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Classes and Objects

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10 views

Classes and Objects

Uploaded by

shreyahv48
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classes and Objects - Classes and Objects are basic concepts of Object Oriented Programming

which revolve around the real life entities.

Class - A class is a user defined blueprint or prototype from which objects are created. It represents
the set of properties or methods that are common to all objects of one type.

➢ In general, class declarations can include these components, in order:


1. Modifiers: A class can be public or has default access.
2. Class name: The name should begin with a initial letter (capitalized by convention).
3. Superclass(if any): The name of the class’s parent (superclass), if any, preceded by the
keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one parent.
4. Interfaces(if any): A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class, if any,
preceded by the keyword implements. A class can implement more than one interface.
5. Body: The class body surrounded by braces, { }.
➢ Constructors are used for initializing new objects.
➢ Fields are variables that provides the state of the class and its objects.
➢ Methods are used to implement the behavior of the class and its objects.
➢ There are various types of classes that are used in real time applications such as nested
classes, anonymous classes, lambda expressions.

Object - It is a basic unit of Object Oriented Programming and represents the real life entities.
➢ An object consists of -
1. State: It is represented by attributes of an object. It also reflects the properties of an object.
2. Behavior: It is represented by methods of an object. It also reflects the response of an object
with other objects.
3. Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one object to interact with other
objects.
➢ Example of an object : dog

Declaring Objects (Also called instantiating a class) - When an object of a class is created,
the class is said to be instantiated.

➢ All the instances share the attributes and the behavior of the class.
➢ The state (value of those attributes) are unique for each object.
➢ A single class may have any number of instances.
➢ Example -
Dog dog_name; // This is just the referance variable. Object is NOT created (Memory is Not
allocated).
Initializing an object -
➢ The new operator instantiates a class by allocating memory for a new object and returning a
reference to that memory.
➢ The new operator also invokes the class constructor.
➢ Example - Dog dog_name = new Dog(); // Now memory is allocated and the object is created.

Constructor -
➢ All classes have at least one constructor.
➢ If a class does not explicitly declare any, the Java compiler automatically provides a no-
argument constructor, also called the default constructor.
➢ This default constructor calls the class parent’s no-argument constructor (as it contain only one
statement i.e super();), or the Object class constructor if the class has no other parent (as Object class is
parent of all classes either directly or indirectly).
➢ If Parent Class doesn’t have any no-argument constructor, we need to explicitally call its
parametrized constructor inside Child Class constructor.

Anonymous objects -Anonymous objects are the objects that are instantiated but are not stored in
a reference variable.
➢ They are used for immediate method calling.
➢ They will be destroyed after method calling.
➢ Example: FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(new File(filename)); // File object is
Anonymous.

Methods in Java - A method is a collection of statements that perform some specific task and
return the result to the caller. They allow us to reuse the code without retyping the code.
➢ In general, method declarations has six components :
1. Access Modifiers 2. Return type
3. Method name 4. Parameter’s list
5. Exception list 6. Method body
➢ Method signature: It consists of the method name and a parameter list (number of
parameters, type of the parameters and order of the parameters). The return type and exceptions are
not considered as part of it.

➢ A method returns to the code that invoked it when:


1. It completes all the statements in the method. 2. It reaches a return statement.
3. Throws an exception.
Memory allocation for methods calls - Methods calls are implemented through stack. Whenever
a method is called a stack frame is created within the stack area and after that the arguments passed to
and the local variables and value to be returned by this called method are stored in this stack frame and
when execution of the called method is finished, the allocated stack frame would be deleted. There is a
stack pointer register that tracks the top of the stack which is adjusted accordingly.

Access Modifiers – Defines access type of the method i.e. from where it can be accessed in your
application.

➢ Default type has more restriction than protected type.

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