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    Synthetic Seed Dr. Girish

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    Synthetic Seed Dr. Girish

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    7 views28 pages

    Synthetic Seed Dr. Girish

    Uploaded by

    kpakshay388

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Artificial Seed or Synthetic Seed

    Dr. Girish Chandra


    Assistant Professor & Head
    Department of Seed Science and Technology
    SGRR University, Degradun
    SYNTHETIC SEED
    (A NOVEL CONCEPT IN SEED BIOTECHNOLOGY)
    SEED

    Botanically-Seed is a ripened
    ovule
    Agriculturally-Any plant part
    with regeneration capacity
    Genetically-Connecting link
    between two generation for
    transfer of traits
    SYNTHETIC SEED
     Artificially encapsulated somatic embryo
     Shoot bud or any other meristatic tissue
    That can be used as functionally mimic seed
     Possesses the ability to convert into a plant
     Under in vitro or ex vitro conditions
     That can retain this potential even after
    storage.
    (Ara et al., 2000)
    Landmarks in Synthetic Seed Production

    year Scientist Events


    1902 Haberlandt Tissue culture technique
    1919 Karl Ereky Term “Biotechnology”

    1941 Jost Term “Genetic Engineering”

    1958 Stewart Somatic embryogenesis in carrot

    1978 Murashige Term “ Synthetic Seed”

    1979 Drew Somatic embryos as seed delivery system

    1980 P.S.Rao Synthetic seeds developed at BARC

    1981 Lawrence Encapsulation technique

    1986 Redenbaugh Hydrogel Encapsulation technique

    1989 Fujii Grow plants from synthetic seeds


    Synthetic and Natural seeds
    Artificial seed coat
    Somatic / asexual embryo
    Artificial endosperm

    Monocotyledon Dicotyledon
    Type of synthetic seeds

    • Desiccated synthetic seed

    • Hydrated synthetic seed


    Steps of Synthetic Seed Production
    Induction of somatic embryogenesis

    Maturation of somatic embryos

    Encapsulation of somatic embryos

    Evaluation of embryoid and conversion

    Planting in fields / green house


    Somatic Embryo

    Asexual zygote
    Naked i.e. without seed coat and endosperm
    Haploid / diploid
    Larger than sexual embryo
    Bipolar structure
    Direct germination
    Somatic Embryogenesis
    Somatic embryogenesis is the process by which the
    somatic cells or tissues develop into differentiated embryos
    and each fully developed embryo is capable of developing
    into plantlet

    In vitro process, by which somatic cells develop into


    somatic embryo without gametic fusion
    Direct somatic embryogenesis

    Explants Somatic embryo Plantlets

    Indirect somatic embryogenesis

    Explants Callus Somatic embryo plantlets

    Recurrent SE/ Secondary SE

    Explants Callus Primary SE Secondary SE Plantlets


    SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS

    REGENERATION
    OF
    WHOLE PLANT

    CALLUS GLOBULAR HEART/TORPEDO


    PLANT LET
    ZYGOTIC EMBRYOGENESIS

    EXPENTION

    MATURATION GERMINATION
    AND
    GROWTH
    DESICATION

    ZYGOTE
    DORMANCY
    GLOBULAR

    HEART/TORPEDO
    COTYLEDON

    COMPARISION OF SOMATIC AND ZYGOTIC EMBRYOGENESIS


    Protocol for somatic embryogenesis in carrot
    Molding method

    Dropping method
    ENCAPSULATION METHOD

    Molding
    Dropping
    Method
    Method

    w3

    w
    Commonly Used Hydrogel For Production of Synthetic
    Seeds
    Gel Source Capsule formed
    Agar Sea weed extract Yes
    Alginate Sea weed extract yes

    Agarose Sea weed extract No

    Guar gum Seed gum Yes


    Locust bean gum Seed gum Yes
    (Carrageenan)
    Gum Arabic Plant exudates No
    Dextran Microbial No
    Redenbaugh et al., 1987
    Axillary shoot buds
    Apical shoot tips
    Embryogenic masses
    Protocorms or protocorm-like bodies
    Plant regeneration from encapsulated shoot tips of guava. (A) Shoot tips encapsulated in Ca-
    alginate beads. (B) Shoot and root emergence from alginate-encapsulated shoot tip. (C) Plantlet
    regeneration on agar-solidified MS medium. (D) Plantlet regeneration in full-strength liquid MS
    medium. (E)Well-developed plantlets regenerated from encapsulated shoot tips.

    Rai et al., 2009


    Effect of Different Concentrations of Sodium Alginate and
    CaCl2⋅2H2O on Formation of Encapsulated Beads in Vanda
    coerulea- An Endangered Orchid.

    Sarmah et al.2010
    a, PLB formation in cultures of leaf base of Vanda coerulea. b, Isolated PLB
    from leaf base (enlarged). Encapsulated seeds in c, 4% and 100 mM; d, 4%
    and 75/50 mM; e, 3% and 100 mM; f, 3% and 75/50 mM; g, 2% and 100 mM;
    h, 2% and 75/50 mM sodium alginate and CaCl2⋅2H2O solution respectively.

    Sarmah et al., 2010


    Effect of different concentrations of sodium alginate and (%) and
    CaCl2⋅2H2O (mM) on germination percentage of encapsulated PLBs on
    Ichihashi and Yamashita basal medium without storage in Vanda
    coerulea.

    Sodium alginate CaCL2 2H2O (mM) Days for Percentage of


    (%) germination germination

    3 75 8 56.5

    3 100 7 94.9

    4 75 9 36.5

    4 100 14 23.5

    Sarmah et al., 2010


    Synthetic Seeds in Agro / Horticultural Crops
    Crop (Botanical name) Reference
    Rice (Oryza sativa) Fujii et al., (1995)

    Soybean (Glycine max) Grey and Purohit (1991)

    Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) Paulet et al., (1993)

    Citrus (Citrus aurantifolia) Antonietla (1998)

    Mango (Mangifera indica) Litzres et al., (1993)

    Cofee (Coffee arabica) Dereuddre et al., (1994)

    Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Sharma and Singh (1994)

    Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Fiegert et al., (1998)


    Reports on Synthetic Seed Based In Vitro Conservation of Some Fruit Plants.
    Plant Species Plant Conservation method Rference
    Material
    Morus indica (Mulberry ) ABs Low temp. storage Bapat et al .,1987

    Malus domestica ST Encapsulation dehydration Nino 1992

    Pyrus communis (pear ) NS Encapsulation dehydration Nino and sakai 1992

    Actinidia deliciosa (Kiwifruit) ST Encapsulation dehydration Suzuky et al., 2001

    Ananas comosus (pine apple) SBs Low temp. storage Soneji et al., 2002

    Mangifera indica (Mango) SEs Encapsulation dehydration Wu et al., 2003


    Vitis vinifera ( grape ) ST Encapsulation dehydration Wang et al ., 2004

    Fragaria ananassa (strawberry) ST Low temp. storage Lsek and orlicovasca 2004

    Punica granatum (pomegranate) NS Low temp. storage Naik and chand 2006

    Citrus species SEs Low temp. storage Antonita et al ., 2007

    Psidium guajava (guava) SEs Low temp. storage Rai et al., 2008

    ABs = Axilary buds, ST = Shoot tips, NS = Nodal segment, Ses = somatic embryos, SBs = shoot buds
    Rai et al., 2009
    Advantages of Synthetic Seed
    • Easy handling
    • Inexpensive transport
    • Storage life
    • Production uniformity
    • To avoid extinction of endangered species
    • Large scale propagation
    • Germplasm conservation
    • Hybrid production
    Scope of Synthetic Seeds.
    Synthetic Seed

    Propagation Conservation Transport

    • Rare and endangered plants • Exchange of axenic plant


    • Elite genotype material free of undesirable
    • Genetically engineered plants contaminants globaly
    • Seedless plants
    • Commercially important plants

    Short to Medium Long-Term


    Term Storage Storage

    Slow growth conservation Cryopreservation


    • Maintenance under reduced temperature and/or reduced • Encapsulation-dehydration
    light intensity • Encapsulation-vitrification
    • Use of growth retardants such as ABA (synthetic seed based cryopreservation)
    • Use of minimal growth medium
    • Reduction in oxygen concentration
    LIMITATION OF SYNTHETIC SEED
    Limited production of viable micropropagules
    Asynchronous development of somatic embryos
    Improper maturation of the somatic embryos
    Lack of dormancy and stress tolerance in somatic embryos
    Tissue culture dependent
    Poor conversion of even apparently normally matured somatic
    embryos and other micropropagules into plantlets
    Future Thrust
    Optimization of in vitro culture systems
     Incorporation of beneficial microorganisms like
    Trichoderma against seed borne diseases.
    Encapsulation methods
    Ex- vitro and soil conversion
    Benefit : Cost analysis and marketing
     Standardized sowing techniques without significant
    modification of existing planting equipments
    Thank you
    Thank You

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