Full Stack Developer Interview Questions

Who is a Full-Stack Developer?

A full-stack web developer is a person who can develop both client and server software.
Simply put, full-stack developers comprehend all the technologies that go into making a
website. The responsibilities of Front-end Developers include developing and designing
front-end (client-side) web architecture, server-side (back-end) applications, working
alongside graphic designers to create web design elements, developing APIs and RESTful
services, testing, and debugging software, ensuring cross-platform compatibility and
optimization, etc. In addition to mastering HTML and CSS, he/she also knows how to:

● Program a browser (like using JavaScript, jQuery, Angular, or Vue)

● Program a server (like using PHP, ASP, Python, or Node)
● Program a database (like using SQL, SQLite, or MongoDB)
Full Stack Developer Interview Questions for Freshers

1. Explain the meaning of multithreading.

The thread is an independent part or unit of a process (or an application) that is being
executed. Whenever multiple threads execute in a process at the same time, we call this
"multithreading". You can think of it as a way for an application to multitask.

Advantages:

● By multithreading, computing resources are also minimized and used more

effectively.
 ● The response time of the application is improved since requests from one thread do
not block requests from other threads.
● Consequently, if one of the threads encounters an exception, it will not affect the
other threads.
● Multithreading, on the other hand, uses fewer resources than running multiple
processes simultaneously.
● The overhead, time usage, and management associated with creating processes are
much higher when compared to creating and managing threads.

2. Which language is the most preferred by full-stack developers?

Full Stack Developers utilize several programming languages. Ideally, a candidate should
be fluent in several languages, preferably some for designing the front end and others for
fixing the back end. Since Full Stack developers work with a variety of technologies and
applications, they must be proficient in at least two to three of the most popular languages
such as Java, Python, Ruby, PHP, C++, etc.

3. Explain Pair Programming.

In pair programming, two programmers share only one machine and work together.
During the development process, one programmer will be the driver who codes and
another will act as the observer (navigator) who will make sure the code is written
correctly, proofread and spell-check it, while also deciding where to go next. Roles can be
swapped at any time: the driver becomes the observer and vice versa. You can also call it
"pairing", "paired programming", or "programming in pairs".
4. What do you mean by CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?
CORS refers to cross-origin resource sharing. It's a browser mechanism that allows web
pages in one domain to have controlled access to resources in other domains (cross-domain
requests). This allows scripts that are run on a browser client to interact with and access
resources from other origins. In doing so, it extends and provides greater flexibility to the
SOP (Same-Origin Policy). Same-origin policies restrict the ability of a website to access
resources outside of its source domain. For example, a JavaScript app that wants to make a
call to an API (Application Programming Interface) that runs on another domain will be
blocked due to the SOP. A CORS policy was implemented to circumvent restrictions caused
by same-origin policies.

5. What is Callback Hell?

Callback Hell, or Pyramid of Doom, is a common anti-pattern seen in asynchronous
programming code (multiple functions running at the same time). This slang term
describes a large number of nested "if" statements or functions. In simple terms, Callback
hell is a situation where you have multiple asynchronous functions. Those functions depend
on one another, so it could get quite messy with so many callback functions nested in so
many layers. The use of callback functions leaves you with code that is difficult to read and
maintain, and looks like a pyramid as shown below:
This also makes it more difficult to identify the flow of the application, which is the main
obstacle to debugging, which is the reason for the famous name of this problem: Callback
Hell.
6. Explain Long Polling.
Long polling is defined as a web application development technique used to push
information/data from servers to clients as quickly as possible. When a request is made
from the client to the server, long-polling maintains the connection between the two. This
connection is maintained until the information is ready to be sent from the server to the
client. Once a server receives a request from a client, the connection does not close
immediately; the connection is only closed once the server has sent the data back to the
client or when a timeout threshold has been reached (connection timeout).

7. Can you tell me what are the latest trends in Full Stack Development? Also, how do you
keep yourself updated about the new trends in the industry?
Each business needs emerging technology to thrive, whether it is mobile or web application
development. This is why they hire front-end developers, back-end developers, or full-stack
developers depending on their technology needs. According to industry experts, candidates
who are passionate about full-stack development should be aware of these trends:

The rise in frameworks and libraries like ReacJs and VueJs, progressive apps, real-time
web apps, and mobile web development.
Enhancements to JavaScript are beneficial to programming The emergence of a more
compatible extension.
8. State difference between GraphQL and REST (Representational State Transfer).
For decades, REST (Representational State Transfer) has been a popular architectural way
to design APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), but the popularity of GraphQL over
the past few years threatens to topple REST. In general, REST and GraphQL both aim to
transfer data over internet protocols including HTTP. How they do so differs greatly,
however.

9. What is CI (Continuous Integration)?

CI (Continuous Integration), as its name implies, is the process of automating and
integrating code changes into a single software project, often several times a day. The
purpose of this DevOps practice is to enable developers to merge their code changes into a
central repository where automated tests and builds can run. Automated tools are used to
assert the new code’s correctness before integration. A source code version control system
is the crux of the CI process. The version control system is also supplemented with other
checks like automated code quality tests, syntax style review tools, and more.
10. To develop a project from scratch, what technologies and languages would you need or
what skills a full stack developer should have?
A full-stack developer must be familiar with the following:

1. Programming Languages: Full-stack developers should be competent in more than

one programming language, such as Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, C++, etc.
2. Front End technologies: You should be familiar with front-end technologies such as
HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, etc. Knowledge of third-party libraries such as jQuery,
Ajax, Angular, ReactJS, etc., is also important.
3. Frameworks: This requires proficiency in a variety of development frameworks,
including Spring, Spring Boot, Django, MyBatis, PHP, Hibernate, and others.
4. Databases and caches: As a full stack developer, you should also know about various
DBMS (Database Management Systems) technologies like MySQL, SQLite, Oracle,
and MongoDB. It is helpful to have a basic understanding of caching mechanisms
like redis, memcached, varnish.
5. Design Ability: Having a good understanding of design is also important if you wish
to become a successful Full-Stack web developer. Moreover, the person should be
aware of the principles of prototyping and UX/UI design.
6. Server: Experience with Apache or NGINX would be beneficial. Good knowledge of
Linux helps enormously when administering servers.

11. Explain event loop in Node.js.

The event loop in JavaScript enables asynchronous programming. With JS, every
operation takes place on a single thread, but through smart data structures, we can create
the illusion of multi-threading. With the Event Loop, any async work is handled by a queue
and listener. Consider the diagram below:

12. Explain dependency injection.

The Dependency Injection (DI) pattern is a design pattern for implementing the Inversion
of Control (IoC). Dependent objects can be created outside of classes and made available to
classes in different ways. Three types of classes are involved in Dependency Injection as
follows:

1. Client Class: A client class (dependent class) is one that depends on the service class.
2. Service Class: Service (dependency) classes provide services to client classes.
3. Injector Class: This class injects the objects from the service class into the client
class.

13. State the difference between GET and POST.

GET and POST are two different HTTP request methods.

14. Explain the Restful API and write its usage.

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are sets of rules and protocols that define how
software programs or devices can communicate with each other. APIs that conform to the
design principles of REST, or representational state transfer, are known as REST APIs.
REST APIs may also be referred to as RESTful APIs. Using RESTful APIs, developers can
create requests and receive responses via an HTTP request. REST API can also be used for
mapping data from a cloud platform to a data warehouse or vice versa.

15. What do you mean by MEAN Stack?

MEAN stands for MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS, and Node.js. It is a collection of
JavaScript-based technologies for developing web applications. Despite being a stack of
different technologies, all of them are based on the JavaScript language. It is an ideal
solution for building dynamic websites and applications as it is a very user-friendly stack.
With this free and open-source stack, you can quickly and easily build web-based
prototypes.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How to be a full stack developer?
1. To become a full stack developer, follow these six steps:
2. Plan your learning path according to your career goals
3. Learn the fundamentals, necessary technologies, and develop the skills you need to
be a full-stack developer and necessary technologies.
4. Learn from tutorials and videos, but learn to code as well.
5. Based on what you learn, create your own project.
6. Make a portfolio of your work.
7. Start your job search and nail the interview.
2. How many types of full-stack developers are there?
Following are the most common types of full-stack developers based on their specific
stacks:

● MEAN Stack (MongoDB-ExpressJS-AngularJS-NodeJS).

● MERN Stack (MongoDB-ExpressJS-ReactJS-NodeJS).
● LAMP Stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP).
● LEMP Stack (Linux, Nginx, MySQL, PHP).
● Full-Stack Python.
● Full-Stack Elixir.
● Full-Stack Django.
● Full-Stack Java.
● Full-Stack Ruby on Rails.
3. Which full stack is best?
One of the most popular tech stacks is the MEAN stack
(MongoDB-ExpressJS-AngularJS-NodeJS). MEAN stack has many applications, including
cloud application development. MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js are among
the JavaScript technologies in MEAN used to build web applications.
4. Is full-stack development a good career?
Definitely, it's a great career choice. Having a full-stack developer job is one of the most
productive careers you can have, and its high level of responsibility makes it one of the
most important careers in tech. Full-stack developers do not only specialize in front-end
and back-end development but are also experts with a wide range of skill sets and
knowledge. Full Stack Developers are in high demand and companies are willing to pay
handsomely for those with the right skillset and diverse knowledge.