trends
Cloud Computing (Cont.)
Four types of Clouds:
• Public Clouds
• Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free.
• Private Clouds
• Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government.
• Hybrid Clouds
• Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public.
• Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same architecture.
• Custom Clouds
• Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or media.
• Can be private or public.
Network Trends
Technology Trends in the Home
• Smart home technology is a
growing trend that allows
technology to be integrated into
every-day appliances which
allows them to interconnect with
other devices.
• Ovens might know what time to
cook a meal for you by
communicating with your calendar
on what time you are scheduled
to be home.
• Smart home technology is
currently being developed for all
rooms within a house.
Network Trends • Powerline networking can
Powerline Networking allow devices to connect to a
LAN where data network
cables or wireless
communications are not a
viable option.
• Using a standard powerline
adapter, devices can connect
to the LAN wherever there is
an electrical outlet by
sending data on certain
frequencies.
• Powerline networking is
especially useful when
wireless access points
cannot reach all the devices
in the home.
Network Trends
Wireless Broadband
In addition to DSL and cable, wireless is
another option used to connect homes
and small businesses to the internet.
• More commonly found in rural
environments, a Wireless Internet Service
Provider (WISP) is an ISP that connects
subscribers to designated access points or
hotspots.
• Wireless broadband is another solution for
the home and small businesses.
• Uses the same cellular technology used by a
smart phone.
• An antenna is installed outside the house
providing wireless or wired connectivity for
devices in the home.
1.8 Network Security
Network Security
Security Threats • Network security is an integral
part of networking regardless of
the size of the network.
• The network security that is
implemented must take into
account the environment while
securing the data, but still
allowing for quality of service that
is expected of the network.
• Securing a network involves
many protocols, technologies,
devices, tools, and techniques in
order to secure data and mitigate
threats.
• Threat vectors might be external
or internal.
Network Security
External Threats:
Security Threats (Cont.)
• Viruses, worms, and Trojan
horses
• Spyware and adware
• Zero-day attacks
• Threat Actor attacks
• Denial of service attacks
• Data interception and theft
• Identity theft
Internal Threats:
• lost or stolen devices
• accidental misuse by employees
• malicious employees
Network Security
Security Solutions
Security must be implemented in multiple
layers using more than one security solution.
Network security components for home or
small office network:
• Antivirus and antispyware software
should be installed on end devices.
• Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to the network.
Network Security
Security Solutions (Cont.)
Larger networks have additional security

requirements:
• Dedicated firewall system
• Access control lists (ACL)
• Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
The study of network security starts with a clear
understanding of the underlying switching and
routing infrastructure.
1.9 The IT Professional
The IT Professional
The Cisco Certified Network Associate
CCNA (CCNA) certification:
• demonstrates that you have a knowledge of
foundational technologies
• ensures you stay relevant with skills needed
for the adoption of next-generation
technologies.
The new CCNA focus:
• IP foundation and security topics
• Wireless, virtualization, automation, and
network programmability.
New DevNet certifications at the
associate, specialist and professional
levels, to validate your software
development skills.
Specialist certification validate your skills
in line with your job role and interests.
The IT Professional
Networking Jobs
At www.netacad.com you can click the

Careers menu and then select Employment
opportunities.
• Find employment opportunities by
using the Talent Bridge Matching
Engine.
• Search for jobs with Cisco, Cisco
partners and distributors seeking
Cisco Networking Academy students
and alumni.
The IT Professional
Lab – Researching IT and Networking Job Opportunities
In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

• Research Job Opportunities
• Reflect on Research
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• Through the use of networks, we are connected like never before.
• All computers that are connected to a network and participate directly in network
communication are classified as hosts.
• Diagrams of networks often use symbols to represent the different devices and
connections that make up a network.
• A diagram provides an easy way to understand how devices connect in a large network.
• The two types of network infrastructures are Local Area Networks (LANs), and Wide Area
Networks (WANs).
• SOHO internet connections include cable, DSL, Cellular, Satellite, and Dial-up telephone.
• Business internet connections include Dedicated Leased Line, Metro Ethernet, Business
DSL, and Satellite.
What did I learn in this module? (Cont.)
• Network architecture refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure and the
programmed services and rules, or protocols, that move data across the network.
• There are four basic characteristics of network architecture: Fault Tolerance, Scalability,
Quality of Service (QoS), and Security.
• Recent networking trends that affect organizations and consumers: Bring Your Own Device
(BYOD), online collaboration, video communications, and cloud computing.
• There are several common external and internal threats to networks.
• Larger networks and corporate networks use antivirus, antispyware, and firewall filtering, but
they also have other security requirements: Dedicated firewall systems, Access control lists
(ACL), Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and Virtual private networks (VPN)
• The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification demonstrates your knowledge of
foundational technologies.
Module 2: Basic Switch and
End Device Configuration
Introductions to Networks v7.0
(ITN)
Module Objectives
Module Title: Basic Switch and End Device Configuration
Module Objective: Implement initial settings including passwords, IP addressing, and default gateway
parameters on a network switch and end devices.
Topic Title Topic Objective

Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for configuration
Cisco IOS Access
purposes.
Explain how to navigate Cisco IOS to configure network
IOS Navigation
devices.
The Command Structure Describe the command structure of Cisco IOS software.
Basic Device Configuration Configure a Cisco IOS device using CLI.
Save Configurations Use IOS commands to save the running configuration.
Ports and Addresses Explain how devices communicate across network media.
Configure IP Addressing Configure a host device with an IP address.

Verify Connectivity Verify connectivity between two end devices.
2.1 Cisco IOS Access
Cisco IOS Access
Operating Systems
• Shell - The user interface that allows
users to request specific tasks from
the computer. These requests can be
made either through the CLI or GUI
interfaces.
• Kernel - Communicates between the
hardware and software of a computer
and manages how hardware
resources are used to meet software
requirements.
• Hardware - The physical part of a
computer including underlying
electronics.
Cisco IOS Access
GUI
• A GUI allows the user to interact with the
system using an environment of
graphical icons, menus, and windows.
• A GUI is more user-friendly and requires

less knowledge of the underlying
command structure that controls the
system.
• Examples of these are: Windows,

macOS, Linux KDE, Apple iOS and
Android.
• GUIs can fail, crash, or simply not

operate as specified. For these reasons,
network devices are typically accessed
through a CLI.
Cisco IOS Access
Purpose of an OS
PC operating system enables a user to do CLI-based network operating system enables a
the following: network technician to do the following:
• Use a mouse to make selections • Use a keyboard to run CLI-based
and run programs network programs
• Use a keyboard to enter text and
• Enter text and text-based
text-based commands
commands
• View output on a monitor
• View output on a monitor
Cisco IOS Access
Access Methods
• Console – A physical management port
used to access a device in order to
provide maintenance, such as
performing the initial configurations.
• Secure Shell (SSH) – Establishes a

secure remote CLI connection to a
device, through a virtual interface, over a
network. (Note: This is the recommended
method for remotely connecting to a
device.)
• Telnet – Establishes an insecure remote

CLI connection to a device over the
network. (Note: User authentication,
passwords and commands are sent over the
network in plaintext.)
Cisco IOS Access
Terminal Emulation Programs
• Terminal emulation programs are used to connect to a network device by either a console
port or by an SSH/Telnet connection.
• There are several terminal emulation programs to chose from such as PuTTY, Tera Term
and SecureCRT.
2.2 IOS Navigation
IOS Navigation
Primary Command Modes
User EXEC Mode:
• Allows access to only a limited
number of basic monitoring
commands
• Identified by the CLI prompt
that ends with the > symbol
Privileged EXEC Mode:

• Allows access to all
commands and features
• Identified by the CLI prompt
that ends with the # symbol
IOS Navigation
Configuration Mode and Subconfiguration Modes
Global Configuration Mode:

• Used to access
configuration options on the
device
Line Configuration Mode:

• Used to configure console,
SSH, Telnet or AUX access
Interface Configuration Mode:

• Used to configure a switch
port or router interface
IOS Navigation
Video – IOS CLI Primary Command Modes

• User EXEC mode
• Privilege EXEC mode
• Global Config mode
IOS Navigation
Navigation Between IOS Modes
▪ Privileged EXEC Mode:
• To move from user EXEC mode to privilege
EXEC mode, use the enabled command.
▪ Global Configuration Mode:
• To move in and out of global configuration
mode, use the configure terminal
command. To return to privilege EXEC
mode, use the exit command.
▪ Line Configuration Mode:
• To move in and out of line configuration
mode, use the line command followed by
the management line type. To return to
global configuration mode, use the exit
command.
IOS Navigation
Navigation Between IOS Modes (Cont.)
Subconfiguration Modes:
• To move out of any subconfiguration mode to
get back to global configuration mode, use
the exit command. To return to privilege
EXEC mode, use the end command or key
combination Ctrl +Z.
• To move directly from one subconfiguration

mode to another, type in the desired
subconfiguration mode command. In the
example, the command prompt changes from
(config-line)# to (config-if)#.
IOS Navigation
Video – Navigation Between IOS Modes

• enable
• disable
• configure terminal
• exit
• end
• Control + Z on keyboard
• Other commands to enter sub configuration modes
2.3 The Command Structure
The Command Structure
Basic IOS Command Structure
• Keyword – This is a specific parameter defined in the operating system (in the figure, ip
protocols).
• Argument - This is not predefined; it is a value or variable defined by the user (in the
figure, 192.168.10.5).
IOS Command Syntax Check
A command might require one or more arguments. To determine the keywords
and arguments required for a command, refer to the command syntax.
• Boldface text indicates commands and keywords that are entered as shown.
• Italic text indicates an argument for which the user provides the value.
Convention Description
Boldface text indicates commands and keywords that you enter literally as
boldface
shown.
italics Italic text indicates arguments for which you supply values.
[x] Square brackets indicate an optional element (keyword or argument).
{x} Braces indicate a required element (keyword or argument).
Braces and vertical lines within square brackets indicate a required choice
[x {y | z }] within an optional element. Spaces are used to clearly delineate parts of the
command.
IOS Command Syntax Check (Cont.)
▪ The command syntax provides the pattern, or format, that must be used when
entering a command.
▪ The command is ping and the user-defined

argument is the ip-address of the
destination device. For example, ping
10.10.10.5.
▪ The command is traceroute and the
user-defined argument is the ip-
address of the destination device. For
example, traceroute 192.168.254.254.
▪ If a command is complex with multiple arguments, you may see it represented like this:
IOS Help Features
The IOS has two forms of help available: context-sensitive help and command
syntax check.
• Context-sensitive help enables you to • Command syntax check verifies that
quickly find answers to these questions: a valid command was entered by
• Which commands are available in each command the user.
mode? • If the interpreter cannot understand the
• Which commands start with specific characters or command being entered, it will provide
group of characters? feedback describing what is wrong with
the command.
• Which arguments and keywords are available to
particular commands?
Video – Context Sensitive Help and Command Syntax Checker

• Use the help command in user EXEC, privileged EXEC, and global config mode
• Finish commands and arguments with the help command
• Use the command syntax checker to fix syntax errors and incomplete commands
Hot Keys and Shortcuts
• The IOS CLI provides hot keys and shortcuts that make configuring, monitoring, and
troubleshooting easier.
• Commands and keywords can be shortened to the minimum number of characters
that identify a unique selection. For example, the configure command can be
shortened to conf because configure is the only command that begins with conf.
Hot Keys and Shortcuts (Cont.)
▪ The table below is a brief list of keystrokes to enhance command line editing.
Keystroke Description
Tab Completes a partial command name entry.
Backspace Erases the character to the left of the cursor.
Left Arrow or Ctrl+B Moves the cursor one character to the left.
Right Arrow or Ctrl+F Moves the cursor one character to the right.
Recalls the commands in the history buffer, beginning with

Up Arrow or Ctrl+P
the most recent commands.
Hot Keys and Shortcuts (Cont.)
• When a command output produces more text
than can be displayed in a terminal window, • The table below lists commands that can
the IOS will display a “--More--” prompt. The be used to exit out of an operation.
table below describes the keystrokes that can
be used when this prompt is displayed.
Keystroke Description Keystroke Description

When in any configuration mode, ends the
Enter Key Displays the next line. Ctrl-C configuration mode and returns to privileged EXEC
mode.
When in any configuration mode, ends the
Space Bar Displays the next screen. Ctrl-Z configuration mode and returns to privileged EXEC
mode.
Ends the display string, returning to All-purpose break sequence used to abort DNS
Any other key Ctrl-Shift-6
privileged EXEC mode. lookups, traceroutes, pings, etc.
Note: To see more hot keys and shortcuts refer to 2.3.5.
Video – Hot Keys and Shortcuts

• Tab key (tab completion)
• Command shortening
• Up and down arrow key
• CTRL + C
• CTRL + Z
• CTRL + Shift + 6
• CTRL + R
Packet Tracer – Navigate the IOS
In this Packet Tracer, you will do the following:
• Establish Basic Connections, Access the CLI, and Explore Help
• Explore EXEC Modes
• Set the Clock
Lab – Navigate the IOS by Using Tera Term for Console
Connectivity
In this lab, you complete the following objectives:
• Access a Cisco Switch through the Serial Console Port
• Display and Configure Basic Device Settings
• (Optional) Access a Cisco Router Using a Mini-USB Console Cable
2.4 Basic Device Configuration
Basic Device Configuration
Device Names
• The first configuration command on any device should be to
give it a unique hostname.
• By default, all devices are assigned a factory default name.
For example, a Cisco IOS switch is "Switch.”
• Guideline for naming devices:

• Start with a letter
• Contain no spaces
• End with a letter or digit
Note: To return the switch to the default
• Use only letters, digits, and dashes
prompt, use the no hostname global
• Be less than 64 characters in length config command.
Password Guidelines
• The use of weak or easily guessed passwords are a security concern.
• All networking devices should limit administrative access by securing privileged EXEC,
user EXEC, and remote Telnet access with passwords. In addition, all passwords should
be encrypted and legal notifications provided.
• Password Guidelines:
• Use passwords that are more than eight
characters in length.
• Use a combination of upper and lowercase
letters, numbers, special characters, and/or
numeric sequences. Note: Most of the labs in this course use simple
passwords such as cisco or class. These passwords
• Avoid using the same password for all devices. are considered weak and easily guessable and should
• Do not use common words because they are be avoided in production environments.
easily guessed.
Configure Passwords
Securing user EXEC mode access:
• First enter line console configuration mode
using the line console 0 command in global
configuration mode.
• Next, specify the user EXEC mode password
using the password password command.
• Finally, enable user EXEC access using
the login command.
Securing privileged EXEC mode access:

• First enter global configuration mode.
• Next, use the enable secret password command.
Configure Passwords (Cont.)
Securing VTY line access:
• First enter line VTY configuration mode
using the line vty 0 15 command in
global configuration mode.
• Next, specify the VTY password using
the password password command.
• Finally, enable VTY access using
the login command.
▪ Note: VTY lines enable remote access using Telnet or SSH to the device. Many Cisco
switches support up to 16 VTY lines that are numbered 0 to 15.
Encrypt Passwords
▪ The startup-config and running-config files ▪ Use the show running-config command
display most passwords in plaintext. to verify that the passwords on the device
are now encrypted.
▪ To encrypt all plaintext passwords, use
the service password-encryption global config
command.
Banner Messages
▪ A banner message is important to warn
unauthorized personnel from attempting
to access the device.
▪ To create a banner message of the day
on a network device, use the banner The banner will be displayed on attempts to access the device.
motd # the message of the day # global
config command.
Note: The “#” in the command syntax is called

the delimiting character. It is entered before
and after the message.
Video – Secure Administrative Access to a Switch

• Access the command line to secure the switch
• Secure access to the console port
• Secure virtual terminal access for remote access
• Encrypt passwords on the switch
• Configure the banner message
• Verify security changes
2.5 Save Configurations
Save Configurations
Configuration Files
▪ There are two system files that store the device configuration:
• startup-config - This is the saved configuration file that is stored in NVRAM. It contains all the commands that will be
used by the device upon startup or reboot. Flash does not lose its contents when the device is powered off.
• running-config - This is stored in Random Access Memory (RAM). It reflects the current configuration. Modifying a
running configuration affects the operation of a Cisco device immediately. RAM is volatile memory. It loses all of its
content when the device is powered off or restarted.
• To save changes made to the running configuration to the startup configuration file, use the copy running-config
startup-config privileged EXEC mode command.
Save Configurations
Alter the Running Configurations
If changes made to the running config do not
have the desired effect and the running-config
has not yet been saved, you can restore the
device to its previous configuration. To do this
you can:
• Remove the changed commands individually.
• Reload the device using the reload command
in privilege EXEC mode. Note: This will cause
the device to briefly go offline, leading to
network downtime.
If the undesired changes were saved to the
startup-config, it may be necessary to clear all
the configurations using the erase startup-
config command in privilege EXEC mode.
• After erasing the startup-config, reload the
device to clear the running-config file from
RAM.
Save Configurations
Video – Alter the Running Configuration

• Copy the running-config file to the startup-config file
• Show the files in the flash or NVRAM directory
• Use command shortening
• Erase the startup-config file
• Copy the start-config file to the running-config file
Save Configurations
Capture Configuration to a Text File
Configuration files can also be saved and
archived to a text document.
• Step 1. Open terminal emulation software,
such as PuTTY or Tera Term, that is already
connected to a switch.
• Step 2. Enable logging in to the terminal
software and assign a name and file location to
save the log file. The figure displays that All
session output will be captured to the file
specified (i.e., MySwitchLogs).
Save Configurations
Capture Configuration to a Text File (Cont.)
• Step 3. Execute the show running-
config or show startup-config command at
the privileged EXEC prompt. Text displayed in
the terminal window will be placed into the
chosen file.
• Step 4. Disable logging in the terminal
software. The figure shows how to disable
logging by choosing the None session logging
option
Note: The text file created can be used as a record of

how the device is currently implemented. The file could
require editing before being used to restore a saved
configuration to a device.
Save Configurations
Packet Tracer – Configure Initial Switch Settings
• Verify the Default Switch Configuration
• Configure a Basic Switch Configuration
• Configure a MOTD Banner
• Save Configuration Files to NVRAM
• Configure a second Switch
2.6 Ports and Addresses
Ports and Addresses
IP Addresses
• The use of IP addresses is the primary means of
enabling devices to locate one another and
establish end-to-end communication on the
internet.
• The structure of an IPv4 address is called dotted
decimal notation and is represented by four
decimal numbers between 0 and 255.
• An IPv4 subnet mask is a 32-bit value that
differentiates the network portion of the address
from the host portion. Coupled with the IPv4
address, the subnet mask determines to which
subnet the device is a member.
• The default gateway address is the IP address of
the router that the host will use to access remote
networks, including the internet.
Ports and Addresses
IP Addresses (Cont.)
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length and
written as a string of hexadecimal values.
Every four bits is represented by a single
hexadecimal digit; for a total of 32
hexadecimal values. Groups of four
hexadecimal digits are separated by a colon
“:”.
• IPv6 addresses are not case-sensitive and
can be written in either lowercase or
uppercase.
Note: IP in this course refers to both the IPv4 and IPv6

protocols. IPv6 is the most recent version of IP and is
replacing the more common IPv4.
Ports and Addresses
Interfaces and Ports
• Network communications depend on end
user device interfaces, networking device
interfaces, and the cables that connect
them.
• Types of network media include twisted-
pair copper cables, fiber-optic cables,
coaxial cables, or wireless.
• Different types of network media have

different features and benefits. Some of
the differences between various types of
media include:
• Distance the media can successfully carry a signal
• Environment in which the media is to be installed
• Amount of data and the speed at which it must be
transmitted
• Cost of the media and installation
2.7 Configure IP Addressing
Configure IP Addressing
Manual IP Address Configuration for End Devices
• End devices on the network need an IP address in
order to communicate with other devices on the
network.
• IPv4 address information can be entered into end
devices manually, or automatically using Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
• To manually configure an IPv4 address on a Windows
PC, open the Control Panel > Network Sharing
Center > Change adapter settings and choose the
adapter. Next right-click and select Properties to
display the Local Area Connection Properties.
• Next, click Properties to open the Internet Protocol
Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window. Then
configure the IPv4 address and subnet mask
information, and default gateway. Note: IPv6 addressing and configuration
options are similar to IPv4.
Automatic IP Address Configuration for End Devices
• DHCP enables automatic IPv4 address
configuration for every end device that is
DHCP-enabled.
• End devices are typically by default
using DHCP for automatic IPv4 address
configuration.
• To configure DHCP on a Windows PC, open
the Control Panel > Network Sharing
Center > Change adapter settings and
choose the adapter. Next right-click and
select Properties to display the Local Area
Connection Properties.
• Next, click Properties to open the Internet
Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
Properties window, then select Obtain an Note: IPv6 uses DHCPv6 and SLAAC (Stateless Address
IP address automatically and Obtain DNS Autoconfiguration) for dynamic address allocation.
server address automatically.
Switch Virtual Interface Configuration
To access the switch remotely, an IP address and a subnet mask must be configured on
the SVI.
To configure an SVI on a switch:
• Enter the interface vlan 1 command in global configuration mode.
• Next assign an IPv4 address using the ip address ip-address subnet-mask command.
• Finally, enable the virtual interface using the no shutdown command.
Packet Tracer – Implement Basic Connectivity
▪ Perform a Basic Configuration on two switches
▪ Configure the PCs
▪ Configure the Switch Management Interface
2.8 Verify Connectivity
Verify Connectivity
Video – Test the Interface Assignment
▪ Connect a console cable from the PC to the switch
▪ Use the terminal emulation program and accept the defaults to bring you to the command line
▪ Use enable to enter privileged EXEC mode
▪ Use the global configuration mode and the interface configuration mode to enter the no shutdown
command
Verify Connectivity
Video – Test End-to-End Connectivity
This video will cover the use of the ping command to test connectivity on both switches and both
PCs.
Packet Tracer – Basic Switch and End Device Configuration
▪ Configure hostnames and IP addresses on two switches
▪ Use Cisco IOS commands to specify or limit access to the device configurations
▪ Use IOS commands to save the running configuration
▪ Configure two host devices with IP addresses
▪ Verify connectivity between the two PC end devices
Lab – Basic Switch and End Device Configuration
In this lab, you complete the following objectives:
• Set Up the Network Topology
• Configure PC Hosts
• Configure and Verify Basic Switch Settings
What did I learn in this module?
• All end devices and network devices require an operating system (OS).
• Cisco IOS software separates management access into the following

two command modes: User EXEC Mode and Privileged EXEC Mode.
• Global configuration mode is accessed before other specific
configuration modes. From global config mode, the user can enter
different subconfiguration modes.
• Each IOS command has a specific format or syntax and can only be
executed in the appropriate mode.
• Basic device configurations- hostname, password, encrypt passwords
and banner.
• There are two system files that store the device configuration: startup-
config and running-config.
• IP addresses enable devices to locate one another and establish end-
to-end communication on the internet. Each end device on a network
must be configured with an IP address.

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Module 1: Networking Today

Introduction to Networks v7.0

Module Objective: Explain the advances in modern technologies.

Topic Title Topic Objective

The IT Professional Explain employment opportunities in the networking field.

Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and

Media Types Description

Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses

Glass or plastic fibers Uses pulses of light.

Wireless transmission Uses modulation of

Network diagrams, often called topology

Note: Often, the terms port and

Medium/Large World Wide

Two most common types of networks:

An intranet is a private collection of LANs

Cable high bandwidth, always on, internet

DSL high bandwidth, always on, internet

Satellite major benefit to rural areas without

DSL Business DSL is available in various

Satellite This can provide a connection when

Before converged networks, an

A scalable network can expand

Have you ever watched a live video with

• Quality of Service (QoS) is the primary

Several new networking trends that

BYOD allows end users to have the

▪ Collaboration is a very high priority

▪ Cisco Webex Teams is a

• Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others.

• Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration.

• Cisco TelePresence powers is one way of working where everyone,

Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.

Larger networks have additional security

At www.netacad.com you can click the

In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

Topic Title Topic Objective

Basic Device Configuration Configure a Cisco IOS device using CLI.

Save Configurations Use IOS commands to save the running configuration.

Configure IP Addressing Configure a host device with an IP address.

• A GUI is more user-friendly and requires

• Examples of these are: Windows,

• GUIs can fail, crash, or simply not

• Secure Shell (SSH) – Establishes a

• Telnet – Establishes an insecure remote

Privileged EXEC Mode:

Global Configuration Mode:

Line Configuration Mode:

Interface Configuration Mode:

This video will cover the following:

• To move directly from one subconfiguration

This video will cover the following:

[x] Square brackets indicate an optional element (keyword or argument).

{x} Braces indicate a required element (keyword or argument).

▪ The command is ping and the user-defined

This video will cover the following:

Tab Completes a partial command name entry.

Backspace Erases the character to the left of the cursor.

Recalls the commands in the history buffer, beginning with

Keystroke Description Keystroke Description