A SHORT-TERM INTERNSHIP REPORT

On
ELECTRIC VEHICLE Virtual Internship
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted by
K. PAVAN KALYAN – 22X55A0218

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr. A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD M.Tech,(Ph.D)

Assistant Professor

(ESTD-2007)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SANTHIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi; Permanently Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapuramu,
Accredited by NAAC with Grade- A and NBA (ECE and CSE)
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution, Recognized under 2 (f) & 12 (B) of the UGC ACT, 1956,
NH-40, Nandyal-518501, Andhra Pradesh.
(2022–2025)
 SANTHIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi; Permanently Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapuramu,
Accredited by NAAC with Grade- A and NBA (ECE and CSE)
An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution, Recognized under 2 (f) & 12 (B) of the UGC ACT, 1956,
NH-40, Nandyal-518501, Andhra Pradesh.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “ELECTRIC VEHICLE
VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP” that is being, submitted by

K. PAVAN KALYAN – 22X55A0218

Under the Guidance of Mr. A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD MTech, (Ph.D) for Project of
the award of B. Tech Degree in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING in the SANTHIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
Nandyal(Affiliated to J.N.T.University Anantapur, Anantapuramu) is a record of
bonafied work carried out by them under our guidance and supervision.

Signature of the Internship Guide Signature of the Coordinator

Mr. A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD M.Tech,(Ph.D) Mr.A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD M.Tech,(Ph.D)

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of EEE Department of EEE

Signature of Head of the Department

Mr. M.Y. VEERESH M.Tech,(Ph.D.)
Assistant Professor & HOD
Department of EEE
 PROGRAM BOOK
FOR
A SHORT-TERM INTERNSHIP
Name of the Student : K. PAVAN KALYAN

Name of the College : SANTHIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Registration Number : 22X55A0218

Period of Internship : APRIL 2024 TO JUNE 2024

Name & Address of the Intern : SKILLDzire IN COLLABORATION WITH APSCHE

Organization
 A SHORT-TERM INTERNSHIP REPORT ON
ELECTRICAL VEHICLE VIRTUAL INTENSHIP
Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of B. TECH

Name of the College : SANTHIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Department : ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Name of the Faculty Guide : Mr. A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD

Duration of the Internship : APRIL 2024 TO JUNE 2024

Name of the Student : K. PAVAN KALYAN

Programme of Study : ELECTRIC VEHICLE VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP

Year of Study : 2022-2025

Date of submission :
 STUDENT DECLARATION

I am K. PAVAN KALYAN student of B.Tech program, Reg.No.22X55A0218 of the

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Santhiram Engineering College do
here by declare that I have completed the mandatory internship between MAY 2024 TO
JUNE 2024. In SKILLDzire IN COLLABORATION WITH APSCHE under the faculty
guideship of Mr. A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in Santhiram Engineering College.

Student Signature and Date

Signature of the Internship Guide Signature of the Coordinator

Mr. A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD M.Tech,(Ph.D) Mr.A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD M.Tech,(Ph.D)

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of EEE Department of EEE

Signature of Head of the Department

Mr. M.Y. VEERESH M.Tech,(Ph.D.)

Assistant Professor & HOD
Department of EEE
CERTIFICATE FROM INTERNSHIP ORGANIZATION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This will certainly not be complete without acknowledgements paid to all these
who have helped us in doing my project work.
Words are short for expressing my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to
our project guide, Mr. A. RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD, Asst. Professor, for provided
valuable help, guidance, constant encouragement and support in the stages of this work.
It is a great pleasure to acknowledge profound sense of gratitude to Mr.
M. Y. VEERESH, Head of the Department, EEE Department, for the encouragement and
assistance to me, which contributed to the successful completion of this project.
Involuntarily, I precious to d i v u l g e my sincere gratefulness to Principal, Dr. M.
V. SUBRAMANYAM Garu, who has been observed posing valiance in abundance forwards
our individuality to acknowledge our project work tendentiously.
At the outset we thank my honorable Chairman Dr. M. SANTHIRAMUDU Garu
correspondent, SANTHIRAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE for providing us with good
facilities and his moral support throughout the course.
I also express the overall exhilaration and gratitude to all the teaching and non-
teaching staff of EEE Dept., who admitted our project work and accentuated our attitude.
I also extend my heartfelt and sincere gratitude to my beloved parents for their
tremendous motivation and moral support.

SUBMITTED BY
K. PAVAN KALYAN
22X55A0218
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS
NO

1 Introduction

History Of Electric Vehicles

2 Electric Vehicle

Types Of Ev

3 Fundamentals Of Automobiles

4 Safety And Types

5 Why Electric Vehicles Are The Future Of

Driving In 2022?

6 Charging Stations And Types

Charging Stations In India

7 Beneifts Of Electric Vehicles

Problems With Electric Vehicles

8 Conclusion
 ABSTRACT

Global warming has become a very important issue during the last decade. The
worldwide research is oriented to obtain efficiency improvements on energy consuming and
sustainable energy sources utilization.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) can achieve this goal. In addition, the utilization of
high efficiency electric machines, using high energy permanent magnet, allows an increased
reduction of fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. This paper deals with various
topologies of permanent magnet machines and some commercial vehicles adopting these
motors are described.
There is no doubt that EVs are the future of driving and mobility, and while newer
materials may be used in battery chemistry, and innovations will keep taking place, the trend
is irreversible because of the following reasons.
This is a great initiative toward reducing ecological damage and boosting public
health. The lesser exhaustion of harmful emissions will lead to better air quality, which means
fewer health problems.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An electric vehicle is one powered by an electric motor rather than a traditional
petrol/diesel engine. This electric motor is powered by rechargeable batteries that can be
charged by common household electricity.
The pattern shifts from Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) to Electric Vehicles
that is happening globally is creating new opportunities not just for engineering students
to get jobs in the EV industry but is also an opportunity for academic faculty to engage
in interdisciplinary research opportunities in the emerging EV Industry.
As modern electric vehicles combine diverse engineering fields, it is important for
faculty to receive well-planned training that shall enable them to brush up skills across
electrical, mechanical, electronics and computer science fields to teach this subject to
inquisitive students.
Increasing awareness of air quality and interest in innovative vehicles stimulate
research activity to improve the propulsion systems by reducing vehicle emissions. Hybrid
electric vehicles (HEVs) appear as the nearest forced first step to have reductions in both
emissions as well as fuel consumption. In fact, HEVs have attracted their fair share of
attention from automakers worldwide and so on. The HEV is a vehicle that has two or more
energy sources, but in common use HEV means that the vehicle has a propulsion due to both
an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and an electrical machine, while the energy source are
fuel and batteries. HEVs can achieve high performance by combining high-energy density
combustible, with high efficiency of electric-drive systems. Moreover, the torque generated
by the vehicle by the electric motor can be appropriately controlled so that the vehicle
stability and safety are greatly improved.
Considerable improvements have been obtained in all studying areas of HEVs due to
the efficiency enhancement of both electrical machines and internal combustion motors. The
latter issues refer to the adoption of the Atkinson cycle ICE.
High relevance has the improvement of the energy storage system. Now the
most promising battery technology to power these vehicles is the Lithium Ion (Li-
ion) battery, through the Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) are the most utilized battery in
commercial applications.
 History of electric vehicles
1900S:
Electric cars are nothing new. Interest in motor vehicles increased around the
1900s and at that time there were about twice as many electric cars on the road than
petrol/diesel cars. It was not until the 1920s that interest in electric cars dwindled. The
reason was that electric cars were limited by their low top speeds and low range (just a
few miles). In addition, in 1912 the electric starter motor was developed for petrol cars,
eliminating the traditional drawback of petrol cars: having to use a hand crank to get the
car moving.
It was Henry Ford who put the nail in the electric car coffin when his company
began to mass produce the Model T. This slashed the price of petrol cars to about half
that of an electric car and so in the early 1900s all electric car manufacturers began to
cease making them.
2000S:
In the 2000s, the development of hybrid vehicles, plus another fuel crisis, saw the
technology adopted by larger numbers than ever before. Tesla’s Roadster, which went on
sale in 2008, was a game changer for the industry. The attractive design and extended
range of the Roadster appealed to a larger market than ever before and encouraged
competitors such as Nissan and Chevrolet to launch their own models.
The Nissan leaf introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010, became the
first modern all-electric, zero tailpipe emission five door family hatchback to be
produced for the mass market from a major manufacturer. As of January 2013, the Leaf
was also available in Australia, Canada and 17 European countries.
The next Tesla vehicle, the Model S, was released in the U.S. on 22 June
2012 and the first delivery of a Model S to a retail customer in Europe took place on 7
August 2013. Deliveries in China began on 22 April 2014. The next model was the Tesla
Model X. Other models were released to the market in 2012 and 2013.
2020S:
The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's
bestselling electric car ever, with more than 500,000 total units sold by March
2020. However, the Tesla Model Y is the bestselling electric vehicle in terms of yearly
units. Tesla also became the first auto manufacturer to produce 1 million electric cars in
March 2020. Global sales of the Model 3 passed the 1 million milestone in June 2021,
the first electric car model to do so.
The Nissan Leaf achieved the milestone of 500,000 units sold globally in early
December 2020, 10 years after its inception. Combined sales of plug-in electric cars and
light-duty commercial vans since 2010 achieved the 10- m i l l i o n - u n i t milestone by the
end of 2020. Just a year and a half later, the combined sales doubled to 20 million in
June 2022.
 CHAPTER 2
Electric vehicle

Definition:
An electric car or electric vehicle (EV) is a passenger automobile that is
propelled by an electric traction motor, using electrical energy as the primary
source of propulsion.
The term normally refers to a plug-in electric vehicle, typically a battery
electric vehicle (BEV), which only uses energy stored in on-board battery packs,
but broadly may also include plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), range-
extended electric vehicle (REEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), which can
convert electric power from other fuels via a generator or a fuel cell.
Compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles,
electric cars are quieter, more responsive, have superior energy conversion
efficiency and no exhaust emissions, as well as a lower overall carbon
footprint from manufacturing to end of life.
Due to the superior efficiency of electric motors, electric cars also generate
less waste heat, thus reducing the need for engine cooling systems that are often
large, complicated and maintenance-prone in ICE vehicles.
The electric vehicle battery typically needs to be plugged into a mains
electricity power supply for recharging in order to maximize the cruising range.
Recharging an electric car can be done at different kinds of charging stations.
these charging stations can be installed in private homes, parking
garages and public areas. There are also research and development in other
technologies such as battery swapping and inductive charging. As the recharging
infrastructures are still in its relative infancy, range anxiety and time cost are
frequent psychological obstacles against electric cars during consumer purchasing
decisions.
 Types of Electric Vehicles:
Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV):
A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), also called ALL-Electric Vehicle (AEV), runs
entirely on a battery and electric drive train. These types of electric cars do not have an
ICE. Electricity is stored in a large battery pack that is charged by plugging into the
electricity grid. The battery pack, in turn, provides power to one or more electric motors
to run the electric car.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV):
This type of hybrid cars is often called as standard hybrid or parallel hybrid. HEV
has both an ICE and an electric motor. In this types of electric cars, internal combustion
engine gets energy from fuel, While the motor gets electricity from batteries. The
gasoline engine and electric motor simultaneously rotate the transmission, which drives
the Wheels.
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHVE):
PHVE is a type of hybrid vehicle that both an ICE and a motor, often called as
series hybrid. This type of electric cars offers a choice of fuels. This type of electric car
is powered by conventional fuel or an alternative fuel and by a rechargeable battery pack.
The battery can be charged up with electricity by plugging in to an electrical outlet.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV):
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEVs), also known as fuel cell vehicles or Zero
Emission Vehicle, are types of electric cars that employ ‘fuel cell technology’ to
generate the electricity required to run the vehicle. In this type of vehicles, the chemical
energy of the fuel is converted directly into electricity energy.
 CHAPTER 3

Fundamentals of Automobiles:
The Major Automotive Systems are:
■ Engine/Motor
■ Drive train (transmission, differential, axle)
■ Suspension
■ Steering
■ Brakes
■ Instrumentation
■ Electrical/electronic
■ Motion control
■ Safety
■ Comfort/convenience
■ Entertainment/communication/navigation
ENGINE:
The engine in an automobile provides all the power for moving the automobile, for the
hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and for the electrical system. A variety of engine types have been
produced, but one class of engine is used most: the internal combustion, piston- type, 4-stroke cycle,
gasoline fuelled, spark ignited, liquid cooled engine.

Fig: Block Diagram of an Engine

Drivetrain:
The engine drivetrain system of the automobile consists of the engine, transmission,
drive shaft, differential, and driven wheels. We have already discussed the Sl engine, and we
know that it provides the motive power for the automobile.
Transmission:
The transmission is a gear system that adjusts the ratio of engine speed to wheel
speed. The transmission enables the engine to operate within its optimal performance range
regardless of the vehicle load or speed. It provides a gear ratio between the engine speed and
vehicle speed such that the engine provides adequate power to drive the vehicle at any speed.
Suspension:
Another major automotive subsystem is the suspension system, which is the
mechanical assembly that connects each wheel to the car body. The primary purpose of the
suspension system is to isolate the car body from the vertical motion of the wheels as they
travel over the rough road surface.

Fig: Block Diagram of Suspension

Steering System:
A steering system is one of the major automotive subsystems required for operation of
the car. It provides the driver control of the path of the car over the ground. Steering functions
by rotating the plane of the front wheels in the desired direction of the turn. The angle
between the front wheel plane and the longitudinal axis of the car is known as the steering
angle. This angle is proportional to the rotation angle of the steering wheel.
Brakes:
Brakes are as basic to the automobile as the engine drivetrain system and are
responsible for slowing and stopping the vehicle. Most of the kinetic energy of the car is
dissipated by the brakes during deceleration and stopping.
EV Controllers and converters:
1. EV Controller
2. DC-DC Converter
3. DC-AC Inverters
Inside an EV:
Battery Electric Vehicles use the energy stored in gasoline engine is replaced by an
electric motor. batteries for vehicle propulsion. The electric motor gets its power through a
controller from rechargeable batteries. The heart of an electric car is the combination of
electric motor, controller, and batteries.
The accelerator pedal hooks to a pair of potentiometers (variable resistors), and these
potentiometers provide the signal that tells the controller how much power it is supposed to
deliver. The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full power (when the
driver floors the accelerator pedal), or any power level in between.

FIG: WORKING INSIDE OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Control systems:
A vital part of all automobiles and are more complex in electrified vehicles where
additional components must be monitored and controlled appropriately. Additional
components of electrified vehicles include high voltage batteries, motors, inverters,
converters, pumps, regenerative brakes, and additional accessories. These components must
be controlled for correct and efficient operation.
The controls of these components are performed through dedicated modules which
communicate with each other to determine the correct control procedure for components.

FIG: Controller wiring Diagram

DC-DC convertors:
DC-DC converters are used to Covert high voltage DC to low voltage (12-28 volts)
DC that can be used to charge the 12-volt auxiliary battery and operate light load devices
such as lighting, radio, AC and windows etc. (EV controller is operated by Aux battery).
DC-AC Invertor bi-directional:
An inverter is a device that converts DC power to the AC power used in an electric
vehicle motor. The inverter can change the speed at which the motor rotates by adjusting the
frequency of the alternating current. It can also increase or decrease the power or torque of
the motor by adjusting the amplitude of the signal.
 CHAPTER 4
SAFTEY SYSTEMS
There are two main types of safety sensor:
Current Sensors which monitor the power consumed and maintain the connection only
if the demand is within a predetermined range. Sensor wires react more quickly, have fewer
parts to fail and are less expensive to design and implement. Current sensors however can use
standard connectors and can readily provide an option for suppliers to monitor or charge for
the electricity consumed.
Additional physical "sensor wires" which provide a feedback signal such as specified
by the undermentioned SAE J1772 and IEC 62196 schemes that require special (multi- pin)
power plug fittings.
AIR BAG:
MAIN PARTS OF AIR BAG:
There are three parts to an air bag that help to accomplish this feat.
1. Bag
2. Sensor
3. Inflation system

BAG:
The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel
or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door. The powdery substance released from their
Air bag is regular cornstarch or talcum powder, which is used by the air bag manufacturers to
keep the bags pliable and lubricated while they are in storage.
SENSOR:
The sensor is the device that tells the bag to inflate. It works with the control module
to discriminate between crash and non-crash events. These sensors measure the severity of
the impact. Inflation happens when there is a collision force equal to running into a brick wall
at16 to 24 Km per hour. They are setup so that sudden negative acceleration will cause the
contacts to close, telling the control module that a crash before airbag deployment.
INFLATION SYSTEM:
The air bag’s inflation system reacts sodium aside (NaN3) with potassium nitrate
(KNO3) to produce large volume of nitrogen gas. Hot Blasts of the nitrogen inflate the air bag
from its storage site up to 322Kmph. A Second later, the gas quickly dissipates through a tiny
hole in the bag, thus deflating the bag so you can move.
HOW DOES AN AIR BAG WORKS:
1. There is a Nylin bag inside your steering wheel.
2. That bag contains solid sodium azide (NaN3) which is ignited

3. with electricity when a crash sets off a trigger.

4. 2 NaN3(s)→2 Na (s) + 3 N2 (g)

5. The nitrogen gas created in this reaction then fills the airbag.

MODERN TYPES OF AIRBAGS:

Side air bag:
➤Cars that currently offer side airbags represent the new wave of occupant protection.

➤ Provides protection during side collisions.

➤ This prevents the airbag on the undamaged side of the car from inflating.

Curtain airbags:
➤Inflates in front of windows to provide passengers better head and neck protection.

➤ More efficient at tipping and side impacts.

Door air bag:
➤The door has more space, allowing for a bigger bag that provides more coverage.
Developed by Ford and Renault.
➤Door-mounted side air bags must begin deploying in mere 5 or 6 milliseconds!

FIG: Air bag system

 CHAPTER -5
Why Electric Vehicles are the future of driving in 2022?
The global market for electric vehicles (EVs) is growing continuously at a
compounded annualized growth rate (CAGR) of 21.7 per cent. It is expected to grow from 8.1
million units to 39.21 million units by 2030. This exponential growth is being driven by
various factors, including concerns for pollution.
Governments all over the world are encouraging the EV industry through subsidies
and regulations, and the consumers are demanding low emission commuting instead of the
fossil fueldriven vehicles, which are endangering our planet.
When the first EVs were manufactured/introduced, extremely high initial cost, low
battery range, low speed, and much lower environmental concerns resulted in the industry not
taking off. The last 10 years though have seen universal interest among original equipment
manufacturers (OEMs), customers, and governments, resulting in huge investments being
made in EV manufacturing and battery technology, resulting in millions of vehicles getting
sold in various countries.
All the major global and Indian OEMs have invested in and launched EVs, and many
new OEMs have attracted huge investments and launched successful models, building the
demand for EVs, and thus creating unicorns, too.
Tesla has been one of the most successful EV company/brands in the world, but
others, including Mercedes Benz, Tata, MG, GM, Audi, Hyundai, Nissan, BMW, and Renault
have also launched EVs, which are receiving customer demand in different markets.
There is no doubt that EVs are the future of driving and mobility, and while newer
materials may be used in the battery chemistry, and innovations will keep taking place, the
trend is irreversible because of the following reasons.
Significant cost savings on running and maintenance:
Running and maintenance costs are a major part of the ownership cost of any vehicle,
and it is now well established that EV buyers spend much less on fuel/energy and
maintenance, as EVs have fewer moving parts than a gasoline engine, which makes it easier
to maintain.
EVs have very few parts that may break or need any repair or replacement. So, there
is no need to worry about changing the engine oil, thus making it easier to maintain electric
cars at a lower cost.
 Oil, being a dominant energy source, causes a wide range of problems, as
transportation remains dependent on oil. But an electric vehicle offers a clean and better way
of transportation for everyone. The increase in the number of electric vehicles on the road
will reduce the demand for millions of barrels of oil in the future.
Eco-friendly savings on CO2 emissions:
Shifting to electric mobility will help India save nearly one giga tonne of carbon
dioxide emissions by 2030. Each electric car on the road helps in reducing the harmful air
pollution for the younger generations to come. The whole world is fighting global warming
and drastic climate change, which is increasing conflicts and political tensions between
nations. Car buyers are ready to do their bit for the environment by shifting to EVs, which
have zero tailpipe emissions, and which will ultimately help save our environment from smog
and climate change.
Incredible driving experience by reducing driving fatigue/stress:
Electric vehicles do not have gears, which ensures an excellent driving experience
with no complicated controls. Just accelerate, brake, and steer to manage and enjoy a calm,
convenient, safe, and noise-free ride.
Lesser noise is another added benefit of using an electric car. The electric motors are
very quiet compared to internal combustion engines and their exhaust systems. Several
studies show that vehicle noise can have many negative impacts, such as increased anxiety,
depression, high blood pressure, heart diseases, stroke, and so on. The noise pollution may
also increase the risk of severe depressive symptoms in humans.
Tax benefits:
Buying or leasing an EV can give you an advantage in tax savings. If you have an
electric vehicle registered in your company’s name, then you can avail yourself of the 40 per
cent depreciation in the first year to save on income tax. The government is also supporting
your idea of buying an electric car and has already introduced an EV policy under which you
can avail yourself of additional benefits of up to Rs 1.5 lakh.
Convenient charging:
Electric vehicles rely on electricity to charge their batteries instead of using fossil
fuels like petrol or diesel. With more EV battery charging stations popping up now, it will be
easier for the users to charge the batteries at a nearby station rather than wait in a long queue
at the CNG stations or petrol pumps. The EV owners can also choose to charge the batteries
with charging equipment from the comfort of their homes.
 CHAPTER -6
Charging Stations in India

 Here we some of the charging station manufacturers in India.

TATA Power – it is also one of the most prominent manufacturers of EV charging stations
in the country. TATA’s EV charging network covers an area of nine states including Delhi,
Hyderabad, and Mumbai, with about 300 charging points across 40 cities including: Mumbai,
Delhi, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata,
and Vishakhapatnam.
CHARZER – a start-up based in Bengaluru which offers portable Kirana chargers of 3.3 KV
for small shop owners, restaurants, malls, societies etc. at an affordable price of Rs. 15,000
only.
Delta Electronics India – is India’s leading EV Charging manufacturer in terms of sales
and offers a wide variety of charging equipment including DC Quick Charger and AC EV
charger. It also provides a Site Management System for parking lots, working places,
residential buildings and more.
Fortum India – is a clean Finnish energy company with activities in more than forty
countries. It has to its credit the first public charging station for Indian Oil in Hyderabad.
Mass-Tech – It has to its credit the completion of the installation for DC Fast Charging
Station in Mumbai, in partnership with TATA motors.
EV Charging Stations Electric Vehicle Stocks in India:

FIG: charging station

 Below is the list of EV charging station stocks, electric vehicle charging station stocks
also will perform better, since it is a part of the EV ecosystem.
1. TATA Power Company Limited

TATA Power has an already established business as a consumer electricity-providing

company. With an increasing consumer base of EVs in India, TATA Power, in alliance with
TATA Motors, has also participated in the race of setting up EV battery charging and
swapping stations all over the country.
The company has been setting up public charging stations at various parking lots and
malls and private charging stations at customer residences and authorized automobile service
centers.
 2. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

A state-owned company that caters to high-voltage transmission and grid management

and provides high-power electricity to industries like telecom. The company is in the run to
set up charging stations all over India.
Having a state ownership label, the company can be expected to enjoy government
contracts and deals in setting up charging stations in the future.
3. National Thermal Power Corporation Limited (NTPC)

One of the largest thermal power generation companies in India, NTPC had recently
started its transition towards solar power generation.
The company was involved in the production and instalment of solar panels and other
solar-powered machines. Following great success in the solar power domain, the state-owned
power company is now heading towards EV power generation by setting up charging stations.
Reports also claim that we might see solar-powered EV charging stations in the future under
the name of NTPC.
CHARGING STATION TYPES:
Residential charging stations:
An EV owner plugs into a standard receptacle (such as NEMA connector in the US),
recharging the vehicle overnight. A home charging station usually has no user authentication,
no separate metering, but may require wiring a dedicated circuit to have faster charging.
Some portable chargers can also be wall mounted as charging stations.
Charging while parked (including public charging stations):
a private or commercial venture for a fee or free, sometimes offered in partnership
with the owners of the parking lot. This charging may be slow or high speed and often
encourages EV owners to recharge their cars while they take advantage of nearby facilities. It
can include parking for an organization's own employees, parking at shopping malls, small
centers, and public transit stations. Typically, AC Type1 / Type2 plugs are used.
Fast charging at public charging stations: (>40 Kw)
capable of delivering over 60-mile (100 km) of range in 10–30 minutes. These
chargers may be at rest stops to allow for longer distance trips. They may also be used
regularly by commuters in metropolitan areas, and for charging while parked for shorter or
longer periods. Common examples are J1772, Type 2 connector Type 3 connector, combined
charging system, CHAdeMO, and Tesla Superchargers.
The battery can charge in under 15 minutes. A specified target for CARB credits for a
zero-emission vehicle is adding 200-mile (300 km) to its range in under 15 minutes. In 2014,
this was not possible for charging electric vehicles, but it is achievable with EV battery
swaps.
With this, we come to the end of our list of best electric vehicle stocks in India. The
main thing to notice here is that one can find a TATA company in every segment of the EV
sector, and this is the ecosystem that the TATA Group of Companies is aiming at. A full
cycle of production includes the manufacturing of spare parts and batteries, development of
software, assembling of these parts to form an electric vehicle, and setting up charging
stations for EVs at varied locations all over the country.
Apart from this, companies like Hero MotoCorp and Maruti Suzuki are the
prospective players that are in the queue of launching their EVs soon in the market. From a
bird’s eye view, the companies mentioned above could be a great bet to put upon as the EV
segment is yet to achieve its full potential in India.
 CHAPTER -7
Benefits of Electric Vehicles:
Cheaper to run.
• The cost of the electricity needed to charge an EV is around 40% less than the cost to
use petrol for a similar sized vehicle driving the same distance. The cost will be lower
if charged from solar PV system or at free charging stations.

Cheaper to maintain
• A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) has fewer moving parts than a conventional
petrol/diesel car. Servicing is easy, less frequent, and overall cheaper than a
petrol/diesel vehicle.

• All EV batteries degrade. Most car manufacturers warrant EV batteries to not degrade
below a certain level for around eight years.

• Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) also have a petrol or diesel engine that
needs servicing, so a PHEV will cost more to maintain than a BEV.

Better for the environment

• Less pollution: Driving an EV helps to reduce harmful air pollution from exhaust
emissions. An EV has zero exhaust emissions, but still creates a degree of greenhouse
gas emissions when it is charged from the electricity grid.

Renewable energy:
If you have a solar PV system and charge your EV during the day, you can reduce
your greenhouse gas emissions even further. Another way is to purchase Green Power from
your electricity retailer. Then, even if you recharge your EV from the electricity grid, your
electricity is coming from renewable energy sources.
Problems with Electric Vehicles:
• Range of cars: EV have less range over ICV. Though there have been claims of EV
providing a range of 300 miles, under safe parameter.

• Charging Time: It takes around 20 hrs. To charge through 120V supply and 7hrs
through 240V supply. With fast charging, it still takes around 30 minutes.

• Infrastructure: A study conducted by Nielsen in 2017 showed that the number of gas
charging stations is almost three times than the EV charging station. There is only 1
charging station for 16 EV.

• Vehicle Availability: One of the biggest problems with electric vehicles right now
doesn’t have anything to do with the vehicle itself, it’s about purchasing and getting
one delivered to you.

• Electric Grid: We all know fuel isn’t a renewable source of energy, but is using
electricity any safer? A common discussion many potential buyers have when it
comes to the rise of EVs in recent times is if it could cause problems to the electrical
grid. The number of charging stations is very less and have been installed far off from
one another which also creates a lot of problems.

• Risk of Fire: EV fires are notoriously difficult to fight off, heralded by a highly toxic
vapor cloud and most probably followed by an explosion.
 CHAPTER 8
Conclusion
At the end, we draw a conclusion that electric vehicle not only reduces the carbon
emission level by a great margin, but it also helps in load management. By the year 2030,
54.6%of the combustion cars will be over drawn by plug in electric cars. This will be a great
initiative for environmental protection.
Electric vehicles are the future of transportation in India. While the road to
electrification is fraught with challenges, the potential benefits in terms of environmental
impact, energy security, and economic opportunities are immense. The success of the EV
revolution in India hinges on a holistic approach that addresses policy, technology, and
consumer behavior. As the country embarks on this transformative journey, it will require the
collective effort of government, industry, and citizens to ensure a sustainable and inclusive
electric mobility future.
This is a great initiative toward reducing the ecological damage and boosting public
health. The lesser exhaustion of harmful emissions will lead to better air quality, which means
fewer health problems.
There is no doubt that EVs are the future of driving and mobility, and while newer
materials may be used in the battery chemistry, and innovations will keep taking place, the
trend is irreversible because of the following reasons.