Lighting control

system

A lighting control system incorporates communication between various system

inputs and outputs related to light ing control with the use of one or more central
computing devices. Lighting control systems are widely used on both indoor and
outdoor light ing of commercial, industrial, and residential spaces. Lighting control
systems are sometimes referred to under the term smart lighting. Lighting control
systems serve to provide the right amount of light where and when it is needed.[1]

Las Vegas Convention Center

Loop showing effects of lighting
control system

Lighting control systems are employed to maximize the energy savings from the light
ing system, satisfy building codes, or comply with green building and energy
conservation programs. Lighting control systems may include a light ing technology
designed for energy efficiency, convenience and security. This may include high
efficiency fixtures and automated controls that make
adjustments based on conditions such as occupancy or daylight availability. Light ing
is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical effect
(e.g. illumination of a security breach). It includes task light ing, accent light ing, and
general light ing.

Lighting controls
The term lighting controls is typically used to indicate stand- alone control of the
light ing within a space. This may include occupancy sensors, t imeclocks, and
photocells that are hard- wired to control fixed groups of lights independently.
Adjustment occurs manually at each devices
location. The efficiency of and market for residential light ing controls has been
characterized by the Consort ium for Energy Efficiency.[2]

The term lighting control system refers to an intelligent networked system of devices
related to light ing control. These devices may include relays, occupancy sensors,
photocells, light control switches or touchscreens, and signals from other building
systems (such as fire alarm or HVAC). Adjustment of the system occurs both at
device locations and at central computer locations via software programs or other
interface devices.

Advantages
The major advantage of a light ing control system over stand- alone light ing controls
or
conventional manual switching is the abilit y to control individual lights or groups of
lights from a single user interface device. This abilit y to control multiple light
sources from a user device allows complex light ing scenes to be created. A room
may have multiple scenes pre- set, each one created for different activities in the
room. A major benefit of light ing control systems is reduced energy consumption.
Longer lamp life is also gained when dimming and switching off lights when not in
use. Wireless light ing control systems provide additional benefits including reduced
installation costs and increased flexibilit y over where switches and sensors may be
placed.[3]
Minimizing energy usage
Lighting applications represents 19% of the world's energy use and 6% of all
greenhouse emissions.[4] In the United States, 65 percent of energy consumption is
used by commercial and industrial sectors, and 22 percent of this is used for light
ing.

Smart controlling enables households and users to remotely control cooling, heating,
light ing and appliances, minimizing unnecessary light and energy use. This abilit y
saves energy and provides a level of comfort and convenience. From outside the t
radit ional light ing industry, the future success of light ing will require involvement of
a number of stakeholders and stakeholder communities. The concept of smart light
ing also involves utilizing natural light from the sun to reduce the use of man- made
light ing, and the simple concept of people turning off light ing when they leave a
room.[5]

Convenience
A smart light ing system can ensure that dark areas are illuminated when in use.
The lights actively respond to the activities of the occupants based on sensors
and intelligence (logic) that anticipates the light ing needs of an occupant.

Security
Lights can be used to dissuade those from areas they should not be. A security
breach, for example, is an event that could t rigger floodlights at the breach point.
Preventative measures include illuminating key access points (such as walkways) at
night and automatically adjusting the light ing when a household is away to make
it appear as though there are occupants.
Automated control
Lighting control systems typically provide the abilit y to automatically adjust a light
ing device's output based on:

Chronological time (time of

day) Solar time
(sunrise/sunset)
Occupancy using occupancy
sensors Daylight availability
using photocells Alarm
conditions
Program logic (combination of
events)

Chronological time
Chronological t ime schedules incorporate specific t imes of the day, week, month or
year.
Solar time
Solar t ime schedules incorporate sunrise and sunset t imes, often used to switch
outdoor light ing. Solar t ime scheduling requires that the location of the building
be set. This is accomplished using the building's geographic location via either lat it
ude and longitude or by
picking the nearest city in a given database giving the approximate location and
corresponding solar t imes.

Occupancy
Space occupancy is primarily determined with occupancy sensors. Smart light ing
that utilizes occupancy sensors can work in unison with other light ing connected to
the same network to adjust light ing per various conditions.[6] The table below shows
potential electricity savings from using occupancy sensors to control light ing in
various types of spaces.[7]

Ultrasonic
The advantages of ult rasonic devices are that they are sensitive to all types of
motion and generally there are zero coverage gaps, since they can detect
movements not within the line of [8][7]
sight.

Daylight availability
Electric light ing energy use can be adjusted by automatically dimming and/or
switching electric lights in response to the level of available daylight . Reducing the
amount of electric light ing used
when daylight is available is known as daylight harvest ing.

Daylight sensing
In response to daylighting technology, daylight- linked automated response systems
have been developed to further reduce energy consumption.[9][10] These technologies
are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many t imes, rapid and frequent
switching of the lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather
conditions or when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not
only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this
technology is the 'differential switching' or 'dead- band' photoelectric control which
has multiple illuminances it switches from to reduce occupants being disturbed.[11][12]

Alarm conditions
Alarm conditions typically include inputs from other building systems such as the fire
alarm or HVAC system, which may t rigger an emergency 'all lights on' or ' all lights
flashing' command for example.

Program logic
Program logic can t ie all of the above elements together using constructs such as if-
then-else statements and logical operators. Digital Addressable Light ing Interface
(DALI) is specified in
the IEC 62386 standard.
Automatic dimming
The use of automatic light dimming is an aspect of smart light ing that serves to
reduce energy consumption.[13] Manual light dimming also has the same effect of
reducing energy use.

Use of sensors
In the paper "Energy savings due to occupancy sensors and personal controls: a pilot
field study", Galasiu, A.D. and Newsham, G.R have confirmed that automatic light ing
systems including occupancy sensors and individual (personal) controls are suitable
for open- plan office environments and can save a significant amount of energy
(about 32.0%) when compared to a conventional light ing system, even when the
installed light ing power density of the automatic light ing system is ~50% higher
than that of the conventional system.[14]

Components
A complete sensor consists of a mot ion detector, an electronic control unit , and a
controllable switch/relay. The detector senses motion and determines whether there
are occupants in the space.[9] It also has a t imer that signals the electronic control
unit after a set period of inactivity. The control unit uses this signal to activate the
switch/relay to turn equipment on or off. For light ing applications, there are three
main sensor types: passive infrared, ultrasonic,[8] and hybrid.

Others
Mot ion-detect ing (microwave), heating- sensing (infrared), and sound- sensing; optical
cameras, infrared motion, optical t rip wires, door contact sensors, thermal cameras,
micro radars, daylight sensors.[15]
Standards and
protocols
In the 1980s there was a strong requirement to make commercial light ing more
controllable so that it could become more energy efficient. Init ially this was done
with analog control, allowing fluorescent ballasts and dimmers to be controlled
from a central source. This was a step in the right direction, but cabling was
complicated and therefore not cost effective.

Tridonic was an early company to go digital with their broadcast protocols, DSI, in
1991. DSI was a basic protocol as it t ransmitted one control value to change the
brightness of all the fixtures attached to the line. What made this protocol more
attractive, and able to compete with the established analog option, was the simple
wiring.

There are two types of light ing control systems which are:

Analog lighting control

Digital lighting control
Examples for analog light ing control systems are:

0-10V based system.

AMX192 based systems (often
referred to as AMX) (USA
standard).
D54 based systems
(European standard).
In production light ing 0- 10V system was replaced by analog multiplexed systems
such as D54 and AMX192, which themselves have been almost completely replaced
by DMX512. For dimmable fluorescent lamps (where it operates instead at 1- 10 V,
where 1 V is minimum and 0 V is off) the system is being replaced by DSI, which it
self is in the process of being replaced by DALI.

Examples for digital light ing control systems are:

DALI based
system. DSI
based system
KNX based systems
Those are all wired light ing control systems.

There are also wireless light ing control systems that are based on some standard
protocols like MIDI, Zigbee, Bluetooth Mesh, and others. The standard for digital
addressable light ing interface, mostly in professional and commercial deployments,
is IEC 62386-104 (https://webstore.iec.ch/ publication/64812) . This standard
specifies the underlying technologies, which in wireless are VEmesh (https://virtual-
extension.com/products/technology/) , which operates in the industrial Sub- 1 GHz
frequency band and Bluetooth Mesh, which operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.

Other notable protocols, standards and systems include:

Architecture for Control

Networks Art-Net
Bluetooth mesh Lighting model
C-Bus
 Dynalite
INSTEON

Lonworks
MIDI

Modbus
RDM

VSCP
X10
Z-Wave
Bluetooth lighting control
The new type of control for light ing system is using Bluetooth connection directly to
the light ing system. It is recently int roduced by Philips HUE and company new name
as Signify formerly known as Philips Lighting. This system will need a smartphone or
tablet where the user can
install a special Philips Hue Bluetooth app. The Bluetooth bulbs don't need a Philips
Hue bridge to function. There is no need to have a Wi-Fi or data connection for
controlling the lights with
that system.
Smart lighting ecosystem
Smart light ing systems can be controlled using the internet to adjust light ing
brightness and schedules.[6] One technology involves a smart light ing network that
assigns IP addresses to light bulbs.[16]

Information transmitting with

smart light
Schubert predicts that revolutionary light ing systems will provide an entirely new
means of sensing and broadcasting information. By blinking far too rapidly for any
human to notice, the light will pick up data from sensors and carry it from room to
room, reporting such information as the location of every person within a high-
security building. A major focus of the Future Chips
Constellation is smart light ing, a revolutionary new field in photonics based on
efficient light sources that are fully tunable in terms of such factors as spectral
content, emission pattern, polarization, color temperature, and intensity. Schubert,
who leads the group, says smart light ing will not only offer better, more efficient
illumination; it will provide “totally new functionalities.”

Theatrical lighting
control
Architectural light ing control systems can integrate with a theater's on- off and
dimmer controls, and are often used for house lights and stage light ing, and can
include worklights, rehearsal
light ing, and lobby light ing. Control stations can be placed in several locations in the
building and
range in complexity from single buttons that bring up preset options- looks, to in-
wall or desktop LCD touchscreen consoles. Much of the technology is related to
residential and commercial light ing control systems.
The benefit of architectural light ing control systems in the theater is the abilit y for
theater staff to turn worklights and house lights on and off without having to use a
light ing control console.
Alternately, the light designer can control these same lights with light cues from
the light ing control console so that, for instance, the t ransition from
houselights being up before a show starts and the first light cue of the show is
controlled by one system.

Smart-lighting
emergency ballast for
fluorescent lamps[17]
The function of a t radit ional emergency light ing system is the supply of a minimum
illuminating level when a line voltage failure appears. Therefore, emergency light ing
systems have to store energy in a battery module to supply lamps in case of failure.
In this kind of light ing systems the internal damages, for example battery
overcharging, damaged lamps and starting circuit failure must be detected and
repaired by specialist workers.

For this reason, the smart light ing prototype can check it s functional state every
fourteen days and dump the result into a LED display. With these features they can
test themselves checking their functional state and displaying their internal
damages. Also the maintenance cost can be decreased.

Overview
The main idea is the substitution of the simple line voltage sensing block that
appears in the t radit ional systems by a more complex one based on a
microcontroller. This new circuit will assume the functions of line voltage
sensing and inverter activation, by one side, and the
supervision of all the system: lamp and battery state, battery charging, external
communications, correct operation of the power stage, etc., by the other side.

The system has a great flexibilit y, for instance, it would be possible the
communication of several devices with a master computer, which would know the
state of each device all the t ime.

A new emergency light ing system based on an intelligent module has been
developed. The micro- controller as a control and supervision device
guarantees increase in the installation security and a maintenance cost saving.

Another important advantage is the cost saving for mass production specially whether
a microcontroller with the program in ROM memory is used.

Advances in photonics
The advances achieved in photonics are already t ransforming society just as
electronics revolutionized the world in recent decades and it will continue to
contribute more in the future. From the statistics, North America’s optoelectronics
market grew to more than $20 billion in 2003. The LED (light-emitt ing diode)
market is expected to reach $5 billion in 2007, and the solid-state light ing market
is predicted to be $50 billion in 15–20 years, as stated by E. Fred Schubert,[18]
Wellfleet Senior Distinguished Professor of the Future Chips Constellation at
Rensselaer.

Notable inventors

Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin –

carbon-rod filament incandescent
lamp (1874)[19]
Joseph Swan – carbonized-thread
filament incandescent l a m p
(1878)[20]
Thomas Edison – long-lasting
incandescent lamp with high-
resistance filament (1880)[20]
John Richardson Wigham –
electric lighthouse illumination
(1885)[21]
Nick Holonyak – light-emitting
diode (1962)[22]
Howard Borden, Gerald Pighini,
Mohamed Atalla, Monsanto – LED
lamp (1968)[23][24]

Shuji Nakamura, Isamu Akasaki,

Hiroshi Amano – blue LED (1992)
[25]
See also

Banning of
incandescent light Technol
bulbs ogy
portal
Dimmer Energy
portal
Home
automation
Lutron
Light fixture
Light in school
buildings Light
pollution
Lighting for the elderly
Lighting control
console Luminous
efficacy
Over-illumination
 Passive infrared sensor
Seasonal affective
disorder Stage lighting
Street lighting
Sustainable lighting
Three-point lighting, technique
used in both still photography
and in film
Ultrasonic sensors
Lists

List of light sources

List of lighting design
applications Timeline of
lighting technology
References

1. DiLouie, Craig (2008). Lighting

controls handbook. Lilburn, Ga.
[u.a.]: Fairmont Press [u.a.] p. 239.
ISBN 978-1-4200-6921-
1.
2. "CEE Residential Lighting Controls
Market Characterization"
(http://library.cee1.org/co ntent/cee-
residential-lighting-controls-mark et-
characterization) . Consortium for
Energy Eficiency. Retrieved 2014-08-
11.
3. "Lighting control saves money and
makes sense"
(http://www.daintree.net/download
s/whitepapers/smart-lighting.pdf)
 (PDF).
Daintree Networks. Retrieved 2009-
06-19.
4. Bahga, Arshdeep; Madisetti, Vijay
(2014-08- 09). Internet of Things: A
Hands-On Approach
(https://books.google.com/book s?
id=JPKGBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50) . VPT.
p. 50. ISBN 978-0-9960255-1-5.
5. Khanna 2014, pp. 475-476.
6. Bahga, A.; Madisetti, V. (2014).
Internet of Things: A Hands-On
Approach (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?
id=JPKGBAAAQBAJ &pg=PA50) . Vpt.
p. 50. ISBN 978-0-
9960255-1-5. Retrieved February 10,
2015.
7. The energy observer, Energy
Eficiency Information for the
Facility Manager, Quarterly Issue
 – December 2007, Occupancy
Sensors for Lighting Control
8. Khanna 2014, p. 480.
 9. Khanna 2014, p. 476.
10.Khanna 2014, pp. 482-484.
11. <gwmw class="ginger-module-highlighter-mistake-
id="gwmw-
type-1"
15801506950855754188711">a</gwmw> b c

Li D, Cheung K, Wong S, Lam T. An

analysis of energy-eficient light
fittings and lighting controls. Applied
Energy [serial online].
February 2010;87<gwmw
class="ginger- module-highlighter-
mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-
15801506962150683328579">
(</gwmw>2)<gwmw class="ginger-
module- highlighter-mistake-type-3"
id="gwmw-
15801506962153003663714">:
</gwmw>558-567, Academic Search
Premier, Ipswich, MA.
12.Hung-Liang C, Yung-Hsin H. Design
and Implementation of Dimmable
Electronic Ballast for Fluorescent
Lamps Based on Power-
Dependent Lamp Model. IEEE
Transactions on Plasma Science.
July 2010;38<gwmw
class="ginger-module- highlighter-
mistake-type-3" id="gwmw-
15801506981991481711741">
(</gwmw>7)<gwmw class="ginger-
module- highlighter-mistake-type-3"
id="gwmw-
15801506981996481485225">:
</gwmw>1644-1650, Academic
Search Premier, Ipswich, M
13.Khanna 2014, p. 478.
14.Galasiu, A.D.; Newsham, G.R., Energy
savings due to occupancy sensors
and personal controls: a pilot field
study, Lux Europa 2009, 11th
European Lighting Conference,
Istanbul, Turkey, September 9– 11,
2009, pp. 745-752
15."Already Eficient, LED Lights Get
Smarter"
(http://www.technologyreview.com/vie
w/5 13786/already-eficient-led-lights-get-
smart er/) . Martin LaMonica.
Retrieved
24 January 2015.
16."An Internet Address for Every Light
Bulb :: NXP Semiconductors"
(http://www.nxp.co m/news/press-
releases/2011/05/an-intern et-address-
for-every-light-bulb.html) . Home.
2011-05-16. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
17.J. M. Alonso, J. Diaz, <gwmw
class="ginger-module-highlighter-
mistake- type-3" id="gwmw-
15801507001962464127838">C.
</gwmw>Blanco, M. Rico, A Smart-
<gwmw class="ginger-module-
highlighter-mistake- type-3"
id="gwmw-
15801507007446826677411">Lighti
ng
Emergency</gwmw> Ballast for
Fluorescent Lamps Based on
Microcontroller
18."Rensselaer Magazine: Winter 2004:
Looking Into Light (Page 2)"
(http://www.rp
i.edu/magazine/winter2004/feature2-
pg2.h tml) . rpi.edu. Retrieved 23
January 2015.
19.Edison Electric Light Co. <gwmw
class="ginger-module-highlighter-
mistake- type-1" id="gwmw-
15801507026460266671638">vs.
</gwmw> United States Electric
Lighting Co., Federal Reporter, F1,
Vol. 47, 1891, p. 457.
20.Guarnieri, M. (2015). "Switching the
Light: From Chemical to Electrical"
(https://www.r
esearch.unipd.it/bitstream/11577/316
411 6/5/21%20LightElectric.pdf)
(PDF). IEEE
Industrial Electronics Magazine. 9
(3): 44–
47. doi:10.1109/MIE.2015.2454038
(http
s://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2015.2454
03
8) . hdl:11577/3164116
(https://hdl.handl
e.net/11577%2F3164116) .
S2CID 2986686
(https://api.semanticschol
ar.org/CorpusID:2986686) .
21."John Richardson Wigham 1829–
1906" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/2012031201
422
9/http://www.commissionersofirishligh
ts.c
om/media/35546/Beam_2006.PDF)
(PDF). BEAM. 35. Commissioners of
Irish Lights: 21–22. 2006. Archived
from the original
(http://www.commissionersofirishli
ghts.com/media/35546/Beam_2006.P
DF# page=23) (PDF) on 12 March
2012.
22."Inventor of Long-Lasting, Low-Heat
Light Source Awarded $500,000
Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention"
(https://web.archive.or
g/web/20111009111042/http://web.mi
t.ed u/invent/n-pressreleases/n-press-
04LMP.ht ml) . Washington, D.C.
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. April 21, 2004. Archived
from the original (http://web.mit.e
du/invent/n-pressreleases/n-press-
04LMP. html)on October 9, 2011.
Retrieved
December 21, 2011.
23.Andrews, David L. (2015).
Photonics, Volume 3: Photonics
Technology and Instrumentation
(https://books.google.co m/books?
id=mkqVBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2) . John
Wiley & Sons. p. 2.
ISBN 9781118225547.
 24.Borden, Howard C.; Pighini, Gerald P.
(February 1969). "Solid-State
Displays" (htt
p://hparchive.com/Journals/HPJ-1969-
02.p df) (PDF). Hewlett-Packard
Journal: 2–12.
25."The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014"
(https://
www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/20
14/ press-release/) . NobelPrize.org.
Nobel Prize. Retrieved 12 October
2019.

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Lighting_control_system&oldid=119212
9297"
This page was last edited on 27 December
2023, at 19:25 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0

unless otherwise noted.