sustainability

Review
The New Digital Economy and Sustainability: Challenges
and Opportunities
Albérico Travassos Rosário 1, * and Joana Carmo Dias 2

1 The Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Universidade Europeia,
1200-649 Lisbon, Portugal
2 Centro de Investigação em Organizações, Mercados e Gestão Industrial (COMEGI), Universidade Lusíada,
1349-001 Lisbon, Portugal; joana.carmo.dias@universidadeeuropeia.pt
* Correspondence: alberico@ua.pt

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the interconnection between the concepts of digital economy
and sustainability. These concepts have become popular due to awareness of climate change and
the increased development and adoption of technologies. Researchers, business leaders and poli-
cymakers are exploring the many ways digital technologies can be used to address sustainability
issues. Using a systematic literature review with a bibliometric analysis, we examined a sample of
92 studies indexed in SCOPUS to identify research activity on this topic up until April 2023. We
found that 2022 had the highest number of peer-reviewed articles, with 31 publications. During the
research, we identified multiple opportunities for this interconnection, such as developing renewable
energies and sustainable technological solutions, smart cities and sustainable urbanization, and
sustainable consumption. These opportunities enabled by digital technologies allow companies to
adopt sustainable business strategies and develop sustainable products. Despite these opportunities,
the digital economy presents several challenges that can hinder efforts to achieve sustainability goals,
such as increasing e-waste, high energy consumption and rising carbon emissions, the digital divide,
job insecurity, growing monopolies, and data protection. These issues must be addressed to enable
the optimal use of the opportunities presented in the digital economy to promote sustainability.
Citation: Rosário, A.T.; Dias, J.C. The
New Digital Economy and Keywords: new digital economy; sustainability; digital technologies; sustainable business strategies;
Sustainability: Challenges and sustainable products; bibliometric analysis
Opportunities. Sustainability 2023, 15,
10902. https://doi.org/10.3390/
su151410902

Academic Editors: Nuria Huete 1. Introduction

Alcocer, Amalia-Elena Ion, In recent years, the rapid evolution of the digital economy has been facilitated by
Felizia Arni Rudiawarni emerging disruptive technologies that have transformed business practices and consump-
and Adriana Grigorescu tion. These innovations changed technological, economic, and sociocultural phenomena,
Received: 6 May 2023
thus transforming conventional forms of commercial exchange. According to Pan et al. [1],
Revised: 13 June 2023
the origin of the term “digital economy” dates back to the 1990s and refers to a form of
Accepted: 21 June 2023 economy originating from networked intelligence. However, the concept was officially
Published: 12 July 2023 recognized at the Hangzhou Summit of G20 leaders in 2016. Information technology is the
core of the digital economy, while a modern network functions as the operator [1]. Thus,
the digital economy is defined as the global network of economic activities, professional
interactions, and commercial exchanges facilitated by information and communication
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. technologies (ICT). It indicates the world’s transition to the fourth industrial revolution.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Technologies such as big data and analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud
This article is an open access article computing, and virtual reality are changing the business landscape [2]. For example,
distributed under the terms and these technologies require companies to modify their business models to accommodate
conditions of the Creative Commons the innovations. As a result, many markets have been disrupted, traditional businesses
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
are under enormous pressure, and consumer behaviors and expectations have changed.
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
Companies in the digital economy are restructuring their marketing strategies and means of
4.0/).

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410902 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 2 of 23

communication and consumer connection. Thus, digital technology creates opportunities

for companies to improve efficiency and performance.
Conversations about the digital economy are often characterized by two main issues:
the potential of ICTs and the impact on sustainability. Sustainable development is concerned
with improving human well-being and is measured through crucial indicators such as
satisfaction of needs, respect for human rights, security, social relations, and freedom of
choice [3]. The technologies that characterize the digital economy contribute to sustainable
development, providing innovations that help improve people’s standard of living and
providing advanced techniques to protect the planet, ensuring organizational profitability.
In this case, ICT is integrated into the three pillars of sustainability—environmental, social,
and economic [4]. However, the positive results of the digital revolution taking hold of
global economies are associated with multiple sustainability concerns. While technology
and the internet are a huge boost to sustainable development, they raise issues related
to consumer protection, invasion of privacy, and cybersecurity issues [5]. As a result,
most companies struggle to balance exploiting opportunities in the digital economy to
support sustainable development while mitigating potential challenges that can undermine
efforts. This systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis (SRLBA) provides
insights into the opportunities and challenges of the digital economy in a sustainability
context to support business professionals’ efforts to integrate advanced technologies in a
sustainable development context. This study is essential to understand how we can mitigate
environmental impacts, optimize the use of resources, face climate change, promote social
equity, and foster economic resilience. By incorporating sustainability principles into
digital practices, we can harness the power of technology to build a more sustainable and
inclusive future.

2. Materials and Methods

A systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis (SLRBA) was performed
to identify relevant sources. A systematic literature review with a bibliometric analysis
approach provides a robust and evidence-based understanding of a research topic. It
allows researchers to identify research gaps, measure productivity and impact, visualize
collaborations, make informed decisions, and stay abreast of current research trends. While
the systematic literature review ensures a thorough and systematic assessment of the ex-
isting body of knowledge on a given topic with a well-defined search strategy as well as
inclusion and exclusion criteria, a bibliometric analysis involves quantitative measures,
such as citation counts, coauthorship networks, and publication trends, to assess research
productivity and impact. Combining systematic review methodology and bibliometric
analysis increases the credibility and reliability of the results, strengthening the evidence
base for decision-making processes. This process ensures that only high-quality sources
with defined methodologies are selected and synthesized in the review, resulting in repre-
sentative and quality results. Given that this research aims to provide practical insights
that can be adopted in business practice to aid decision making and strategy making, a
detailed methodology such as the SLRBA is required.
To initiate the SLRBA, the academic database that helps identify relevant sources
was identified, namely SCOPUS, for its recognition as one of the “largest databases of
curated abstracts and citations” due to its global coverage of scientific journals, conferences,
and books (p. 1) [6]. It also uses rigorous content screening and re-evaluation by an
independent content screening and advisory board to ensure that only the highest-quality
data are indexed.
The SLRBA involves screening and selecting information sources to ensure the validity
and accuracy of data presented in a process consisting of three phases and six steps [7–9]
(Table 1).
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 24

Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 3 of 23

Table 1. Process of systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis.

Phaseof systematic literature

Table 1. Process Step review with bibliometric
Description
analysis.
Step 1 Formulating the research problem
Phase Step Description
Step 2 Searching for appropriate literature
Exploration Step 1 Formulating the research problem
Step 3 Critical appraisal of the selected studies
Step 2 Searching for appropriate literature
Exploration Step 43 DataCritical
synthesis from of
individual sources
Step appraisal the selected studies
Interpretation Step 54
Step Reporting
Data findings and recommendations
synthesis from individual sources
Interpretation
Communication Step 6 5
Step Reporting findings
Presentation of theand recommendations
SLRBA report
Communication Step 6 Presentation of the SLRBA report

The SCOPUS database was used to identify relevant sources for analysis. The search
The started
process SCOPUS database
with was used
the keyword to identify
“digital relevant
economy”, sourcesinfor
resulting analysis.
7870 The
results. search
Then, the
process started with
exact keyword the keywordwas
“sustainability” “digital economy”,
added, resulting
which reduced theinresults
7870 results. Then, the
to 92 documents
exact
(Tablekeyword
2). These“sustainability”
92 documents are was added, which
distributed reduced13
in 62 articles, the results topapers,
conference 92 documents
11 book
(Table 2). These 92
series, and 6 books.documents are distributed in 62 articles, 13 conference papers, 11 book
series, and 6 books.
Table 2. Screening methodology.
Table 2. Screening methodology.
Database SCOPUS Screening Publications
Database SCOPUS
Meta-search Screening
Keyword: digital economy Publications
7870
Meta-search Keyword:
Keyword: digital
digital economy
economy 7870
Inclusion Criteria Keyword: digital sustainability
economy
Inclusion Criteria Exact keyword:
Exact keyword: sustainability
Keyword: digital economy 92
Keyword: digital economy 92
Screening
Screening Exact keyword:
Exact keyword: sustainability
sustainability
Published
Published until
until April
April 20232023
Source:own
Source: own elaboration.
elaboration.

3.3.Literature
LiteratureAnalysis:
Analysis: Themes
Themes and and Trends
Trends
Peer-reviewed documents from
Peer-reviewed documents from up up until April
until 2023
April werewere
2023 reviewed (Figure
reviewed 1). The
(Figure 1).year
The
2022 was the year with the most peer-reviewed papers, with 31 publications.
year 2022 was the year with the most peer-reviewed papers, with 31 publications. Publications
were classifiedwere
Publications as follows: Swiss
classified Sustainability
as follows: Swiss(27); International
Sustainability Journal
(27); of Environmental
International Journal of
Research
Environmental Research and Public Health (5); Class Notes on Networks (4);
and Public Health (5); Class Notes on Networks and Systems andFrontiers
Systems (4);of
Psychology
Frontiers of(3); Economic (3);
Psychology Research Ekonomska
Economic Research Istrazivanja
Ekonomska (2);Istrazivanja
Resource Policy (2); and
(2); Resource
the remaining publications, for which there was 1 document.
Policy (2); and the remaining publications, for which there was 1 document.

35
30
25
Documents

20
15
10
5
0
2000

2001

2006

2011

2014

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Year

Figure1.1.Documents
Figure Documentsby
byyear.
year.Source:
Source:own
ownelaboration.
elaboration.

InTable
In Table3,3,we
weanalyze
analyzethethe Scimago
Scimago Journal
Journal & Country
& Country Rank
Rank (SJR),
(SJR), the best
the best quartile,
quartile, and
andh-index
the the h-index per publication.
per publication. The best-ranked
The best-ranked journal
journal was Earth
was Earth S Future
S Future with(SJR),
with 2510 2510
Q1, and an h-index of 61. There were a total of 12 journals in Q1, 8 journals in Q2, 2 journals
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 4 of 23

in Q3, and 6 journals in Q4. Thus, the best quartile, Q1, represented 22%, Q2 represented
15%, Q3 represented 4%, and Q4 represented 3%. As evident from Table 1, the significant
majority of articles on education entrepreneurship sustainability ranked in the Q1 best
quartile index. The thematic areas covered by the 92 scientific and/or academic documents
were: Social Sciences (48); Environmental Sciences (44); Computer Science (33); Engineering
(31); Energy (30); Business, Management and Accounting (16); Economics, Econometrics
and Finance (13); Medicine (7); Decision Sciences (4); Earth and Planetary Sciences (3);
Psychology (3); Agricultural and Biological Sciences (2); Materials Science (1); Mathematics
(1); and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceuticals (1).

Table 3. Scimago Journal & Country Rank impact factor.

Best
Title SJR H-Index
Quartile
Earth S Future 2.510 Q1 61
Technology In Society 1.490 Q1 69
Resources Policy 1.460 Q1 80
Annals Of Operations Research 1.170 Q1 111
Frontiers In Public Health 1.130 Q1 80
Frontiers In Environmental Science 1.010 Q1 61
Frontiers In Psychology 0.870 Q1 133
International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health 0.810 Q1 138
Sustainability Switzerlan 0.660 Q1 109
Economic Research Ekonomska Istrazivanja 0.570 Q2 35
Advances In Civil Engineering Materials 0.550 Q2 15
Journal Of Business Economics And Management 0.500 Q2 45
Foresight 0.480 Q2 36
Management And Marketing 0.480 Q2 19
Interaction Design And Architecture S 0.360 Q1 16
Regional Research Of Russia 0.340 Q1 15
Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk Seriya Geograficheskaya 0.310 Q1 12
Journal Of Corporate Law Studies 0.290 Q2 11
Investigaciones Regionales 0.280 Q2 20
Frontiers In Artificial Intelligence 0.250 Q4 61
Journal Of Environmental Protection And Ecology 0.250 Q3 25
Journal Of Siberian Federal University Humanities And Social Sciences 0.250 Q2 10
ACM International Conference Proceeding Series 0.230 -* 128
Ceur Workshop Proceedings 0.230 -* 57
Advances In Intelligent Systems And Computing 0.220 Q4 48
Communications In Computer And Information Science 0.210 Q4 55
Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 0.190 Q4 7
Proceedings Of Institution Of Civil Engineers Energy 0.190 Q4 24
Contaduria Y Administracion 0.180 Q3 16
E3s Web Of Conferences 0.180 -* 33
Lecture Notes In Networks And Systems 0.150 Q4 22
2011 International Conference On E Business And E Government
0 -* 6
Icee2011 Proceedings
Contributions To Conflict Management Peace Economics And Development 0 -* 6
Greener Management International 0 -* 44
Proceedings Of The 2nd World Conference On Smart Trends In Systems Security
0 -* 6
And Sustainability Worlds4 2018
Proceedings Of The 33rd International Business Information Management
Association Conference Ibima 2019 Education Excellence And Innovation 0 -* 14
Management Through Vision 2020
Proceedings Of The Annual Hawaii International Conference On System Sciences 0 -* 95
Webist 2006 2nd International Conference On Web Information Systems And
0 -* 7
Technologies Proceedings
15th Annual IEEE International Systems Conference Syscon 2021 Proceedings -* -* -*
2022 IEEE Technology And Engineering Management Society Conference Asia
-* -* -*
Pacific Temscon Aspac 2022
Csr Sustainability Ethics And Governance -* -* -*
Economics Law And Institutions In Asia Pacific -* -* -*
Future Of Innovation And Technology In Education Policies And Practices For
-* -* -*
Teaching And Learning Excellence
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 5 of 23

Table 3. Cont.

Best
Title SJR H-Index
Quartile
Iccc 2022 IEEE 10th Jubilee International Conference On Computational Cybernetics
-* -* -*
And Cyber Medical Systems Proceedings
Oxford Handbook Of Digital Technology And Society -* -* -*
Oxford Handbook Of Industrial Hubs And Economic Development -* -* -*
Oxford Handbook Of Luxury Business -* -* -*
Preparing A Workforce For The New Blue Economy People Products And Policies -* -* -*
Proceedings 2021 IEEE European Symposium On Security And Privacy Workshops
-* -* -*
Euro S And Pw 2021
Proceedings 2022 23rd International Arab Conference On Information
-* -* -*
Technology Acit 2022
Research For Development -* -* -*
Scientific Horizons -* -* -*
Social Business Models In The Digital Economy New Concepts And
-* -* -*
Contemporary Challenges
Techno Review International Technology Science And Society Review Revista
-* -* -*
Internacional De Tecnologia Ciencia Y Sociedad
World Sustainability Series -* -* -*
Note: * data not available. Source: own elaboration.

The most cited article was Governance Strategies for a Sustainable Digital World,
published in Sustainability with 76 citations, an SJR of 0.660, the best quartile (Q1), and an
h-index of 109. This article aims to analyze three governance strategies that countries can
use with adaptive governance to respond to sustainability threats from digitalization.
The h-index was used to verify the productivity and impact of published works based
on the most significant number of included articles with at least the same number of
citations. Of the documents considered for the h-index, 12 were cited at least 12 times.
From Figure 2, we can analyze the evolution of document citations until April 2023.
The number of citations shows a positive net growth, with an R2 of 49% for 2022 (which
has 289 citations), and a total of 591 citations overall. In Appendix A, Table A1, the citations
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
of all scientific and/or academic documents until April 2023 are analyzed; 16 documents 6 of 24
were not cited in this period, making a total of 517 citations.

300
250
Citations

200
150
100
50
0
≤2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

Years

Figure 2. Evolution of citations between ≤2012 and December 2022. Source: own elaboration
Figure 2. Evolution of citations between ≤2012 and December 2022. Source: own elaboration.

Thestudy
The studyofofbibliometric
bibliometricresults,
results, using
using thethe scientific
scientific software
software VOSviewer,
VOSviewer, aimsaims
to to
identify the main research keywords in studies related to the digital economy and sustain-sus-
identify the main research keywords in studies related to the digital economy and
tainability.
ability. The node’s
The node’s size indicates
size indicates the occurrence
the occurrence of the keyword,
of the keyword, that
that is, the is, the frequency
frequency with
with which
which the keyword
the keyword appears.appears. The connection
The connection between thebetween
nodes the nodes
denotes thedenotes the co-oc-
co-occurrence
of the keywords;
currence that is, theythat
of the keywords; occuris,atthey
the same
occurtime or together.
at the same time Keyword co-occurrences
or together. Keyword co-
are
occurrences are indicated by their thickness, that is, how often two or moresimulta-
indicated by their thickness, that is, how often two or more keywords arise keywords
arise simultaneously. The keyword frequency increases with the node’s size, the thickness
of the links connecting the nodes, and the frequency of co-occurrences between the key-
words. Each color represents a thematic cluster, where the nodes and links within the
cluster can be used to explain the thematic coverage of the theme (represented by the
 Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 6 of 23

neously. The keyword frequency increases with the node’s size, the thickness of the links
connecting the nodes, and the frequency of co-occurrences between the keywords. Each
color represents a thematic cluster, where the nodes and links within the cluster can be
used to explain the thematic coverage of the theme (represented by the nodes within the
cluster) and the connections between the nodes that make up the theme (represented by
the links within the cluster).
The research was based on the analyzed digital economy and sustainability articles.
The
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW associated keywords are presented in Figures 3 and 4, making clear the network of 24
7 of
keywords that appear together/linked in each scientific article, thus allowing us to know
the topics studied by the researchers and identify future research trends.

Figure
Figure3.3.Network
Networkof
ofall
allkeywords.
keywords. Source:
Source: own elaboration.
elaboration

The biggest nodes in this mapping are sustainable development, marketing, and
electronic commerce. The results of the keyword development map from the Vosviewer
were divided into three clusters. Cluster 1 is grey with five keyword items, cluster 2 is green
with five keyword items, and cluster 3 is blue with four keyword items, which can be seen
in Figure 4 below. Cluster 1 is the largest cluster and refers to sustainable development.
These articles mainly focus on digital marketing, business development, brands, B2B
marketing, and analog-to-digital conversion. Cluster 2 refers to marketing and focuses on
issues such as advanced technology, big data, artificial intelligence, strategic planning, and
quantitative study. Cluster 3, electronic commerce, involves social media, social media
platforms, social networking, and stakeholders. The three clusters are interconnected
through the digital economy and sustainability themes. In Figure 5, we can analyze the
profusion of co-citation.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 7 of 23

Figure 3. Network of all keywords. Source: own elaboration

Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 24

Figure 4. Network of linked keywords. Source: own elaboration
Figure 4. Network of linked keywords. Source: own elaboration.

Figure
Figure 5. The
The profusion
profusion of
of co-citation.
co-citation. Source:
Source: own
own elaboration
elaboration.

4. Theoretical Perspectives
The intersection of the digital economy and sustainability creates challenges and op-
portunities for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and society. For example, the digital econ-
omy promotes sustainable development through innovations such as green technologies
and circular economy models [10]. It also offers opportunities that expand digital inclu-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 8 of 23

4. Theoretical Perspectives
The intersection of the digital economy and sustainability creates challenges and op-
portunities for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and society. For example, the digital economy
promotes sustainable development through innovations such as green technologies and
circular economy models [10]. It also offers opportunities that expand digital inclusion and
empowerment. However, the rapid growth of the digital economy also presents several
challenges, including high energy consumption, e-waste, and pollution. In recent years,
there has also been an increase in cybersecurity issues, including consumer concerns about
data privacy and security and cyberattacks [11]. Therefore, a comprehensive literature
review is needed to assess the relationship between the digital economy and sustainability
to create appropriate strategies that address the challenges, while enabling companies to
seize the opportunities.

4.1. Conceptualization of the Digital Economy

The term “digital economy” refers to economic activities and transactions using digital
technologies such as smartphones, the internet, computers, and tablets. Although the
concept has become increasingly popular in the 2010s, its origin dates back to the creation
of the internet and the emergence of personal computers in the 1980s [12]. The invention
of the world wide web and of smartphones in the late 1980s and 1990s were important
milestones in developing the digital economy. These technologies have continuously
digitized and transformed the environment and business practices, causing significant
transformations [13–15].
Several distinctive features characterize the digital economy and differentiate it from
traditional economies. First, the digital economy has high connectivity and interdepen-
dence through networks and digital platforms [16]. For example, businesses and consumers
can connect in real time, regardless of geographic distance or time zone differences, through
digital technologies such as the internet and social media platforms. According to Rap-
pitsch [17], 95% of the global population live in areas covered by a mobile cellular network.
Therefore, the Internet has a high reach, which allows people from different regions to
have access to content published online [18]. Second, the digital economy is characterized
by the effective use of data [19]. Data technologies such as big data, analytics, and artifi-
cial intelligence fuel the growth of the digital economy. These innovations help generate
and collect unprecedented data, increasing companies’ access to insights into consumer
behavior, market trends, and other business-critical information [20]. Third, the digital
economy is characterized by disruptive technologies that facilitate rapid innovation and
disruption. As a result, companies can produce and launch new products, services, and
business models at a pace previously unimaginable.
The digital economy presents several benefits that can contribute to economic growth,
innovation, and development. For example, it facilitates the creation and dissemination of
knowledge [21]. As a result, it enabled new forms of collaboration and learning and new
products and services, and expanded companies’ access to new markets and opportunities.
The digital economy is also associated with greater efficiency and productivity [22,23].
Companies are leveraging digital technologies to streamline their operations, improve
the accuracy and speed of decision making, and automate repetitive tasks. For example,
advanced communication channels facilitate quick communication and collaboration be-
tween business leaders, thus ensuring easy task execution and timely decision making [24].
Finally, the digital economy has created new jobs and employment opportunities, especially
in technology development, digital marketing, and e-commerce.

4.2. Conceptualization of the Sustainability

The concept of sustainability has become increasingly popular in recent decades due
to increased awareness and concerns about environmental issues such as climate change,
biodiversity loss and social inequality. It was further popularized by the United Nations
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which indicates that achieving sustainable
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 9 of 23

development requires consideration of three main dimensions: environmental, social,

and economic [25]. Sustainable development is concerned with ensuring organizational
financial performance while protecting people and the planet. In this case, sustainability can
be defined as the capacity of a system to last a long time without degrading or depleting the
resources on which it depends [25,26]. Thus, sustainability is concerned with meeting the
needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs [27]. According to this concept, companies should adopt sustainable
business models that exploit current resources using approaches that do not threaten the
health and well-being of present and future generations [28]. As a result, global leaders
and policymakers consider sustainability a fundamental principle underpinning a range of
policies and governance structures at the local, national, and international levels.
Sustainability can be defined from three interrelated perspectives: environmental,
social, and economic. Environmental sustainability concerns preserving and improving
natural resources, including water, biodiversity, air, and soil [29]. Therefore, environmental
sustainability includes strategies that help ensure that human activities do not exceed the
Earth’s capacity to support life and protect the resilience and adaptability of ecosystems.
This dimension of sustainability focuses on maintaining an ecological balance in the planet’s
natural environment, conserving natural resources [30]. Social sustainability is about
improving the well-being of people and communities, addressing issues such as equity,
social justice, human rights, and cultural diversity [31]. As a result, it promotes equal access
to basic needs such as food, water, shelter, and health care. In this case, the social dimension
of sustainable development prioritizes building resilient infrastructure and promoting
sustainable and inclusive economic growth that ensures equity.
Furthermore, social sustainability ensures that all people can fully participate in
decisions that affect their lives [32]. Finally, economic sustainability is concerned with
wealth creation and resource allocation, focusing on long-term viability and stability. This
dimension promotes sustainable economic activities that help companies achieve goals
without depleting natural resources or harming social welfare [33]. These dimensions
of sustainability are crucial to promoting and achieving sustainable development and
eradicating poverty. However, achieving sustainability requires collaboration across all
sectors of society, including government, business, civil society, and individuals [34]. It
requires shifting towards more sustainable practices and behaviors and adopting innovative
technologies and governance models that support sustainability.

4.3. The Relationship between Digital Economy and Sustainability

The concepts of digital economy and sustainability are closely linked. The digital econ-
omy is characterized by technologies that can help reduce carbon emissions and promote
circular economies, thus supporting sustainability. Esses et al. [35] explain that strategies
and solutions based on digital technology increase environmental sustainability through
areas such as pollution control and sustainable urban development, transport, and produc-
tion systems. Advanced technologies in the digital economy empower business leaders
and policymakers to assess and monitor business activities and regulations to promote
sustainable development [36,37]. For example, companies can use these technologies to
monitor their carbon footprint and employ measures to reduce emissions.
Similarly, policymakers can use data collected and analyzed using digital technologies
to establish legal frameworks that encourage rapid transition to sustainable business
practices [25]. These cases indicate that sustainability can be achieved by adopting digital
technologies that improve the sustainable exploitation of resources and allow the generation
of renewable energy. For example, energy companies can integrate advanced innovations
to build smart grid technologies that can help optimize electricity distribution, promote
renewable energy generation, and reduce waste [38]. These instances show that the digital
economy and sustainability are increasingly intertwined.
There are many ways in which the digital economy can enable sustainability. For
example, resource efficiency is an essential principle of the digital economy. Companies are
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 10 of 23

taking advantage of new digital technologies to deliver more value with less input, resulting
in the efficient use of resources [39,40]. For example, innovative solutions in the digital
economy can help reduce the use of natural resources and waste. Companies using internet
of things (IoT) technology can access the real-time monitoring of energy usage [41]. Another
way the digital economy supports sustainability is by promoting the circular economy. The
circular economy model emphasizes the reuse and regeneration of materials and products
to sustainably continue production [42,43]. It contributes to sustainability by closing and
narrowing resource loops through durable product design, reuse, remanufacturing, repair,
renovation, and recycling [44]. This means that the circular economy can reduce waste and
pollution by always keeping products, components and materials at their highest value
and usefulness. Digitizing the circular economy through innovative solutions helps to
improve resource efficiency, product lifespan, customer relationships, and resilience [45].
For example, leveraging digital platforms such as social media and e-commerce sites can
enable the sharing and exchange of products and resources. In this case, customers can sell
or exchange a product they are not using, thus reducing waste, and promoting resource
efficiency [46]. Likewise, companies can leverage these platforms to collect these products
or materials that can be used to remanufacture other products or be refurbished or repaired
for resale.
The digital economy creates new opportunities for economic growth while minimiz-
ing environmental impacts, thereby supporting sustainable development. For example,
the digital economy is characterized by an increased development and adoption of re-
newable energy technologies, consequently minimizing dependence on fossil fuels, and
reducing greenhouse gas emissions [47]. Likewise, digital technologies can enable the
development of smart cities characterized by sustainable development practices, thus
improving the quality of life of urban residents and communities. Finally, the digital
economy promotes sustainable consumption [48]. Modern consumers have easy access to
information about the environmental impacts of products and services [49]. For example,
smart packaging uses QR codes that allow customers to scan and access more product
information, including sourcing and production. This practice helps them make informed
consumption or purchase decisions, especially for customers who value sustainability
and ethical business practices [50]. Furthermore, digital technologies such as blockchain
improve transparency and accountability in supply chains, promoting sustainable pro-
duction and consumption patterns [51]. Therefore, digital technologies that facilitate the
growth of the digital economy present several innovative solutions and technologies that
can help achieve sustainability.

4.4. Opportunities in the Digital Economy for Sustainability

The digital economy creates new opportunities for innovation, collaboration and
empowerment that drive sustainability. With the world facing severe environmental and
social challenges such as climate change and inequality, it has become essential to harness
the power of digital technologies to develop a more sustainable and equitable [52]. This
section explores several opportunities identified in the research through which the digital
economy promotes sustainability (Figure 6).

4.4.1. Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology Solutions

Power generation and consumption are major issues at the heart of sustainability,
as they are associated with adverse environmental issues such as climate change, air
and water pollution, and solid waste disposal [53]. The digital economy addresses these
problems by presenting innovative opportunities for renewable energies, contributing to
sustainability [54]. For example, organizations use digital technologies for efficient and
effective monitoring and control of renewable energy systems [55]. Furthermore, the digital
economy is characterized by smart grids, which use digital technologies to manage energy
distribution and strengthen dependence on renewable energy as a primary source of energy.
 4.4. Opportunities in the Digital Economy for Sustainability
The digital economy creates new opportunities for innovation, collaboration and em-
powerment that drive sustainability. With the world facing severe environmental and so-
cial challenges such as climate change and inequality, it has become essential to harness
the power of digital technologies to develop a more sustainable and equitable [52]. This
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 11 of 23
section explores several opportunities identified in the research through which the digital
economy promotes sustainability (Figure 6).

Renewable Energy
and Sustainable
Technology
Solutions

Policy
Big Data and
Interventions for
Analytics for
the Sustainable
Sustainability
Digital Economy

Opportunities
for
Sustainability Consumer
Socially
Empowerment
Responsible
and Value Co-
Business Models
creation

Circular Economy Smart Cities and

and Sustainable Sustainable
Consumption Urbanization

Figure 6.
Figure 6. Opportunities
Opportunities in
in the
the digital
digitaleconomy
economyfor
forsustainability.
sustainability.

4.4.1.The digital economy

Renewable Energy andpromotes responsible
Sustainable production
Technology Solutions and consumption through
technological
Power generation and consumption are major issues at theprinting,
solutions. An example of such a solution is 3D a digital manu-
heart of sustainability, as
facturing technology, to reduce waste and increase efficiency by
they are associated with adverse environmental issues such as climate change,facilitating on-demand
air and
production instead
water pollution, andofsolid
masswaste
production
disposal[56,57]. Advanced
[53]. The digital technologies
digital economy in today’s
addresses these prob-
digital economy allow companies to create sharing and renting platforms that promote
lems by presenting innovative opportunities for renewable energies, contributing to sus-
sustainable consumption patterns [58]. These digital platforms enable the circular economy
tainability [54]. For example, organizations use digital technologies for efficient and effec-
model, thus promoting sustainable development.
tive monitoring and control of renewable energy systems [55]. Furthermore, the digital
economy
4.4.2. is characterized
Big Data by smart
and Analytics grids, which use digital technologies to manage energy
for Sustainability
distribution and strengthen dependence on renewable energy as a primary source of en-
Big data and analytics help collect and analyze large amounts of data to assist in
ergy.
making informed decisions [59]. One of the main ways that big data and analytics in the
The digital economy promotes responsible production and consumption through
digital economy contribute to sustainability is by providing advanced tools to monitor and
technological solutions.
track environmental An example
impacts. Companiesof such a solution
can access is 3D
data on printing,
factors a digital
such as manufac-
greenhouse gas
turing technology,
emissions, to reduce waste
energy consumption, andand increase
water efficiency
use through by facilitating
advanced on-demand
analytical pro-
tools [60,61].
duction instead of mass production [56,57]. Advanced digital technologies in
Data can be analyzed to gather information that allows an organization to determine areas today’s dig-
ital economy allow companies to create sharing and renting platforms that
to reduce environmental impact [62]. This practice can result in greater resource efficiency, promote
lower energy use, and the greater use of renewable energy. Additionally, companies can
take advantage of opportunities created through big data and analytics to optimize supply
chains for sustainability [63].

4.4.3. Consumer Empowerment and Value Cocreation

Several authors [64,65] explain that innovation and competition in the digital economy
triggers customer well-being through various aspects, including ever-changing customer
demands and the rise of consumer protection laws. As mobile technologies advance, con-
sumers’ online skills, awareness, and engagement increase [66]. As a result, they can better
evaluate information correctly before making optimal purchasing or consumption deci-
sions, including choosing environmentally friendly products and services. An empowered
consumer can drive innovation and increase competition and productivity, resulting in
sustainable development.
In addition, digital technologies offer value cocreation opportunities, where compa-
nies collaborate with customers to develop products and services. This approach helps
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 12 of 23

ensure that final products meet customer needs and promote sustainability [67]. Involving
customers throughout the value creation process provides brands with access to differ-
ent perspectives, increases idea and opportunity generation, and enhances collaboration,
building loyalty and trust [68,69].

4.4.4. Smart Cities and Sustainable Urbanization

Urbanization and industrialization have increased the number of people living in
cities. This has increased carbon emissions, as evidenced in research by Bull and Azen-
noud [70], who argue that the population living in cities contributes two-thirds of global
carbon dioxide emissions. The digital economy presents technologies for building smart
cities and sustainable urbanization, thus improving the quality of life of its residents and
reducing the environmental impact [71,72]. For example, the city can install smart sensors
to monitor air quality, traffic, and energy consumption. The collected data can be analyzed
and interpreted to assist in making informed decisions about resource management.
Furthermore, sustainable urbanization can leverage digital platforms to influence resi-
dents’ sustainable living practices. For example, online platforms can connect citizens with
information about sustainable living practices and resources. Bull and Azennoud [73] report
that 30% of a building’s energy is wasted through the behaviors of its residents. City man-
agement can use the internet and social media platform to raise awareness and encourage
behavioral changes to improve energy efficiency [74]. Furthermore, these communication
platforms can raise awareness of the need for sustainable resources such as public transport,
green spaces, and recycling facilities [75].

4.4.5. Circular Economy and Sustainable Consumption

The dominant business model follows a throwaway strategy, which continues to cause
significant environmental problems such as improper waste management. This challenge is
evidenced in the commentary by Stahel [76], which indicates that one-third of global plastic
waste is not collected or managed. The circular economy and sustainable consumption
address this issue, encouraging a new model that replaces disposal with sustainable prac-
tices such as reuse, recycling, repair, and remanufacturing [77]. According to Stahel [78],
the adoption of the circular economy model can reduce each country’s greenhouse gas
emissions by 70% and increase job opportunities by 4%. Likewise, sustainable consumption
can have comparable impacts on sustainability, as it encourages consumers to choose
products and services that are environmentally friendly.
Furthermore, advanced innovations such as the Internet of Things (IoT) can improve
resource efficiency [79]. For example, they can monitor resource usage in real time, thereby
identifying inefficiencies and resource recovery opportunities.

4.4.6. Socially Responsible Business Models

In this era of global access to knowledge and information, modern companies un-
derstand the importance of incorporating social aspects into their business models. For
example, the long-term success and sustainability of modern companies depend on the
social acceptance of proposed solutions, including products and services [80]. As a result,
socially responsible business models have become increasingly popular as they encourage
companies to incorporate social and environmental considerations into decision making
and business operations [81]. Consumers demand environmentally friendly products and
hold companies accountable for the impacts of their business activities on the environment
and society. Therefore, the adoption of socially responsible business models has become
a way for companies to develop and promote “socially acceptable” products, since they
incorporate consumers’ sustainability concerns [82]. As a result, these models create value
for all stakeholders, including communities, customers, employees, and the environment.
In addition, the digital economy promotes socially responsible business models
through digital platforms that increase transparency and accountability in business oper-
ations. For example, it provides digital technologies to help companies track and report
 Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 13 of 23

social and environmental performance, identifying opportunities to improve their sustain-

ability practices [83].

4.4.7. Policy Interventions for the Sustainable Digital Economy

As the digital economy rapidly evolves, policymakers must develop regulatory frame-
works that enable economic growth and innovation while ensuring social and environmen-
tal well-being. For example, local and international agencies have developed regulations
and standards that promote sustainable digital economy practices, such as policies to
reduce the carbon footprint [84,85]. In addition, some countries have standards to promote
the use of sustainable materials in producing digital devices and equipment. Governments
are also investing in research and development of sustainable digital technologies and
providing incentives for companies that adopt these innovations [86].

4.5. Challenges in the Digital Economy in Sustainability

Despite its benefits and opportunities, the digital economy presents significant chal-
lenges. For example, as digital technologies and platforms dominate various sectors, there
are growing concerns about their negative impacts on the environment, society, and econ-
omy [87]. For example, some people are concerned about energy demand and consumption
when running facilities like data centers, which are the backbone of the data-driven digital
economy. Thus, it is necessary to assess the potential challenges that characterize the digital
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
economy in sustainability to develop a more sustainable and responsible approach 14 of 24and

promote innovation, growth, and sustainability (Figure 7).

E-Waste and
Pollution

Energy
Privacy and
Consumption
Data
and Carbon
Protection
Emissions

Challenges in
Sustainability

Market
Monopolies Inequality and
and the Digital
Concentration Divide
of Power

Job
Displacement
and Insecurity

Figure 7. Challenges
Figure in the
7. Challenges Digital
in the Economy
Digital in Sustainability.
Economy in Sustainability.

4.5.1.
4.5.1. E-Waste
E-Waste andand Pollution
Pollution
TheThe digital
digital economy
economy is characterized
is characterized by rapid
by rapid innovation
innovation and theand the emergence
emergence of new of
new technologies
technologies that generate
that generate more creating
more e-waste, e-waste, significant
creating significant environmental
environmental and healthand
health
risks. The risks.
lack ofThe lacke-waste
proper of proper e-waste management
management systems compounds
systems compounds the problem, the
asproblem,
most
nations lack adequate infrastructure and resources to dispose of e-waste [88]. Unsustain-[88].
as most nations lack adequate infrastructure and resources to dispose of e-waste
ableUnsustainable
solutions, suchsolutions,
as dumping such as dumping
e-waste e-waste
in landfills in landfills
or illegally or illegally
exporting exporting it
it to developing
to developing countries, are commonplace. Notably, most electronic
countries, are commonplace. Notably, most electronic waste is toxic and non-biodegrada-waste is toxic and
ble non-biodegradable
[89]. When methods[89]. suchWhen methods
as open-air suchand
burning as open-air burning
acid baths extractand acid baths
valuable extract
materials
from electronic components, toxic components are released into the environment, causingthe
valuable materials from electronic components, toxic components are released into
air, water, and soil pollution [90]. These components include mercury, polybrominated
flame retardants, lead, barium, cadmium, and lithium, which can have profound health
implications in surrounding communities.
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 14 of 23

environment, causing air, water, and soil pollution [90]. These components include mercury,
polybrominated flame retardants, lead, barium, cadmium, and lithium, which can have
profound health implications in surrounding communities.

4.5.2. Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions

Electronic devices that support or increase the digital economy are associated with
higher energy consumption or contribute even more to greenhouse gas emissions. For
example, data centers typically consume a lot of electricity to power their servers, cool
their facilities and provide backup power [91]. Furthermore, as the demand for high-
performance devices and data-intensive applications continues to grow, technology manu-
facturers are producing and using more electronic devices [54]. These processes require
significant energy inputs to facilitate activities such as extracting and processing raw
materials and manufacturing and transporting devices [92]. Furthermore, high energy
consumption and carbon emissions from the increased use of cloud-based services, media
streaming, and other data-intensive applications have become a crucial challenge in the
digital economy [20]. Therefore, more research and development are needed to balance the
opportunities created by digital technologies and their consequent environmental impacts.

4.5.3. Inequality and the Digital Divide

While the digital economy aims to increase everyone’s access to information, knowl-
edge, and opportunity, it is characterized by high inequality and the digital divide. For
example, Rappitsch [17] indicates that while online opportunities are accessible to at least
80% of the population in developed countries, only 15% of people in less developed coun-
tries have access to the Internet. Furthermore, 30 out of every 100 people have fixed
broadband subscriptions in developed countries, compared to 0.7 in Africa. These statistics
indicate that those with limited access to digital technologies are being left behind as
the digital economy grows, resulting in disparities in economic, social, and educational
opportunities. The lack of infrastructure and technologies limits these people’s ability to
participate in the digital economy and access various options, including education, em-
ployment, and health [93]. Furthermore, these regions and communities tend to have low
literacy and digital skills, especially among older adults and low-income communities [94].
This challenge undermines the ability of the digital economy to achieve the sustainable
development goals of increasing equity and equality to eradicate poverty and improve the
well-being of the global population.

4.5.4. Job Displacement and Insecurity

Digital technologies and automation are advancing rapidly, increasing the risk of job
losses, and changing the job market. For example, manufacturing and agriculture indus-
tries that rely heavily on manual labor are replacing workers with robots and automation
technologies [95]. These changes significantly impact individuals, communities and the
environment and exacerbate existing inequalities. Furthermore, there are growing concerns
about the potential for a skills gap, as employees may lack the necessary skills to adapt to
new technologies and the changing job market [96]. With innovations appearing consis-
tently, it has become a challenge for employees to maintain the desired skills to explore the
opportunities presented [97]. This situation has led to a mismatch between workers’ skills
and those in demand, leading to unemployment and underemployment [98,99]. The loss of
jobs has a negative impact on the quality and standards of living, affecting the well-being
of individuals.

4.5.5. Market Monopolies and Concentration of Power

As companies expand into international markets, concerns about the impact of market
monopolies and the concentration of power are growing. Most large corporations have
access to digital technologies and platforms and highly skilled talent, which allows them
to continue to grow and dominate various sectors [100,101]. This dominance is often as-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 15 of 23

sociated with the corporation’s ability to limit competition, stifle innovation, and reduce
consumer choice, negatively impacting the economy and social and environmental sustain-
ability [102,103]. For example, monopolies can limit the diversity of products and services
available to consumers and reduce incentives for sustainable practices [104]. Additionally,
they may misuse or abuse their power through unethical business practices, manipulative
algorithms, or data breaches. Low competition due to the concentration of power allows
them to engage in unethical and unsustainable business practices without fear of retaliation,
as consumers have limited access to alternative products or services. This challenge affects
society and the environment, as evidenced by issues such as the exploitation of workers or
the misuse of personal data.

4.5.6. Privacy and Data Protection

Privacy and data protection are essential issues in the digital economy that can un-
dermine efforts to achieve sustainability. Most companies use digital information and
communication technologies to collect, process and share large amounts of personal data,
leading to privacy and data protection concerns [105]. For example, there have been numer-
ous cases of unauthorized access to consumer personal information, data breach or sale of
personal data to third parties [106]. These issues affect people’s trust in digital technologies,
ultimately impacting the adoption of sustainable practices.

5. Conclusions
The digital economy and sustainability are two concepts that can work together and
result in beneficial gains for companies. Technologies that are characteristic of the digital
economy, such as AI and IOT, present several innovative solutions that can help achieve
sustainability. For instance, technological advances in digital technologies that drive the
growth of renewable energy such as solar and wind energy; big data and analytics that
help collect and analyze large amounts of data to assist in making informed decisions;
the empowerment of consumers who now have access to information on commercial
practices; and technologies for building smart cities and sustainable urbanization. These
opportunities allow business leaders to embrace sustainable business strategies and develop
sustainable products, thus contributing to sustainable development. In turn, policymakers,
in the face of the growth of the digital economy, must develop regulatory frameworks
that enable economic growth and innovation. However, the digital economy presents
several challenges that can hinder efforts to achieve sustainability goals, such as increasing
e-waste and pollution, high energy consumption, and rising carbon emissions. Other
challenges include inequality and the digital divide, job insecurity, growing monopolies,
the concentration of power among a few large corporations, and data protection and
privacy concerns [103]. Therefore, these issues must be addressed to enable the optimal use
of the opportunities presented in the digital economy to promote sustainability.
The digital economy has played, and will continue to play, a crucial role in sustainabil-
ity, supporting the more efficient use of resources, optimizing energy use in buildings and
factories, reducing food waste in supply chains, and improving the efficiency of transport
networks. In addition, they can enable new business models and products that support
sustainability, platforms that facilitate peer-to-peer sharing of goods and services, can
promote the conservation of resources and products that use recycled materials, can reduce
waste, and contribute to a circular economy that allows for greater transparency and ac-
countability in sustainability efforts. Thus, we can conclude that the digital economy is
increasingly recognized as having an essential role in promoting sustainability.
We can point out some limitations to the present study, namely the selection and use
of databases and the chosen keywords. Although Scopus is the most extensive database,
there are publications indexed in other databases, such as EBSCO and ISI Web of Science,
that can be extremely important and allow a broader view of the results. As for the
keywords used in the research, we admit that using only two keywords—digital economy
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 16 of 23

and sustainability—can reduce the search, so for future research, it would be essential to
consider other related keywords.
For future research, we point out some possible lines of research that will potentiate
the intersection between digital economy and sustainability: (i) digital solutions to sustain-
ability challenges (exploring ways to reduce energy consumption in data centers); (ii) the
impact of the digital economy on sustainable development (such as poverty reduction,
access to education and health, and environmental protection); (iii) digital sustainability
metrics and standards that can help companies and policymakers make more informed
decisions; and (iv) the role of regulation in promoting digital sustainability (exploring
the effectiveness of measures and identifying new ways in which regulation can support
sustainable digital practices). In addition, other authors [104–106] suggest new lines of
research such as the development of different frameworks for integrating operational excel-
lence methods with Industry 4.0 technologies and integrating Green Lean Six Sigma (GLS)
in Industry 4.0 to mitigate carbon footprints and produce high specification products.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; methodology, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; soft-
ware, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; validation, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; formal analysis, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; investigation,
A.T.R. and J.C.D.; resources, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; data curation, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; writing—original
draft preparation, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; writing—review and editing, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; visualization,
A.T.R. and J.C.D.; supervision, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; project administration, A.T.R. and J.C.D.; fund-
ing acquisition, A.T.R. and J.C.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: “This work was financially supported by the Research Unit on Governance, Competi-
tiveness and Public Policies (UIDB/04058/2020) + (UIDP/04058/2020), funded by national funds
through FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.”, and the second receives financial support
from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (through project UIDB/04005/2020).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Acknowledgments: We would like to express our gratitude to the editor and the referees. They
offered valuable suggestions or improvements. The authors were supported by the GOVCOPP
Research Center of the University of Aveiro and COMEGI—Centro de Investigação em Organizações,
Mercados e Gestão Industrial da Universidade Lusíada.
Conflicts of Interest: The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses,
or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Appendix A

Table A1. Overview of document citations period 2013 to 2023.

Documents 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Research on Theoretical Mechanism and
2023 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Promotion Path of Digi.
How to improve environment, resources and
2023 - - - - - - - - - - 2 2
economic efficienc...
Innovation and Optimization Logic of
2022 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Grassroots Digital Gove...
Complex Network-Based Evolutionary Game
2022 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
for Knowledge Transf...
Going Abroad and Going Green: The Effects of
2022 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Top Management...
Bibliometric Analysis of the Research on the
2022 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2
Impact of Envir...
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 17 of 23

Table A1. Cont.

Documents 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Digital Economy and Environmental
2022 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 4
Sustainability: Do Informa...
THE IMPACT OF INNOVATION
FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS ON 2022 - - - - - - - - - 4 - 4
CORPORATE...
Editorial: Sustainable digital economy,
2022 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
entrepreneurship, an...
EVOLUTION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
2022 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Impact of Digital Finance on Regional Carbon
2022 - - - - - - - - - 5 2 7
Emissions: An E...
Approaches Toward Building the Digital
2022 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
Enterprise and Sustai...
How Does New Infrastructure Investment
2022 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
Affect Economic Growt...
Transition to Digital Entrepreneurship with a
2022 - - - - - - - - - 4 4
Quest of Susta...
The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic on the
2022 - - - - - - - - - 6 1 7
Development of the Di...
Key Drivers of Urban Digital Economy
2022 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
Sustainable Developmen...
Current Status and Challenges of Green Digital
2022 - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Finance in Ko...
A decision framework for incorporating the
2022 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
coordination and...
CARBON EMISSIONS AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL 2022 - - - - - - - - - 3 - 3
ECONOMY: A P...
Sustainable digital economy and trade adjusted
2022 - - - - - - - - - 7 2 9
carbon emissi...
Linkage Between Inclusive Digital Finance and
2021 - - - - - - - - - 8 3 11
High-Tech Ente...
Digital transformation and sustainable oriented
2021 - - - - - - - - 1 8 2 11
innovation:...
The convergence model of education for
2021 - - - - - - - - - 6 - 6
sustainability in the...
Funding sustainable online news: Sources of
2021 - - - - - - - - - 2 1 3
revenue in digit...
Contextuality and Intersectionality of
2021 - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2
E-Consent: A Human-ce...
Digital economic development and its impact
2021 - - - - - - - - 1 19 5 25
on economic grow...
The COVID-19 Pandemic Not Only Poses
2021 - - - - - - - - 2 18 6 26
Challenges, but Also Op...
Digital financial inclusion sustainability in
2021 - - - - - - - - 6 11 3 20
Jordanian cont...
Sustainability and digital transformation in the
2021 - - - - - - - - 4 17 4 25
visegrad gr...
Towards sustainable digital innovation of SMEs
2021 - - - - - - - - 4 17 7 28
from the deve...
Women entrepreneurship and sustainable
2021 - - - - - - - - 2 3 4 9
business development:...
Amazon’s initiative transforming a non-contact
2021 - - - - - - - - - 3 1 4
society—Dig...
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 18 of 23

Table A1. Cont.

Documents 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Dependability and Sustainability Evaluation of
2021 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1
Data Center E...
Human capital in digital economy: An
2021 - - - - - - - - 6 16 9 31
empirical analysis of c...
Exploring the sustainability of the intermediary
2021 - - - - - - - - 2 9 1 12
role in blo...
Australia’s Blue Economy Cooperative
2021 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
Research Centre
Innovative Development of the Digital
2021 - - - - - - - - - 3 - 3
Economy: A View of Sus...
Objective sustainability assessment in the
2021 - - - - - - - - 2 3 1 6
digital economy:...
Specificity of sustainability assessment for
2021 - - - - - - - - 3 1 - 4
industrial ente...
Making Cyberspace towards Sustainability A
2020 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 2
Scientometric Rev...
Green and Digital Economy for Sustainable
2020 - - - - - - - - 2 4 3 9
Development of Urb...
Emerging trends and drivers for
2020 - - - - - - - - - 3 - 3
knowledge-intensive economy
Robust proof of stake: A new consensus
2020 - - - - - - - 3 13 14 4 34
protocol for sustaina...
Sustainable business model based on digital
2020 - - - - - - - 2 10 17 4 33
twin platform ne...
Companies and UN 2030 Sustainable
2020 - - - - - - - 1 5 6 - 12
Development Goal 9 Industr...
Stability and Sustainability of Cryptotokens in
2020 - - - - - - - - 2 - 1 3
the Digital...
Green and digital economy as a means for
2020 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
sustainable develop...
Methodological Approach to the Classification
2020 - - - - - - - - - 3 1 4
of Digital Eco...
Digital future: Economic growth, social
2020 - - - - - - - - 3 - 1 4
adaptation, and tech...
India Towards Digital Revolution (Security
2019 - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
and Sustainabilit...
Social business models in the digital economy:
2019 - - - - - - 1 2 5 3 - 11
New concepts...
The problem of accounting non-economic
2019 - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
characteristics when...
Analysis of the maturity of sustainable project
2019 - - - - - 1 - 1 1 - - 3
management i...
Thai MOOC sustainability: Alternative
2019 - - - - - - - 1 1 - - 2
credentials for digita...
Material selection: Balancing sustainability
2018 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
and resilience
Governance strategies for a sustainable
2018 - - - - 7 12 18 13 25 1 - 76
digital world
Agile Digital Skills Examination for the Digital
2018 - - - - - - - 2 - - - 2
Economy: Kn...
The challenge of long-term tourism
2018 - - - - - - 4 5 6 1 - 16
competitiveness in the a...
Digitalisation and the UN Sustainable
2018 - - - - - - 5 9 10 1 - 25
Development Geais: Wha...
Sustainability 2023, 15, 10902 19 of 23

Table A1. Cont.

Documents 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Consumer empowerment in the digital
2017 - - - - 7 4 5 13 8 1 - 38
economy: Availing sustai...
Smart citizens for smart cities: Participating in
2016 - - 1 2 2 1 7 7 2 - - 22
the future
Modularity and network integration: Emergent
2014 - 1 - - 1 1 - 1 - - - 4
business models...
A conceptual model for sustaining competitive
2006 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1
advantage in...
Balance of nature? Sustainable societies in the
2001 - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 2
digital econ...
Total 1 1 2 2 17 19 41 62 128 241 77 591

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