Os Assig.. Answer

Sure!
Here's a possible answer to the assignment question:
a) To calculate the total waiting time for each process using round-robin scheduling, we need to simulate
the execution of the processes. The time quantum is 4 milliseconds.
```
Time: 0 ms
P1 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 4 ms)
Time: 4 ms
Time: 8 ms
```
The waiting time for each process is calculated as the time it spends waiting in the ready queue.
Waiting time for P1 = 0 ms
Waiting time for P2 = (4 ms - 0 ms) + (8 ms - 4 ms) = 8 ms
Waiting time for P3 = (8 ms - 4 ms) = 4 ms
b) To determine the average waiting time for all processes, we sum up the waiting times for each process
and divide by the number of processes.
Average waiting time = (Waiting time for P1 + Waiting time for P2 + Waiting time for P3) / Number of
processes
= (0 ms + 8 ms + 4 ms) / 3
= 4 ms
c) Advantages and disadvantages of round-robin scheduling compared to other scheduling algorithms:
Advantages:
1. Fairness: Round-robin scheduling ensures that each process gets an equal amount of CPU time. This
fairness is especially important in multi-user systems where multiple users or processes compete for
resources.
2. Responsiveness: Round-robin scheduling provides good response time for interactive tasks since each
process gets a small time quantum to execute before being preempted.
3. Easy implementation: Round-robin scheduling is relatively easy to implement compared to other

scheduling algorithms. It follows a simple and intuitive concept of time slicing.
Disadvantages:
1. High overhead: Round-robin scheduling can have high overhead due to frequent context switching
between processes. This can reduce overall system performance, especially when there are many
processes with short burst times.
2. Poor performance for long-running tasks: Round-robin scheduling may not be suitable for long-
running tasks with large CPU burst times. In such cases, other scheduling algorithms like priority
scheduling or shortest job first (SJF) scheduling may provide better performance.
3. Inefficient utilization of CPU: Round-robin scheduling may not make efficient use of the CPU if the time
quantum is set too short. This can result in frequent context switches and increased scheduling
overhead.
Note: The advantages and disadvantages mentioned above are not exhaustive and may vary depending
on the specific system requirements and workload characteristics.
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.
Certainly! Here's a more detailed explanation of the answer:
a) To calculate the total waiting time for each process using round-robin scheduling, we simulate the
execution of the processes based on the given burst time requirements and the time quantum of 4
milliseconds.
We start by executing each process for a time quantum until its burst time is completed or the time
quantum expires. If the burst time of a process is not completed within the time quantum, it is
temporarily suspended and moved to the end of the ready queue to wait for its next turn.
Let's simulate the execution step by step:
```
Time: 0 ms
Time: 4 ms
Time: 8 ms
```
After the final time slice at 8 ms, all processes have completed their burst times.
The waiting time for each process is calculated as the time it spends waiting in the ready queue. It is
calculated by subtracting the burst time of each process from the total time it spent executing.
Waiting time for P1 = 0 ms (P1 started executing immediately and did not have to wait)
Waiting time for P2 = (4 ms - 0 ms) + (8 ms - 4 ms) = 8 ms (P2 waited for 4 ms before its first execution
and then waited for 4 ms again)
Waiting time for P3 = (8 ms - 4 ms) = 4 ms (P3 waited for 4 ms before its first execution)
b) To determine the average waiting time for all processes, we sum up the waiting times for each process
and divide by the number of processes.
Average waiting time = (Waiting time for P1 + Waiting time for P2 + Waiting time for P3) / Number of
processes
= (0 ms + 8 ms + 4 ms) / 3
= 4 ms
c) Advantages and disadvantages of round-robin scheduling compared to other scheduling algorithms:
Advantages:
1. Fairness: Round-robin scheduling ensures fairness by providing each process with an equal amount of
CPU time. This fairness is especially important in multi-user systems where multiple users or processes
compete for resources. Round-robin scheduling prevents a single process from monopolizing the CPU
and allows all processes to get a fair share of CPU time.
2. Responsiveness: Round-robin scheduling provides good response time for interactive tasks. Since each
process gets a small time quantum to execute before being preempted, even interactive tasks that
require frequent CPU access can get a chance to execute promptly. This helps in providing a responsive
system to user interactions.
3. Easy implementation: Round-robin scheduling is relatively easy to implement compared to other

scheduling algorithms. The concept of time slicing, where each process gets a fixed time quantum, is
simple and intuitive to understand. It does not require sophisticated algorithms or complex data
structures.
Disadvantages:
1. High overhead: Round-robin scheduling can have high overhead due to frequent context switching
between processes. When the time quantum is reached, the operating system needs to perform a
context switch to save the current process's state and load the next process. The overhead of context
switching can be significant, especially when there are many processes with short burst times. This
overhead reduces the overall system performance.
2. Poor performance for long-running tasks: Round-robin scheduling may not be suitable for long-
running tasks with large CPU burst times. If a process has a long burst time that exceeds the time
quantum, it will be repeatedly preempted and moved to the end of the ready queue. This can result in
lower efficiency and longer response times for long-running tasks. Other scheduling algorithms like
priority scheduling or shortest job first (SJF) scheduling may provide better performance in such
scenarios.
3. Inefficient utilization of CPU: Round-robin scheduling may not make efficient use of the CPU if the time
quantum is set too short. If the time quantum is smaller than the typical burst time of processes, there
will be frequent context switches and scheduling overhead, which can reduce the overall throughput of
the system. Adjusting the time quantum to an optimal value based on the workload characteristics is
crucial to achieve better CPU utilization.
Note: The advantages and disadvantages mentioned above are not exhaustive and may vary depending
on the specific system requirements, workload characteristics, and implementation details of the
operating system.
I hope this provides a more detailed explanation! Let me know if you have any further questions.

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Sure!

Here's a possible answer to the assignment question:

P1 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 4 ms)

P2 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 8 ms)

P3 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 2 ms)

P1 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 0 ms)

P2 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 4 ms)

P3 runs for 2 ms (remaining time: 0 ms)

P2 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 0 ms)

Waiting time for P1 = 0 ms

Waiting time for P2 = (4 ms - 0 ms) + (8 ms - 4 ms) = 8 ms

Waiting time for P3 = (8 ms - 4 ms) = 4 ms

c) Advantages and disadvantages of round-robin scheduling compared to other scheduling algorithms:

3. Easy implementation: Round-robin scheduling is relatively easy to implement compared to other

Let's simulate the execution step by step:

P1 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 4 ms)

P2 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 8 ms)

P3 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 2 ms)

P1 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 0 ms)

P2 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 4 ms)

P3 runs for 2 ms (remaining time: 0 ms)

P2 runs for 4 ms (remaining time: 0 ms)

c) Advantages and disadvantages of round-robin scheduling compared to other scheduling algorithms:

3. Easy implementation: Round-robin scheduling is relatively easy to implement compared to other

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