2 Mosques 2

KOYA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
FOURTH STAGE
Values and Criteria of Islamic
Urbanism
Factional evolution of Islamic art and
architecture
Reference:
،‫ الطبعة األولى‬،‫ دار المتنبي‬،‫تطور العمارة العربية‬
ُّ ‫ اإلسالم وفئوية‬،‫ حيّان‬،‫صيداوي‬
.1992 ،‫باريس‬-‫بيروت‬
LECTURER
Manar Nazar Ahmed
Manar.nazar@koyauniversity.org
2023-2024
Stage of evolution: the emergence of the
mosque :Prophet's Mosque
Prophet's Mosque
The starting point in the history of the Arab Islamic
architecture in the House of the Prophet (peace be
upon him) in Medina after his emigration to it and
then adding to it, after it turned into a mosque, the
additions and modifications, and the stages of
evolution until the end to its final form in the days of
Uthman and in the year 26 H (646ch)and who
became a role model for Muslims in the construction
of mosques across the Muslim world,
It is worth noting that the House of the Prophet had planned in
the first stage in a large economy and very simply agree with the
conditions that were surrounding the Muslims at the time, was
planned at the hands of the Prophet and the Muslims of Arab
immigrants and supporters
Two-bedroom House started from the walls of mud, clay and
before them courtyard surrounded by walls constructed with
(adobe), and go up to a little more than a taller man. Then the
number of rooms increased to four and then to nine. Make in the
northwest corner of the courtyard a small canopy(zla) where
prayer is performed if it is premature. Add the Prophet other
canopy largest southern wall the whole length of the yard and
that's when I got the verse matter of direction to Kaabla at prayer,
later Othman bin Affan after nearly twenty years adding the three
other Zlat became courtyard surrounded by four Zlat,
characterized by those in the wall of Alqibla depth is greater than
the rest of the Alzilat.
It is worth mentioning the Arab-Muslim era,
the establishment of a number of cities, such
as Kufa, Basra and Fustat, Kairouan and
Wasit. However, the planning did not follow
a geometric system, but was on the camps
that resulted from that system Arabs were
flashy site next to him the importance of war
as a castle or fortified city, and after seizing it
were replacing tents, building, and we'll see
is that in the Abbasid era.
‫المخطط األفقي لمسجد الكوفة‬

Architecture and Art in the Umayyad era:
Al-Aqsa Mosque:
Al-Aqsa Mosque is one of the most monuments sanctity of the Muslims, where the first Qiblah in Islam. Al-Aqsa mosque
is located inside the Old City of Jerusalem in Palestine. It is the name of all that revolved around the fence, located in the far
south astern corner of the old walled city, is all of the Dome of the Rock mosque and the whole clan of Al-Aqsa Mosque
famous landmarks. TheAqsa mosque measurements: 281 m from the south and north 310 m and 462 m east and to the west
of 491 m. The sixth this space the old town area, and these limits . have not changed since the first time put the mosque as
a place of prayer other than the Grand Mosque and the Prophet's Mosque which has been expanded several times.
Al-Aqsa Mosque / Al-Qibaly Mosque
Al-Aqsa Mosque is the first Qiblah and the second mosque built in the ground, text talk, and Muslims believe that the
most likely is the first built by Adam, charted its borders after forty years of docking the Sacred House rules, by order of
God. And the migration of Abraham came from Iraq to the land around the year 1800 BC. Then, the lifting of
Sacred House rules, and after Isahac and Jacob, the Al Aqsa Mosque. As reconstructed by Solyman around the year 1000
BC.
With the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 636 AD (15 AH, corresponding to), Omar bin al-Khattab built qibaly chapel,
part of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. During the reign of the Umayyad dynasty (Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan), the Dome of the
Rock was built, and rebuilt the qibaly chapel, and this construction took nearly 30 years from 66 AH / 96 -685 AD AH / 715
AD, to be completed after the Al-Aqsa Mosque in its current form,
‫قبل التوسعة‬ ‫بعد التوسعة‬
Horizontal striped and perspective of the Al-Qibaly mosque within the Al-Aqsa Mosque.
Obviously the whole qibaly mosque influenced design scheme at the beginning of the church Albacelika in the era of
the dawn of Christianity, and then was overcome by adding a number of corridors (6 from each side) as required by the
qibla wall of the expansion to accommodate larger numbers of worshipers especially within the first rows.
There has not been a need for a courtyard to the presence of the mosque within the confines of Wall Al-Aqsa Mosque,
where the surrounding squares within the fence as a court.
Al-Aqsa Mosque / Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock: Built during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, an appraiser
with the golden dome of the building, its location for the Al-Aqsa Mosque as a whole heart of the human
body which it is located in the middle to the left a little. This dome is considered the dome of the mosque
as a whole, one of the oldest and greatest features distinctive Islamic. Named after the rock that is located
inside the building and that which the Prophet ascended to heaven on the most correct because the rock is
the highest spot in the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Dome of the Rock is currently the Chapel of women in the
Al-Aqsa Mosque. The Rock is outstanding as people generally believed, but underneath there is a small
cave.
The horizontal planned influenced dome design Churches era and the dawn of the Christian Byzantine
centrally planned. However, the highlight of the Islamic art in the Dome of the Rock is a plant decoration
and invented the use of Arabic calligraphy in writing verses(ayyat Quran) to decorate the walls
The Great Mosque( Umayyad Mosque) /Damascus
Arab Mosques
• Three mosques will be discussed here, and the three were built or
expanded greatly by the same Caliph, Al-Walid I 96/715.
• The three mosques are, the great mosques at Madina, Jerusalem and
Damascus.
• The Umayyad state was surrounded by Roman and Byzantine architecture, which affected
theirs too.
• The Umayyad mosques witnessed a development in terms of quality of columns, arches, the
fancy mosaic decoration, details and the increase in budget spent on these buildings.
• These mosques were declaration of power, symbol of competition and victory.
Arab Mosques (Abbasid)
Ibn-Tulun Mosque, Cairo
Arab Mosques (Maghrebi)
The majority, if not all, of the mosques built in Maghreb are Arab
mosques.
• These mosques were affected by the architecture of Damascus.
• The impact of transept on the interior became stronger than
exterior.
• They also used the domes in ribbed or fluted fashion and
new types of arches, especially in Spain.
• They altered the size of the courtyard for other functional
advantages.
• The gabled roof is more emphasized.
Arab Mosques (Maghrebi)
The Great Mosque, Cordoba

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KOYA UNIVERSITY

‫المخطط األفقي لمسجد الكوفة‬

The Great Mosque, Cordoba

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