DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

By EVEN Group
 1

Function

Function: If x and y be two variables, so related that corresponding to every value

within a define domain, we get a define value of y then y is said to be the function
of x defined in its domain.
Mathematically,
y= f(x), where (x, y) ∈ R
In this case, the variable x to which we may arbitrarily assigned in the given value
which are called domains, is referred to as independent variable or argument and
y is called dependent variable. All values of y are called as ranges.
Example:
(I) f(x)=|x|
y= f(x).
x 0 1 -1 2 -2
y 0 1 1 2 2

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-10-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

Figure 1: y=|x|
 2

(II) f(x)=|x|+1
y=f(x)

x 0 1 -1 2 -1

y 1 2 2 3 3

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
Figure 2: y=|x|+1-10
 3

(III) f(x)=|x-1|+|x+1|
y=f(x)

x 0 1 -1 2 -1
y 2 2 2 x 4

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10

Figure 3: y=|x-1|+|x+1|
 4

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS:
(I)Even Function: If f(x) is a real valued function then f(x) is an even function if the
equations hold for all values of x such that x and -x are the domain of the
function,
f(x)=f(-x)
or, f(x)-f(-x) =0.
Example:
(I) f(x)=x2, (II) f(x) = cosx, (III) f(x)=x2+1.

(II)Odd Function: If f(x) is a real valued function then f(x) is an odd function if the
equations hold for all values of x such that x and -x are the domain of the
function,
f(-x) = -f(x)
or, f(-x) + f(x) =0.
Example:
(I) f(x)=x3, (II) f(x) = sinx, (III) f(x)=2x+sinx.

(III)Implicit Function: Let (x, y) be two variables where the relation between x and
y is expressed by an equation, say φ (x, y) = 0, then it is called as an implicit
function.
Example:
(I) f (x, y) =x2 + y2, (II) f (x, y) = x3 + xy+ y3.
(IV) Explicit Function: If a function can be expressed in form as, y=f(x) and x ∈D
where D ⊆ R be domain of the function then the function is called as an explicit
function.
Example:

(I) y =x3 +x+10, (II) y = √𝑥 2 + 10

 5

(V) Periodic Function: If a function f(x) is defined in a domain D then it is called as

periodic function of µ when µ be the lest positive real number such, f(x+µ) =f(x)
for all x ∈D. [x+ µ ∈D]
Example:
f(x)=sinx, x ∈d periodic function of 2π since 2π is a least positive number such that
f(x+2π) =sin(x+2π) = sinx =f(x).

(VI) Algebraic Function: If a function only involves algebraic equations then it is

called algebraic function.
Example:
1
(I)f(x)=x, (II)f(x)=x2 +x+1, (III)f(x) = .
𝑥+1

(VII) Exponential Function: An exponential function is a function of the form

where base is a real number not equal to 1 and the argument x occurs as an
exponent.
Example:
(I)f(x)=𝑏 𝑥 , (II)f(x)= 𝑒 𝑥 .

PROBLEMS LIST:
Find the domain and ranges of the following functions:
x2 −4 x−2
1. f(x)= 2. f(x)=
x−2 x2 −3x+2
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 +1
3. f(x)= 4. f(x)=
𝑥 2 +𝑥−6 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
2𝑥−1
5. f(x)=(𝑥−1)2
 6

SOLUTION:
𝑥 2 −4
1. Given that, f(x)= .
𝑥−2

As the denominator must be ≠0

therefore, x≠2
Here f(x) is defined for all values of x except x=2.
Domain of f(x) = R – {2}.
x2 −4
let, y=
x−2

⇒ xy-2y=x2 - 4
⇒ x2- xy+2y- 4=0
⇒ x2 – xy +(2y - 4) = 0
Since x is real, the determinant D= b2- 4ac will be greater or equal to 0.
∴ (-y)2 -4(-2y-4).1≥0
⇒ y2 - 8y +16≥0
⇒ (y – 4)2 ≥0
Since, (y– 4)2 is not defined at y=4.
Range of f(x)=R – {4}.
(Ans)

2. Given that,
x−2 x−2
f(x)= =
x2 −3x+2 (x−2)(x−1)

As the denominator must be ≠0

therefore, x≠2 and x≠3.
Here f(x) is defined for all values of x except x=2 and x=1
 7

Domain of f(x) = R – {1, 2}.

x−2
Let, y =
x2 −3x+2

⇒ yx2 -3yx+2y=x-2
⇒ yx2 –(3y+1) x+2y+2=0
−(−3𝑦−1)±√(−3𝑦−1)2 −4𝑦(2𝑦+2)
∴ 𝑥=
2𝑦

Since x is real, the determinant D= b2- 4ac will be greater or equal to 0.

∴ (-3y-1)2 -4y(2y+2) ≥0
⇒ 9y2 +6y+1-8y2-8y≥0
⇒ y2 -2y+1 ≥0
⇒ (y -1)2 ≥0
Since (y -1)2 ≥0 is not defined at y=1
let, ⇒ x= g(y)
And denominator of function x=g(y) must be ≠ 0.
therefore,2y≠0 ⇒ y≠0.
Range of f(x) = R – {1,0}
(Ans)

3. Given that,
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
f(x)= =
x2 +x−6 (x−2)(x+3)

As the denominator must be ≠0

therefore, x≠2 and x≠ -3.
Here f(x) is defined for all values of x except x=2 and x= -3
Domain of f(x) = R – {2, -3}.
 8

𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
Let, y =
x2 +x−6

⇒ yx2 +yx-6y=x2 – 3x +2
⇒ (y-1) x2 +(y+3) x-(6y+2) =0
−(𝑦+3)±√(𝑦+3)2 −4(𝑦−1)(−6𝑦−2)
∴𝑥 =
2(𝑦−1)

Since x is real, the determinant D= b2- 4ac will be greater or equal to 0.

∴ (y+3)2 -4(y-1) (-6y-1) ≥0
⇒ y2 +6y+9 + 24y2 -16y-8 ≥0
⇒ 25y2 -10y+1 ≥0
⇒ (5y-1)2 ≥0
1
Since (5y-1)2 ≥0 is not defined at y=
5

let, x= g(y)
And denominator of function x=g(y) must be ≠ 0.
therefore, 2(y-1)≠0 ⇒ y≠1.
𝟏
Range of f(x) = R – {1, }.
𝟓

(Ans)
4. Given that,
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
f(x) = =
x2 −5x+6 (x−2)(x−3)

As the denominator must be ≠0

therefore, x≠2 and x≠ 3.
Here f(x) is defined for all values of x except x=2 and x= 3
Domain of f(x)= x ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, −2) ∪ (−2, +∞)
 9

𝑥 2 +1
Let, 𝑦 =
x2 −5x+6

⇒ yx2 -5yx+6y=x2 +1
⇒ (y-1) x2 - 5yx +(6y-1) =0
−(−5𝑦)±√(−5𝑦)2 −4(𝑦−1)(6𝑦−1)
∴𝑥=
2(𝑦−1)

Since x is real, the determinant D= b2- 4ac will be greater or equal to 0.

∴ (-5y)2-4(y-1) (6y-1) ≥0
⇒ 25y2 -24y2 +28y -4≥0
⇒ y2 +28y -4≥0
⇒ (y+14)2 – (10√2)2 ≥0
⇒ (y+14 + 10√2) (y+14 –10√2) ≥0
this inequality will be true if
(y+14 + 10√2) ≥0 and (y+14 - 10√2) ≥0
⇒ y ≥ (-14 - 10√2) and y ≥ (-14 + 10√2)
⇒ y ≥ (-14 + 10√2).
or if, (y+14 + 10√2) ≤0 and (y+14 - 10√2) ≤ 0
⇒ y ≤ (-14 -10√2) and y ≤ ( -14 + 10√2)
⇒ y ≤ (-14 -10√2).
let, x = g(y)
As denominator of function x=g(y) must be ≠ 0.
therefore, 2(y- 1)≠0 ⇒ y≠1.
Range of f(x)= y ∈ (−∞, -14 -10√2] ∪ [-14 +10√2, 1) ∪ (1, +∞)
(Ans.)
 10

5. Given that,
2x−1
f(x) = ⟨
x−1⟩2

As the denominator must be ≠0

therefore, x≠1
Here f(x) is defined for all values of x except x=1
Domain of f(x)= y ∈ (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, +∞)
𝟐𝐱−𝟏
Let, y= ⟨
𝐱−𝟏⟩𝟐

⇒ y (x2 -2x+1) = 2x-1

⇒ yx2 –2yx+y-2x+1=0
⇒ yx2 –(2y+2) x+(y+1) = 0
−(−𝟐𝒚−𝟐)±√(−𝟐𝒚−𝟐)𝟐 −𝟒𝒚(𝒚+𝟏)
∴ x=
𝟐𝒚

Since x is real, the determinant D= b2- 4ac will be greater or equal to 0.

∴ (-2y-2)2 -4y(y+1) ≥0
⇒ 4y2 +8y+4 - 4y2 -4y≥0
⇒ 4y+4 ≥0
⇒ 4y≥ -4
∴ y ≥ -1
let, x= g(y)
As denominator of function x=g(y) must be ≠ 0.
therefore, 2y≠0 ⇒ y≠0.
Range of f(x)= y ∈ [-1, +∞)
 11

LIMIT AND CONTINUITY

Limit: A function f(x) is to tend to a limit as x tends to a if the difference between

f(x) and l is less then any given positive number, however small by making x
approach to given constant a.
Mathematically, limf(x) = l
x→a

which means that | f(x) - l | is less than any given number.

Right Hand Limit: A function is said to be tend to a limit l if x

approaches the value a form right side.
Mathematically, lim+ f(x) = I1
x→a

Sometimes lim+ f(x) is represented by the symbol f(a+ 0) or,

x→a

f(a+ h).
Left Hand Limit: A function is said to be tend to a limit l if x
approaches the value a form left side.
Mathematically, lim− f(x) = l2
x→a

Sometimes lim f(x) is represented by the symbol f (a- 0) or,

x→𝑎−

f(a- h).

PROBLEMS LIST:
𝐱 𝟐 −𝐚𝟐
1. Prove lim = 2a by (ε- δ) the definition of limit.
x→a 𝐱−𝐚

𝟐𝐱 𝟐 −𝟖
2. Prove lim = 8 by (ε- δ) the definition of limit and find δ if ε =1.
x→2 𝐱−𝟐
 12

SOLUTION LIST:
1. Let, an arbitrary positive number ε>0, however very small.
by (ε- δ) the definition of limit, For all values of x
we get,
|f(x) − l | < ε
x2 −a2
⇒| − 2a| < ε
x−a

⇒| x + a − 2a| < ε
⇒| x − a|< ε …….. (I)

We can determine another positive number δ depending on ε such that

⇒| x − a|< δ …… (II) [for all values of x]
from (I) and (II) ,
ε=δ
x2 −a2
Where ε=δ, the value of the function f(x) = will differ from 2a by a number
x−a
ε.
x2 −a2
Hence, lim = 2a
x→a x−a

(Proved)
 13

2. Let, an arbitrary positive number ε>0, however very small.

by (ε- δ) the definition of limit, For all values of x
we get,
|f(x) − l | < ε
2x2 −8
⇒| − 8|< ε
x−2

⇒| 2x + 4 − 8|< ε
⇒ 2| x − 2|< ε
𝛆
⇒ | x − 2|< …….. (I)
𝟐

We can determine another positive number δ depending on ε such that

⇒| x − 2|< δ …… (II) [for all values of x]
from (I) and (II) ,
ε
δ=
2
𝛆 2x2 −8
Where δ= , the value of the function f(x) = will differ from 8 by a number ε.
𝟐 x−2
2x2 −8
Hence, lim =8
x→2 x−2

(Proved)
1
Again, if ε =1, δ=
2

(Ans)

Continuity: A function f(x) is said to be continuous for x=a, provided limf(x)

x→a
exists, finite and is equal to f(a).
Mathematically, f(x) is continuous at x=a, if lim+ f(x)= lim− f(x)= f(a).
x→a x→a
 14

PROBLEMS LIST:
1. A function ø(x) is defined as follows:
ø(x)= x2 when x<1
=2.5 when x=1
=x2 + 2 when x>1
Is ø(x) continues at x=1?

2. A function f(x) is defined as follows:

f(x)= -x when x≤0
=x when 0<x<1
=2-x when x≥1
show that it is continuous at x=0 and x=1.

3. A function f(x) is defined as follows:

𝟑
f(x)= 3+2x for − ≤ x < 0
𝟐
𝟑
=3 - 2x for 0≤x<
𝟐
𝟑
= -3-2x for x≥
𝟐
𝟑
show that it is continuous at x=0 and discontinuous x= .
𝟐

4. f(x)= 5x -4 for 0< x ≤ 1

2
=4x -3x for 1< x <2
=3x+4 for x ≥ 2
Discuss the continuity of f(x) for x=1 and 2, and the existence of f ′ (x) for these
values.
 15

5. f(x)= x for 0<x<1

=2-x for 1≤x≤2
x2
=x− for x>2
2

Is f (x) continuous at x=1 and x=2 ? Does f ′ (x) exist for these values?

SOLUTIONS:
1. Given, ø(x) = x2 when x<1
=2.5 when x=1
=x2 + 2 when x>1

Let consider the point x=1,

L. H. L = lim− ø(x)
x→1

= lim ø (1 − h)
h→0

=lim {(1 − h)2 }

h→0
= (1-0)2
=1

R.H.L = lim+ ø(x)

x→1

= lim ø (1 + h)
h→0

=lim {(1 + 0)2 +2}

h→0
=(1+0)2+2
=3
f(1)=2.5
Since,L.H.L≠R.H.L≠f(1).
Hence the function ø(x) is not continuous at x=1.
 16

2. Given, f(x)= -x when x≤0

=x when 0<x<1
=2-x when x≥1
Let consider the point x=0,
L.H.L = lim− f(x)
x→0

= lim f(0 − h)
h→0

=lim {−(0 − h)}

h→0
=0

R.H.L = lim+ f(x)

x→0

= lim f(0 + h)
h→0

=lim {(0 + h)}

h→0
=0
f (0) = -(0) =0
Since, L.H.L = R.H.L = f (0).
Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x=0.
Again,
Let consider the point x=1,
L.H.L = lim− f(x)
x→1

= lim f(1 − h)
h→0

=lim {(1 − h)}

h→0
= 1-0
=1
 17

R.H.L = lim+ f(x)

x→1

= lim f(1 + h)
h→0

=lim {2 − (1 + h)}
h→0
= 2-1+0
=1
f (1) = 2-1
=1
Since, L.H.L = R.H.L = f (1).
Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x=1.
(Showed)

3
3. Given, f(x)= 3+2x for − ≤ x < 0
2
3
=3 - 2x for 0≤x<
2
3
= -3-2x for x≥
2

Let consider the point x=0,

L.H.L = lim− f(x)
x→0

= lim f(0 − h)
h→0

=lim {3 + 2(0 − h)}

h→0
= 3+2(0-0)
=3

R.H.L = lim+ f(x)

x→0

= lim f(0 + h)
h→0
 18

=lim {3 − 2(0 + h)}

h→0
= 3-2(0+0)
=3
f (0) = 3-2(0)
=3
Since, L.H.L = R.H.L = f (0).
Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x=0.
Again,
3
Let consider the point x=
2

L.H.L = lim
3−
f(x)
x→2

3
= lim f( − h)
h→0 2
3
= lim {3 − 2 ( − h)}
h→0 2

= lim (3 − 3 + 2h}
h→0

= 3-3+0
=0

R.H.L = lim+ f(x)

3
x→2

3
= lim f( + h)
h→0 2
3
= lim {−3 − 2 ( + h)}
h→0 2

= lim (−3 − 3 − 2h}

h→0

= -3-3-0
= -6
 19

3 3
f ( ) = {-3-2( )}
2 2

=-3-3 = -6
3
Since, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L = f ( ) .
2
3
Hence the function f(x) is discontinuous at x= .
2

(Showed)

4. Given, f(x)= 5x -4 for 0< x ≤ 1

=4x2 -3x for 1< x <2
=3x+4 for x ≥ 2
Let consider the value x=1,
L.H.L = lim− f(x)
x→1
= lim f(1 − h)
h→0
=lim {5(1 − h) − 4}
h→0
= 5(1-0) -4
=1

R.H.L = lim f(x)

x→1
= lim f(1 + h)
h→0
=lim {4(1 + h)2 − 3(1 + h) }
h→0
= {4(1 + 0)2 − 3(1 + 0) }
=1

f (1) = 5(1) -4
=1
Since,L.H.L=R.H.L=f(1).
Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x=1.
Again,
Let consider the value x=2,
 20

L.H.L = lim− f(x)

x→1

= lim f(2 − h)
h→0

= lim {4(2 − h)2 − 3(2 − h) }

h→0

= 4(2 − 0)2 − 3(2 − 0)

= 16-6
=6

R.H.L = lim f(x)

x→1

= lim f(2 + h)
h→0

= lim {3(2 + h) + 4}
h→0
= {3(2 + 0) + 4}
= 6+4
= 10

f (1) = 3(2) +4
= 10
Since,L.H.L=R.H.L=f(2).
Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x=2.
Now,
Let consider the value x=1,
f(1+h)−f(1)
R. f ′ (1) = lim
h→0 h

{4(1+h)2 −3(1+h)}−{5(1)−4}
= lim
h→0 h

{4(1+2h+h2 )−3(1+h)}−1}
= lim
h→0 h
 21

{4+8h+4h2 −3−3h }−1

= lim
h→0 h

{4+8h+4h2 −3−3h−1}
= lim
h→0 h

{5h+4h2 }
= lim
h→0 h

= lim (5+4h)
h→0

=5
f(1−h)−f(1)
L. f ′ (1) = lim
h→0 −h
{5(1−h)−4}−{5(1)−4}
= lim
h→0 −h
{5−5h−4}−{5(1)−4}
= lim
h→0 −h
{5−5h−4}−1
= lim
h→0 −h
−5h
= lim
h→0 −h

= lim (5)
h→0

=5
Since R. f ′ (1) = L. f ′ (1).
Hence the function f ′ (x) exists at x = 1.
Again,
Let consider the point x=2,
f(2+h)−f(2)
R. f ′ (2) = lim
h→0 h
{3(2+h)+4}−{3(2)+4}
= lim
h→0 h
(6+3h+4)−(6+4)
= lim
h→0 h
3h
= lim
h→0 h
 22

= lim (3)
h→0

=3
f(2−h)−f(2)
L. f ′ (2) = lim
h→0 −h

{4(2−h)2 −3(2−h)}−{3(2)+4}
= lim
h→0 −h

{4(4−4h+h2 )−3(2−h)}−10
= lim
h→0 −h

(16−16h+4h2 −6+3h−10)
= lim
h→0 −h

(−13h+4h2 )
= lim
h→0 −h

= lim (13-4h)
h→0

= 13

Since R. f ′ (2) ≠ L. f ′ (2).

Hence the function f(x) does exist not at x = 2.
(Shwoed)

5. Given, f(x)= x for 0<x<1

=2-x for 1≤x≤2
x2
=x− for x>2
2

Let, consider the value x=1,

L.H.L = lim− f(x)
x→1

= lim f(1 − h)
h→0

= lim (1 − h) = 1-0 = 1
h→0
 23

R.H.L = lim+ f(x)

x→1

= lim f(1 + h)
h→0

= lim {2 − (1 + h)}
h→0
= 2-1-0
=1

f (1) = 2-1
=1
Since, L.H.L = R.H.L = f (1).
Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x=1.
Again,
Let, consider the value x=2,
L.H.L = lim− f(x)
x→2

= lim f(2 − h)
h→0

= lim {2 −(2 − h)} = 2 – 2 + 0 = 0

h→0

R.H.L = lim+ f(x)

x→2

= lim f(2 + h)
h→0
(2+h)2
= lim {(2 + h) − }
h→0 2
(2+0)2
= {(2 + 0) − }
2

= 2-2
=0
f (1) = 2-2 =0
 24

Since, L.H.L = R.H.L = f (2).

Hence the function f(x) is continuous at x=2
Now,
Let consider the value x=1,
f(1+h)−f(1)
R. f ′ (1) = lim
h→0 h
{2−(1+h)}−(2−1)}
= lim
h→0 h
(2−1−h−1)
= lim
h→0 h
−h
= lim ( )
h→0 h

= lim (−1)
h→0

= -1
f(1−h)−f(1)
L. f ′ (1) = lim
h→0 −h
{(1−h)}−(2−1)}
= lim
h→0 −h
(1−h−1)
= lim
h→0 −h
−h
= lim( )
h→0 −h

= lim(1)
h→0

=1
Since R. f ′ (1) ≠ L. f ′ (1).
Hence the function f ′ (x) does not exist at x = 1.
 25

Again, Let consider the value x=2,

f(2+h)−f(2)
R. f ′ (2) = lim
h→0 h

(𝟐+𝐡)𝟐
{(2+h)− }−(2−2)
𝟐
= lim
h→0 h

{(4+2h)−(4+4h+h2 }
= lim
h→0 2h

(−2h−h2 )
= lim
h→0 2h
h
= lim (-1- )
h→0 2

= (-1-0)
= -1
f(2−h)−f(2)
L. f ′ (2) = lim
h→0 −h

{2−(2−h)}−(2−2)
= lim
h→0 −h
{2−2+h}
= lim
h→0 −h
h
= lim ( )
h→0 −h

= lim (−1)
h→0

= -1
∴ R. f ′ (2) = L. f ′ (2).
Therefore, the function f ′ (x) exists at x = 2.
 26

Differential Calculus:
Find the differential coefficient of:
1. sec(tan−1 𝑥 )
2. tan(sin−1 𝑥 )
3. cot −1(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + cot 𝑥)
4. tan−1(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
5. cot −1(√1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥)
1+𝑥
6. cot −1
1−𝑥
2
−1 1−𝑥
7. cos
1+𝑥 2
−1 1
8. tan
√𝑥 2 −1
−1 𝑥
9. tan
√1−𝑥 2
𝑥−𝑎
10. tan−1 √
𝑏−𝑥
cos−1 𝑥
11. 𝑥
12. (sin 𝑥) tan 𝑥
𝑥
13. 𝑥 𝑥
14. (sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥
15. (tan 𝑥)cot 𝑥 + (cot 𝑥) tan 𝑥
1−𝑥 2 2𝑥
16. cos −1 w. r. t. tan−1
1+𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2
√1+𝑥 2 −1
17. tan−1 w. r. t. tan−1 𝑥
𝑥
−1 𝑥
18. 𝑥 sin w. r. t. sin−1 𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑎+𝑏+2𝑥 𝑎 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
19. If 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ( ) , show that 𝑓 ′ (0) = (2𝑙𝑜𝑔 + ) . ( )𝑎+𝑏
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑏
 27

Solution:

1. sec (tan−1 𝑥)

= √1 + {tan(tan−1 𝑥)}2

= √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑
∴ sec(tan−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= √1 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= (Ans)
√1+𝑥 2

𝑑
2. tan(sin−1 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

1
= {sec(sin−1 𝑥)}2 .
√1−𝑥2

1 1
= . {cos(sin−1
√1−𝑥 2 𝑥)}2

1 1
= .
√1−𝑥 2 1−{sin(sin−1 𝑥)}2

1 1
= .
√1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥2

1
= 3 (Ans.)
(1−𝑥 2 )2
 28

3. cot −1(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= cot −1( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2 cos2 𝑥⁄2
= cot −1( )
2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥⁄2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥⁄2
𝑥
= cot −1(𝑐𝑜𝑡 )
2
𝑥
=
2
𝑑
∴ cot −1(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 1
= = (Ans)
𝑑𝑥 2 2

4. tan−1(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= tan−1( )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥⁄2+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥⁄2)2
= tan−1
cos2 𝑥⁄2− sin2 𝑥⁄2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥⁄2+𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥⁄2

= tan−1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥⁄2−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥⁄2

1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥⁄2
= tan−1
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥⁄2
𝑥
= tan−1 1 + tan−1( tan )
2
𝜋 𝑥
= +
4 2
𝑑
∴ tan−1(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝜋 𝑥
= [ + ]
𝑑𝑥 4 2
1
= (Ans)
2
 29

5. cot −1(√1 + 𝑥 2 – x) consider,

= cot −1(sec𝜃 –tan𝜃) x = tan𝜃
1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= cot −1( ) ∴ 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜃 𝜃 2
( cos − sin )
= cot −1[ 2
2
𝜃
2
𝜃 ]
cos 2 − sin2 2

𝜃 𝜃
( cos − sin )
−1 2 2
= cot 𝜃 𝜃
( cos2 + sin2 )

𝜃
1 − tan
−1 2
= cot 𝜃
1+ tan 2

𝜃
1 + tan2
−1
= tan 𝜃
1 − tan2

𝜃
= tan−1 1 + tan (tan−1 )
2
𝜋 1
= + tan−1 𝑥
4 2
𝑑
∴ cot −1(√1 + 𝑥 2 – x)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝜋 1
= [ + tan−1 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 4 2
1
= (Ans)
2(1+𝑥 2 )
 30

1+𝑥
6. cot −1 consider,
1 −𝑥
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= cot −1 x + tan𝜃
1 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= tan−1 ∴ 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑥
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

= tan−1 1 + tan−1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝜋
= − tan−1 𝑥
4
𝑑 1+𝑥
∴ cot −1
𝑑𝑥 1−𝑥
𝑑 𝜋
= [ − tan−1 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 4
1
= − (Ans)
1+ 𝑥 2

1 − 𝑥2
7. cos −1 consider,
1 + 𝑥2
1 − tan2 𝜃
= cos −1 x = tan𝜃
1 + tan2 𝜃
sin2 𝜃
1−
cos2 𝜃
= cos −1 sin2 𝜃
1+
cos2 𝜃

cos2 𝜃−sin2 𝜃
= cos −1
cos2 𝜃+sin2 𝜃

= cos −1 cos 2𝜃
= 2tan−1 𝑥
𝑑 1 − 𝑥2
∴ cos −1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑
= 2tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2
= (Ans)
1 + 𝑥2
 31

1
8. tan−1 consider,
√(𝑥 2 −1)

1
= tan−1 x = cos𝑒𝑐𝜃
√𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 −1

= tan−1 tan 𝜃 𝜃 = cosec −1 𝑥

= 𝜃
= cosec −1 𝑥
𝑑 1
tan−1
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑥 2 −1)

𝑑
= cosec −1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−1
= (Ans)
𝑥√𝑥 2 −1

𝑥
9. tan−1 consider,
√1 − 𝑥 2

sin 𝜃
= tan−1 x = sin𝜃
1 − sin2 𝜃

= tan−1 tan 𝜃 ∴ 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥

= sin−1 𝑥
𝑑 𝑥
∴ tan−1
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2
𝑑
= sin−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
= (Ans)
√1 − 𝑥 2
 32

𝑥 −𝑎
10. tan−1 √
𝑏 −𝑥

𝑑 𝑥 −𝑎
∴ tan−1 √
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 −𝑥

1 1
= 𝑥 −𝑎 . . (−1)
1 + 𝑏 −𝑥 2√𝑏 −𝑥
𝑥 −𝑎

𝑏 −𝑥 √𝑏 −𝑥
= . . (−1)
𝑏+𝑥 2√𝑥 −𝑎
3⁄
(𝑏 −𝑥) 2
= − (Ans)
2(𝑏+𝑎)√𝑥 −𝑎

𝑑 −1 𝑥
11. 𝑥 cos
𝑑𝑥

−1 𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑥 cos [ cos −1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
−1 𝑥 cos−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥 cos [ − ] (Ans)
𝑥 √1−𝑥2

𝑑
12. (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
= (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 [ tan 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥
= (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 [ . cos 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]
sin 𝑥

= (sin 𝑥)tan 𝑥 [1 + sec 2 𝑥𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥] (Ans)

 33

𝑑 𝑥
13. 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 [ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 [ + 𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥{ 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥}]
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1
= 𝑥 𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑥 [ + 𝑙𝑛𝑥(1 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥)] (Ans)
𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
14. (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 + (cos 𝑥)sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
= (sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 [ cos 𝑥𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥] + (cos 𝑥)sin 𝑥 [ sin 𝑥𝑙𝑛 cos 𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=(sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 [cot 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] + (cos 𝑥 )sin 𝑥 [tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 +
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]
=(sin 𝑥)cos 𝑥 [cot 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥]+(cos 𝑥 )sin 𝑥 [cos 𝑥 𝑙𝑛 cos 𝑥 −
tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥] (Ans)

𝑑 𝑑
15. (tan 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + (cot 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
=(tan 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 [ cot 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥] + (cot 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 [ tan 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=(tan 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 [ cot 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − cosec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥]+

(cot 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 [tan2 𝑥(− cosec 2 𝑥 ) + sec 2 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥]
=(tan 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 .cosec 2 𝑥[1 − ln(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )] + (cot 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥[ln(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ) − 1]
(Ans)
 34

1 −𝑥 2 2𝑥
16. cos −1 w.r.t tan−1
1+ 𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

= 2tan−1 𝑥 2tan−1 𝑥
Considering,
1 −𝑥 2
y = cos −1 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
1+ 𝑥 2
2𝑥
z = tan−1 = 2 tan−1 𝑥
1−𝑥 2
𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
∴ = 𝑑
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑑𝑥
2 tan−1 𝑥
= 𝑑
2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= 1 (Ans)

√1 + 𝑥 2 −1
17. tan−1 w.r.t tan−1 𝑥
𝑥

√1 + 𝑥 2 −1
tan−1 x = tan𝜃
𝑥

√1+tan2 𝜃−1
= tan−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
sec 𝜃−1
= tan−1
tan 𝜃
1 −cos 𝜃
= tan−1
sin 𝜃
𝜃
2 sin2 2
−1
= tan 𝜃 𝜃
2 sin2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

𝜃
= tan−1 tan
2
1
= tan−1 𝑥
2

√1 + 𝑥 2 −1
y = tan−1
𝑥
 35

1
= tan−1 𝑥
2

z = tan−1 𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
∴ = 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑧
𝑑𝑦

𝑑 1
tan−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
tan−1 𝑥

1
= (Ans)
2

−1 𝑥
18. 𝑥 sin w.r.t sin−1 𝑥

Consider,
−1 𝑥
y = 𝑥 sin
z = sin−1 𝑥
𝑑 sin−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∴ = 𝑑
𝑑𝑧 sin−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

−1 𝑥 𝑑
𝑥 sin [𝑑𝑥 sin−1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥]
= 1
√1 −𝑥2

−1 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑥 sin [ 𝑥 + ]
√1 −𝑥2
= 1
√1 −𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 −1 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
= 𝑥 sin (√1 − 𝑥 2 )[ + ] (Ans)
𝑑𝑧 𝑥 √1 −𝑥 2
 36

𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑏+2𝑥
19. f(x) = ( )
𝑏+𝑥

𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑏+2𝑥 𝑑 𝑎+𝑥

f’(x) = ( ) [ (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑥 )𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑏+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏+𝑥
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑏+2𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 𝑑
=( ) [2ln + (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑥 ) {ln(𝑎 + 𝑥 ) − ln(𝑏 + 𝑥 )} ]
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑥 𝑎+𝑏+2𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 1 1
f’(x) = ( ) [2ln + (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 2𝑥 ) { − }]
𝑏+𝑥 𝑏+𝑥 𝑎+𝑥 𝑏+𝑥

𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎 1 1
∴ f’ (0) = ( ) . [2ln + (𝑎 + 𝑏)( − )]
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
= (2𝑙𝑜𝑔 + ) . ( )𝑎+𝑏
𝑏 𝑎𝑏 𝑏

(proved)
 37

Taylor’s Theorem: If (a + h) be a function of the variable h such that it can be

expanded in ascending powers of h and this expansion be differentiable with
respect to h in any number of times then,
𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟑
𝒇(𝒂 + 𝒉) = 𝒇(𝒂) + 𝒉𝒇′ (𝒂) + 𝒇′′ (𝒂) + 𝒇′′′ (𝒂) + . . . . . .
𝟐! 𝟑!

Proof:
Consider a function –
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝐴0 + ℎ𝐴1 + ℎ2 𝐴2 + ℎ3 𝐴3 + ℎ4 𝐴4 + … … … eqn. (1)
Differentiate with respect to h
𝑓 ′ (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝐴1 + 2𝐴2 ℎ + 3𝐴3ℎ2 + 4𝐴4ℎ3 + … … … eqn. (2)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎 + ℎ) = 2𝐴2 + 6𝐴3ℎ + 12𝐴4 ℎ2 + … … … eqn. (3)
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎 + ℎ) = 6𝐴3 + 24𝐴4 ℎ + … … … eqn. (4)
Put h = 0 in all eqn.
𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝐴0
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = 𝐴1
𝑓′′ (𝑎)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) = 2𝐴2 ⇒ 𝐴2 =
2!
𝑓′′′ (𝑎)
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) = 6𝐴3 ⇒ 𝐴3 =
3!

Now put the value of 𝐴0, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2, 𝐴3 in eqn. (1)

ℎ2 ℎ3
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) + … … …
2! 3!

Let, a + h = x ⇒ h = x – a
(𝑥−𝑎)2 (𝑥−𝑎)3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑎) + … … …
2! 3!

(proved)
 38

Expand in Taylor’s series:

1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑥, 𝑎=3
Solution:
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑥−3)3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (3 + 𝑥 − 3) = 𝑓(3) + (𝑥 − 3)𝑓 ′ (3) + 𝑓 ′′ (3) + 𝑓 ′′′ (3) + …
2! 3!

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = log 𝑥 𝑓 (3) = log 3

1 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ′ (3) =
𝑥 3
1 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = − 𝑓 ′′ (3) = −
𝑥2 32
1 1
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ′′′ (3) =
𝑥3 33

(𝑥−3)2 (𝑥−3)3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (3) + (𝑥 − 3)𝑓 ′ (3) + 𝑓 ′′ (3) + 𝑓 ′′′ (3) + … … …
2! 3!
1 (𝑥−3)2 1 (𝑥−3)3 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = log 3 + (𝑥 − 3) − + +………
3 2! 32 3! 33

(Ans.)
 39

𝜋
2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥, 𝑎=
4

Solution:
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 (𝑥− 4 )2 𝜋 (𝑥− 4 )3 𝜋
𝑓 ( + 𝑥 − ) = 𝑓 ( ) + (𝑥 − )𝑓 ′ ( ) + 𝑓 ′′ ( ) + 𝑓 ′′′ ( ) +………
4 4 4 4 4 2! 4 3! 4

𝜋 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 𝑓( ) =
4 √2
𝜋 1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = −sin 𝑥 𝑓′ ( ) = −
4 √2
𝜋 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = −cos 𝑥 𝑓 ′′ ( ) = −
4 √2
𝜋 1
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥 𝑓 ′′′ ( ) =
4 √2

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 (𝑥− 4 )2 (𝑥− 4 )3
′ 𝜋 ′′ 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ( ) + (𝑥 − )𝑓 ( ) + 𝑓 ( )+ 𝑓 ′′′ ( ) + ………
4 4 4 2! 4 3! 4
2𝜋 𝜋
3
1 1 𝜋 1 (𝑥− 4 ) 1 (𝑥− 4 )
⇒ 𝑓(𝑥 ) = − (𝑥 − ) − + +………
√2 √2 4 √2 2! √2 3!
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝜋 (𝑥− 4 )2 (𝑥− 4 )3
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = [1 − (𝑥 − ) − + +………
√2 4 2! 3!

(Ans.)
 40

Maclaurin’s Theorem: If f(x) be a function of the variable x such that it can be

expanded in ascending power of x and this expansion be differentiable with
respect to x in any number of times then,
𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝒏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝟎) + 𝒙𝒇′ (𝟎) + 𝒇′′ (𝟎) + 𝒇′′′ (𝟎) + . . . . . . + 𝒇𝒏 (𝟎) + . . . . . . .
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝒏!

Proof:
Consider a function –
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐴0 + 𝑥𝐴1 + 𝑥 2 𝐴2 + 𝑥 3 𝐴3 + 𝑥 4 𝐴4 + … … … eqn. (1)
Differentiate with respect to x
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝐴1 + 2𝐴2 𝑥 + 3𝐴3 𝑥 2 + 4𝐴4 𝑥 3 + … … … eqn. (2)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝐴2 + 6𝐴3𝑥 + 12𝐴4𝑥 2 + … … … eqn. (3)
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝐴3 + 24𝐴4𝑥 + … … … eqn. (4)
Put x = 0 in all eqn.
𝑓 (0) = 𝐴0
𝑓 ′ (0) = 𝐴1
𝑓′′ (0)
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 2𝐴2 ⇒ 𝐴2 =
2!
𝑓′′′ (0)
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 6𝐴3 ⇒ 𝐴3 =
3!
𝑓𝑛 (0)
The same can be written, 𝐴𝑛 =
𝑛!

Now put the value of 𝐴0, 𝐴1 , 𝐴2, 𝐴3 in eqn. (1)

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑛
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) +
2!
𝑓 ′′ (0) +
3!
𝑓 ′′′ (0) + . . . . . . + 𝑥𝑛! 𝑓 𝑛 (0) + . . . . . . .
(proved)
 41

Leibnitz’s Theorem: If u and v are two functions of x, each possessing derivatives

up to 𝑛𝑡ℎ order, then the 𝑛𝑡ℎ derivative of their product,
(uv)n = unv + nc1un-1v1 + nc2un-2v2 + … … + ncrun-rvr + … … + uvn
Where the suffixes of u and v denote the order of differentiations of u and v with
respect to x.

Proof:
Let y = uv
By actual differentiation, we have
y1 = u1v + uv1
y2 = u2v + 2u1v1 + uv2 = u2v + 2c1u1v1 + uv2
y3 = u3v + 3u2v1 + 3u1v2 + uv3
= u3v + 3c1u2v1 + 3c2u1v2 + uv3
The theorem is thus seen to be true when n = 2 and 3.
Let us assume, therefore, that
(uv)n = unv + nc1un-1v1 + nc2un-2v2 + … … + ncrun-rvr + … … + uvn
∴ differentiating,
yn+1 = un+1v + (nc1 + 1) unv1 + (nc2 + nc1) un-1v2 + …. + (ncr + ncr-1) un-r+1vr +
uvn+1
Since, ncr + ncr-1 = n+1cr and nc1 + 1 = n+1c1
∴ yn+1 = un+1v + n+1c1 unv1 + n+1c2un-1v2 + …. + n+1crun-r+1vr + …. uvn+1
Thus, if the theorem holds for n differentiations, it also holds for n+1. But it is
probed to hold for 2 and 3 differentiations; hence it holds for four, and so on, and
thus the theorem is true for every positive integral value of n.
 42

Successive Differentiation:
1. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 prove that, (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛−1 = 0
Solution:
Given,
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥……(1)
Differentiating eqn (1) with respect to x,
1
𝑦1 =
1+𝑥 2
2)
Or,(1 + 𝑥 𝑦1 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

Differentiating eqn (2) n times with respect to x,

(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛 2𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑦𝑛−1. 2 = 0
𝑛(𝑛−1)
Or,(1 + 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛 + . 2𝑦𝑛−1 = 0
2
∴ (1 + 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛 + 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛−1 = 0
[Proved]

2. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥 show that, (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 = 0

Solution:
Given, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥…….(1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, (2 times)
1
𝑦1 =
√1−𝑥2

Or, √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 1
Or, 𝑦12 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 1
Or, 𝑦12 (−2𝑥 ) + (1 − 𝑥 2)2𝑦1 𝑦2 = 0
Or,2𝑦1 {(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 } = 0
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
 43

Differentiating equation (2) n times with respect to x with the help of Leibnitz
theorem,
𝑦𝑛+2 (1 − 𝑥 2) + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛+1(−2𝑥 ) + 𝑛𝐶 2 𝑦𝑛 (−2) − 𝑦𝑛+1𝑥 − 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛 . 1 = 0
(−2)𝑛(𝑛−1)
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 = 0
2

Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑦𝑛 (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛) = 0

∴ (1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
[Showed]

−1
3. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 , prove that, (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1)𝑦𝑛+1 +
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑦𝑛 = 0
Solution: Given,
−1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 . . . . . . . . . .. . . (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, (2 times)
−1 𝑥 1
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 .
1+𝑥 2
−1 x
Or,(1 + x 2 )y1 = etan
Or,(1 + x 2 )y1 = y [From (1)]
Or, (1 + x 2 )y2 + 2xy1 = y1
Or, (1 + x 2 )𝑦2 + 𝑦1 (2𝑥 − 1) = 0 . . . . . . . . . . .(2)
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to x n times by Leibnitz theorem, we get,
𝑦𝑛+2 (1 + 𝑥 2) + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛+12𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑦𝑛 2 + 𝑦𝑛+1(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛 . 2 = 0
𝑛(𝑛−1)
Or,(1 + 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 + 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (2𝑥 − 1)𝑦𝑛+1 + 2𝑦𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑦𝑛 = 0
2

Or,(1 + 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1)𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛 (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 2𝑛) = 0

∴ (1 + 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1)𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 + 𝑛)𝑦𝑛 = 0
[Proved]
 44

−1
4. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 then show that (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 −
(𝑛2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
Solution: Given
−1 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, (2 times)
−1 𝑥 𝑎
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
√1−𝑥2
−1 𝑥
Or, (√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .𝑎

Or, (√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 𝑦 . 𝑎 , 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1)

Or, (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦12 = 𝑎2 𝑦 2
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 𝑦12 (−2𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 . 2𝑦𝑦1
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 − 2𝑥𝑦12 = 𝑎2 2𝑦𝑦1
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑎2 𝑦 [∴ 2𝑦1 ≠ 0]
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0 . . . . . . . . . (2)

Differentiating equation (2) n times with respect to x by the help of Leibnitz's

theorem,
(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛+1(−2𝑥) + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑦𝑛 (−2) − (𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛 (1)) − 𝑎2 𝑦𝑛
=0
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 − 𝑎2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 − 𝑎2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 + 𝑎2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
[Showed]
 45

5. If 𝑦 = sin(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥) then show that, (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 +

(𝑚2 − 𝑛2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
Solution: Given,
𝑦 = sin(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥) . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Differentiating equation (1) with respect to x, (2 times)
1
∴ 𝑦1 = cos(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥). 𝑚. , using (1)
√1−𝑥 2

Or, √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥)

Or, (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦12 = 𝑚2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2(𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥 )
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦12 = 𝑚2[1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1𝑥 )]
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦12 = 𝑚2(1 − 𝑦 2 )
Or, (1 − x 2 )2yy1 + y12 (−2x) = m2 (−2yy1 )
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2)2𝑦𝑦1 − 2𝑥𝑦12 = −𝑚2 .2𝑦𝑦1
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 [∴ 2𝑦1 ≠ 0]
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 . . . . . . . . . . (2)
Differentiating equation (2) n times with respect to x by the help of Leibnitz
theorem,
(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛+1(−2𝑥) + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑦𝑛 (−2) − (𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑦𝑛 (1)) + 𝑚2 𝑦𝑛
=0
Or, (1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 + 𝑚2𝑦𝑛 = 0
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − 2𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛2 𝑦𝑛 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 − 𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑦𝑛 + 𝑚2𝑦𝑛 = 0
Or,(1 − 𝑥 2)𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑚2 − 𝑛2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0
[Showed]
 46

6. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 show that 𝑦4 + 4𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Given, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ........(i)
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x (4 times),
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
= (𝑒 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or, 𝑦1 = (−𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
Or, (𝑦1 ) = (−𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Or, 𝑦2 = (−𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)

Or, (𝑦2 ) = (−2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
Or, (𝑦2 ) = (−2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Or, 𝑦3 = −2(𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑
Or, (𝑦3 ) = −2 (𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Or, 𝑦4 = −2(−𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)

Or, 𝑦4 = −2(2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
Or, 𝑦4 = −4𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Or, 𝑦4 = −4𝑦 [ From equation (i)]
∴ 𝑦4 + 4𝑦 = 0
(showed).
 47

7. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 show, 𝑦2 − 2𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 0

Solution:
Given, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 ......(i)
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x, (2 times),
𝑦1 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥
Or, 𝑦1 − 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥
Or, 𝑦1 − 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥
Or, 𝑦2 − 𝑎𝑦1 = 𝑏{𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (− sin 𝑏𝑥 ) + 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥}
Or, 𝑦2 − 𝑎𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥
Or, 𝑦2 − 𝑎𝑦1 = −𝑏2 + 𝑎(𝑦1 − 𝑎𝑦)
Or, 𝑦2 − 𝑎𝑦1 − 𝑎(𝑦1 − 𝑎𝑦) + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 0
Or, 𝑦2 − 2𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 0
∴ 𝑦2 − 2𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 0
(showed)
8. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , show that 𝑦4 + 4𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Given, 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 …..........(i)
Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x (4 times),
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑥
= (𝑒 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Or, 𝑦1 = (𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑑 𝑑
Or, (𝑦1 ) = (𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Or, 𝑦2 = (−𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)

Or, (𝑦2 ) = (2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
 48

𝑑 𝑑
Or, (𝑦2 ) = (2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Or, 𝑦3 = 2(−𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑
Or, (𝑦3 ) = 2 (−𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Or, 𝑦4 = 2(−𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥)

Or, 𝑦4 = 2(−2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
Or, 𝑦4 = −4𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥)
Or, 𝑦4 = −4𝑦 [ From equation (i)] ∴ 𝑦4 + 4𝑦 = 0
[showed]
 49

Rolle’s Theorem: Let a function f(x) be a real valued function in interval [a, b] such
that,
(i) f(x) is continuous in closed interval [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in open interval (a, b)
(iii) f(a) = f(b)
Then there exist at least one-point c ϵ (a, b) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 0.

Geometrical Interpretation:

Let l, M be the points on the number axis 𝑂𝑋⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ representing the real numbers a, b
respectively. We draw the graph of the function y = f(x) and let A, B be the points
in it corresponding to L, M respectively, that is, LA = f(a) and MB = f(b).
From the condition (i) of Rolle’s theorem, we say that the graph is a continuous
curve between the points A and B; the condition (ii) says that the curve has
tangents at every point between A and B and the third condition implies that LA =
MB.
 50

Now, f(c) is the gradient of the tangent of the curve at x = c. By Rolle’s theorem
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) vanishes at least once between x = a and x = b. Geometrically we say that
we get at least one-point C on the graph between A and B such that the tangent
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
at C is parallel to 𝑂𝑋
 51

Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem: Let, f(x) be defined in [a, b] such that,
(i) f(x) is continuous in [a, b]
(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (a, b)
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Then, there exist at least one-point c ϵ (a, b) such that, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) =
𝑏−𝑎

Geometrical Interpretation:

Let A and B are two point on the graph of f(x) corresponding to x = a and x = b
respectively. Then coordinates of A and B are A (a, f(a)) and B (b, f(b)).
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Slope of line AB, m1 =
𝑏−𝑎

Now there is a point c ϵ (a, b) where the slope is parallel to AB.

 52

Since f(x) is continuous and differentiable in (a, b), we will get a tangent at point c.
Let, the slope in point c = PQ = 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 )
PQ is parallel to AB.
Therefore,
𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = m1
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = (proved)
𝑏−𝑎
 53

Expansion of Functions:
1. Find the value of c in the mean value theorem. 𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎) = (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑓 ′ (𝑐 )
1
If, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑎 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 =
2

Solution:
Given that,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)
= (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) = 3𝑐 2 − 6𝑐 + 2
1 3 2
𝑓 (𝑎) = 0, 𝑓 (𝑏 ) = − +
8 4 2
1 3
= − +1
8 4
3
=
8

Now,
3
−0 3 3
2 8
3𝑐 − 6𝑐 + 2 = 1 = ×2=
−0 8 4
2

8
⇒ 4𝑐 2 − 8𝑐 + =0
3
8±√64−4.4.8⁄3
∴𝑐=
2×4

128
8±√64−
3
=
8
1
8.
√3
= 1±
8
 54

1
= 1±
√3

Since, 0 < 𝑐 < 1/2, the +ve sign is to be rejected

1
∴𝑐 =1−
√3

(Ans.)

2. In the mean value theorem, 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑎 + 𝜃ℎ)

If, 𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = ?

Solution:
Given that,

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 Here, a=1, h =3
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) =
2√𝑥

𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = √1 + 3 = 2, 𝑓 (𝑎) = √1 = 1

𝑓 (𝑎 + 𝜃ℎ) = √𝑎 + 𝜃ℎ
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑎 + 𝜃ℎ)
1
∴ 2 = 1 + 3.
2√𝑎+𝜃ℎ
9
⇒ 2√𝑎 + 𝜃ℎ = 3 ⇒ 1 + 3𝜃 =
4

9 5
⇒ 3𝜃 = −1 =
4 4
5
⇒𝜃=
12

(Ans.)
 55

3. In the mean value theorem,

ℎ2
if 𝑓 (ℎ) = 𝑓 (0) + ℎ𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓"(𝜃ℎ), 0 < 𝜃 < 1, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝜃, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ℎ =
2!
1
7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) =
1+𝑥

Solution:
Given that,
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(0) = 1
1+𝑥
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = − 𝑓 ′ (0) = −1
(1+𝑥)2
2 2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ′′ (𝜃ℎ) =
(1+𝑥)3 1+𝜃ℎ

Given equation is,

ℎ2 ′(
𝑓 (ℎ) = 𝑓(0) + ℎ𝑓 0) + 𝑓"(𝜃ℎ)
2!
1 ℎ2 2
⇒ = 1−ℎ+
1+ℎ 2! (1+𝜃ℎ)3

When h=7,
1 72 2
= 1−7+
1+7 2! (1+𝜃7)3
1 49 2
⇒ = −6 +
8 2 (1+𝜃7)3
1 49
⇒ +6 =
8 (1+𝜃7)3
49 49
⇒ =
8 (1+𝜃7)3

⇒ (1 + 𝜃7)3 = 8
⇒ (1 + 𝜃7)3 = 23
⇒ 1 + 𝜃7 = 2
1
∴𝜃= (Ans.)
7
 56

4. In the mean value theorem, 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑎) = ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑎 + 𝜃ℎ), 0 < 𝜃 < 1

1 3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 and a = 0, h = 3. Show that 𝜃 has got two values and find
3 2
them.
Solution:
Given,
1 3
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥; a = 0, h = 3
3 2

𝑓′(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2
𝑓 (𝑎) = 0
33 3
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) = − . 32 + 2.3
3 2
27 3
=9− +6=
2 2

Given equation is,

𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑎) = ℎ𝑓 ′ (𝑎 + 𝜃ℎ)
3
⇒ − 0 = 3[(3𝜃 )2 − 3. (3𝜃 ) + 2
2
3
⇒ − 0 = 3(9𝜃 2 − 9𝜃 + 2)
2

1
⇒ = 9𝜃 2 − 9𝜃 + 2
2
3
⇒ 9𝜃 2 − 9𝜃 + = 0
2
1
⇒ 𝜃2 − 𝜃 + = 0
6
1
⇒ 𝜃 = (3 ± √3)
6

Thus, θ has got two values.

(showed)
 57

Maxima and Minima:

1. Find for what value of x, the following expression is maximum and minimum
respectively: 2𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 20. Find also the maximum and minimum
values of the expression.
Solution:
Let,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 3 − 21𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(i)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 + 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ii) [Differentiating with respect to x]
Now, when (𝑥) is a maximum or a minimum,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
Or, 6𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 + 36 = 0
Or, 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 6 = 0
Or, 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 = 0
Or, 𝑥 (𝑥 − 6) − 1(𝑥 − 6) = 0
Or, (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 6) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 1 or 6
From (ii),
Again,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 12𝑥 − 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(iii) [Differentiating with respect to x]
Now,
when, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = −30, which is negative.
when, 𝑥 = 6, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 30, which is positive.
Hence, the given expression is maximum for 𝑥=1 and minimum for 𝑥=6.
The maximum and minimum values of the given expression are respectively,
For, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 (1) = 2(1)3 − 21(1)2 + 36 × 1 − 20 = −3
 58

For, 𝑥 = 6, 𝑓 (6) = 2(6)3 − 21(6)2 + 36 × 6 − 20 = −128

(Ans.)

2. Investigate for what values of 𝑥, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 6 − 18𝑥 5 + 15𝑥 4 − 10

Is a maximum or minimum.
Solution:
Given that,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 6 − 18𝑥 5 + 15𝑥 4 − 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 30𝑥 5 − 90𝑥 4 + 60𝑥 3 . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) [Differentiating with respect to x]
When f(x) is a maximum or a minimum,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
Or, 30𝑥 5 − 90𝑥 4 + 60𝑥 3 = 0
Or, 30𝑥 3 (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2) = 0
Or, 𝑥 3(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2) = 0
Or, 𝑥 3{𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) − 1(𝑥 − 2)} = 0
Or, 𝑥 3(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 0,1 𝑜𝑟 2
From (ii) again, differentiating with respect to x,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 30(5𝑥 4 − 12𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (iii)
When, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −30 which is negative and hence 𝑓(𝑥) is a maximum value.
When, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 240 which is positive and hence 𝑓(𝑥) is a minimum value.
When, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 , so the test fails and we have to examine higher order
derivatives.
From(iii) again differentiating with respect to x,
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥 ) = 120(5𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 3𝑥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (iv)
 59

Now,
When, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 0 , again the test fails and we have to examine higher order
derivatives.
From(iv), again differentiating with respect to x,
𝑓 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥 ) = 360(5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(v)
Now,
When, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥 ) = 360, which is positive and hence 𝑓(𝑥) is a minimum value.
Now,
For, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥) is a minimum value.
For, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) is a maximum value.
For, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) is a minimum value.
(Ans.)

3. Examine 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 12 for maximum or minimum values.

Solution:
Given that,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 − 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) [Differentiating with respect to x]
When f(x) is a maximum or a minimum,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
Or, 3𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 24 = 0
Or, 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
Or, 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0
Or, 𝑥(𝑥 − 4) − 2(𝑥 − 4) = 0
Or, (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 4) = 0
 60

∴ 𝑥 = 2 or 4
From (ii), again differentiating with respect to x,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 − 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(iii)
Now,
when, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = −6, which is negative.
when, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 6, which is positive.
Hence, the given expression is maximum for 𝑥 = 2 and minimum for 𝑥 = 4.
The maximum and minimum values of the given expression are respectively,
For, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓 (2) = (2)3 − 9(2)2 + 24 × 2 − 12 = 8
For, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑓 (4) = (4)3 − 9(4)2 + 24 × 4 − 12 = 4
(Ans.)

1
4. Find the maxima and minima of 1 + 2 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 (0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋)
2

Solution:
Let, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(i)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2 cos 𝑥 − 6 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 . . . . . . . . . . .(ii) [Differentiating with respect to x]
When f(x) is a maximum or a minimum,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 0
Or, 2 cos 𝑥 − 6 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0
Or, cos 𝑥(1 − 3 sin 𝑥) = 0
1
∴ cos 𝑥 = 0 and sin 𝑥 =
3

From(ii), again differentiating with respect to x,

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = −2 sin 𝑥 + 6(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(iii)
 61

𝜋
When, cos 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑥 =
2

𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 4 , which is positive.
1
When, sin 𝑥 =
3
2 2 2 14 16
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = −2 sin 𝑥 + 6(2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 1) = − + 6 ( − 1) = − − = − , which
3 9 3 3 3
is negative.
1
Hence, the given expression is maximum for sin 𝑥 = and minimum for cos 𝑥 = 0
3

The maximum and minimum values of the given expression are respectively,
Now,
1 2 1 13
For, sin 𝑥 = , 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 + 2 sin 𝑥 + 3(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) = 1 + + 3(1 − ) =
3 3 9 3
𝜋
For, cos 𝑥 = 0 which means, = , 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 1 + 2 + 0 = 3 (Ans.)
2
1
5. Examine whether 𝑥 𝑥 possesses a maximum or a minimum and determine the
same.
Solution:
Let,
1
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
1
∴ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (i)
𝑥

Differentiating equation (i) with respect to 𝑥,

1 𝑑𝑦 1 1
= 2 − 2 ln 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 1
Or, = (1 − ln 𝑥). . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑥
∴ = (1 − ln 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
 62

𝑑𝑦
For maxima and minima = 0, we have,
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥𝑥
(1 − ln 𝑥 ) = 0
𝑥2
Or, 1 − ln 𝑥 = 0
Or, ln 𝑥 = 1
Or, ln 𝑥 = ln 𝑒
∴𝑥=𝑒
Again, differentiating equation (ii) with respect to 𝑥,
1 𝑑𝑦 2 1 𝑑 2𝑦 1 1 2
− 2( ) + = (− ) − (1 − ln 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥3
1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 −3+2 ln 𝑥
Or,− 2
( )2 + =
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3
1
𝑑2 𝑦 −3+2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∴ = 𝑥𝑥 (for, = 0)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥
1
1
𝑑2 𝑦 −3+2 𝑒𝑒
When, 𝑥 = 𝑒, =𝑒 𝑒 =− , which is negative.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒3 𝑒3

For, 𝑥 = 𝑒, the function is maximum.

1
Now, the maximum value is 𝑒 𝑒 .
(Ans.)
 63

6. Find the maximum and minimum values of 𝑢 where,

4 36
𝑢= + and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
𝑥 𝑦

Solution:
Given that,
4 36
𝑢= +
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 = 2
Eliminating 𝑦 between the two given relations,
4 36
𝑢= + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(i)
𝑥 2−𝑥

Differentiating equation (i) with respect to 𝑥,

𝑑𝑢 4 36
=− + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 (2−𝑥)2

𝑑𝑢 −4(2−𝑥)2 +36𝑥 2
Or, =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (2−𝑥)2

𝑑𝑢 16(2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1)
∴ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (2 − 𝑥)2

𝑑𝑢
For maxima and minima = 0,
𝑑𝑥
16(2𝑥 2 +𝑥−1)
=0
𝑥 2 (2−𝑥)2

2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 1=0
Or, 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1=0
Or, 2𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 1(𝑥 + 1)=0
1
Or, (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = −1 or
2
 64

Again, differentiating equation (ii) with respect to 𝑥,

𝑑2 𝑢 8 72
= +
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3 (2−𝑥)3

Now,
When,𝑥 = −1,
𝑑2 𝑢 8 72 72
= + = −8 + , which is negative.
𝑑𝑥 2 (−1)3 (2+1)3 27
1
When, 𝑥 = − ,
2
𝑑2 𝑢 8 72 576
= 1 + 1 = 64 + , which is positive.
𝑑𝑥 2 ( )3 (2− )3 27
2 2

1
Hence, the given expression is maximum for 𝑥 = −1 and minimum for 𝑥 = .
2

The maximum and minimum values of the given expression are respectively,
For, 𝑥 = −1,
36
Maximum value of 𝑢 = −4 + = −4 + 12 = 8
2+1
1
For, 𝑥 = ,
2
4 36
Minimum value of 𝑢 = 1 + 1 = 8 + 24 = 32 (Ans.)
2
2−2

1
7. Show that the maximum value of 𝑥 + is less than its minimum value.
𝑥

Solution:
Let,
1
𝑦 = 𝑥 + ………………(i)
𝑥

Differentiating equation (i) with respect to 𝑥(2 times)

𝑑𝑦 1
Or, =1−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑦 2
Or, =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3
 65

dy
For maxima and minima = 0,
dx
1
∴1− =0
x2

Or, x=1 or -1
𝑑2 𝑦 2
when, x = 1, = = 2 which is positive
𝑑𝑥 2 1

for x = 1, y is minimum.
1 3
∴minimum value of y = 1 + =
2 2
𝑑2 𝑦
when, 𝑥 = −1, = −2 which is negative.
𝑑𝑥 2

for 𝑥 = −1, y is a maximum

1
∴ maximum value of 𝑦 = −1 − = −2
1
1
∴ The maximum value of 𝑥 + is less than its minimum value.
𝑥

(showed).

8. Show that the following function possess neither a maximum nor a minimum.
(i) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 3 (ii) 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1
(iii) sin(𝑥 + 𝑎) / sin(𝑥 + 𝑏) (iv) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)/(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑)
Solution:
(i)Let, 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 3 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥(2 times),
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6
∴ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 − 6
For maximum and minimum value,
f ‘(x) = 0
∴ 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6 = 0 𝑜𝑟 , 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 = 0
 66

−(−2)±√(−2)2 −4.1.2
x=
2.1

2±√−4
=
2

we can see considering f ‘(x) = 0

x doesn’t have any real value,
so, 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 + 3 doesn’t have maximum and minimum value.

(ii) Let, x 𝟑 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Differentiating with respect to x,
∴ f ‘(x) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9
for maximum and minimum values,
f ‘(x) = 0
∴ 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0 or, 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0
−(−2)±√(−2)2 −4.1.3 2±√−8
∴ 𝑥= =
2.1 2

we can see that, considering f ‘(x) = 0 x doesn’t have any real value.
so, 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1 neither have a maximum nor a minimum value.
 67

(iii) Let, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin(𝑥 + 𝑎)⁄sin(𝑥 + 𝑏)

Differentiating with respect to x,
sin(𝑥+𝑎) cos(𝑥+𝑎)−cos(𝑥+𝑏) sin(𝑥+𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) =
sin2 (𝑥+𝑏)
sin(𝑥+𝑏−𝑥−𝑎)
=
sin2(𝑥+𝑏)

sin(𝑏−𝑎)
=
sin2(𝑥+𝑏)

for, maximum and minimum value,

f ‘(x) = 0
sin(𝑏−𝑎)
Or, =0
sin2 (𝑥+𝑏)

∴ sin(𝑏 − 𝑎) = 0
sin(𝑥 + 𝑎)⁄sin(𝑥 + 𝑏) neither have a maximum nor a minimum value.

(iv) Let, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)⁄(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 ) = 𝑓(𝑥 )

Differentiating with respect to x,
𝑎(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)−𝑐(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) =
(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)2
𝑎𝑐𝑥+𝑎𝑑−𝑎𝑐𝑥−𝑏𝑐
=
(𝑐𝑥+𝑑)2
𝑎𝑑−𝑏𝑐
= (𝑐𝑥+𝑑)2 , that will not be zero for any real value of x.

so, (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)⁄(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑) neither have a maximum nor a minimum value.

 68

9. Show that 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 1 is a maximum when x = 1, a minimum when x =

3; neither when x = 0.
Solution:
Let,
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 1
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥,
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2
for maximum and minimum value,
f ‘(x)= 0
∴ 5𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2 = 0
Or, 5𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3) = 0
5𝑥 2 = 0 Or, 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
∴ 𝑥=0 Or, 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0
Or, (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
∴ x = 1, 3
Again, differentiating with respect to 𝑥,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 20𝑥 3 − 60𝑥 2 + 30𝑥
when, x = 1,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 20 × 13 − 60 × 12 + 30 × 1
= 50 − 60
= −10 < 0
So, we will get maximum value of f(x) at x = 1.
at x = 3,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 20 × 33 − 60 × 32 + 30 × 3
= 540 − 540 + 90
= 90 > 0
 69

We will get minimum value of f(x) at x = 3.

at x = 0,
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) = 20 × 02 − 60 × 02 + 30 × 0 = 0
So, test fails.
We have to examine high order derivatives,
𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥 ) = 60x2-120x+30
at x=0, 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 30 ≠ 0
Therefore, f(x) is neither a maximum or a minimum value when x = 0.
(showed)
 70

Partial Differentiation:
1. If 𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , then show that, 𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧 = 2𝑣.
Solution:
Given that,
𝑣 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
L.H.S = 𝑥𝑣𝑥 + 𝑦𝑣𝑦 + 𝑧𝑣𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑥{ (𝑣 )} + 𝑦 { (𝑣 )} + 𝑧 { (𝑣 )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑥{ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )} + 𝑦 { (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2)} + 𝑧 { (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑧 2)}

= 𝑥{2𝑥 + 0 + 0} + 𝑦{0 + 2𝑦 + 0} + 𝑧{0 + 0 + 2𝑧}

= 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑧 2
= 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
= 2𝑣 [𝑣 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ]
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)

𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 show that, 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Solution:
Given that,
𝑥 𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
𝑦 𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
L.H.S = 𝑥 +𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝑥 𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 𝑦
=𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ) + 𝑦 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
 71

1 1 1 −𝑦 1 −𝑥 1 1
= 𝑥{ 𝑥2
. + 𝑦2
.( 2
)} + 𝑦 { 𝑥2
. ( 2) + 𝑦2
. }
√(1− 𝑦 (1+ 2 ) 𝑥 √(1− 𝑦 (1+ 2 ) 𝑥
) )
𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦2 𝑥

1 𝑦 −𝑦 1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑦
= 𝑥{ . .( )} + 𝑦 { . − }
𝑦 √(𝑦 2 −𝑥2 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦 2 √(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 )
𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥
= − + −
√(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 √(𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 )

=0
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
3. Show that 2
+ = 0, if 𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Solution:
Given that,
𝑢 = log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
Partially differentiating u with respect to y (2 times),
𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑥
= {log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )} =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑥
⇒ ( )= ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝜕 𝜕
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 .𝜕𝑥(2𝑥)−2𝑥.𝜕𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2

2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )−2𝑥.2𝑥
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2

2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )−4𝑥 2
= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2

Similarly, partially differentiating u with respect to y (2 times),

 72

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑦
= {log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )} =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 2𝑦 2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )−4𝑦 2
⇒ ( )= ( )=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
L. H. S. = 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )−4𝑥 2 2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )−4𝑦 2

= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
+ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2

4𝑥 2 −4𝑥2 +4𝑦 2 −4𝑦 2

= (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )2
=0

∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝑦
4. Show that, 2
+ = 0, if 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑥

Solution:
Given that,
𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥

Partially differentiating u with respect to y (2 times),

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑦
= {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥
1 𝜕 𝑦
= 𝑦 2
. ( )
1+( 𝑥) 𝜕𝑥 𝑥

1
= 𝑦 2
. (−𝑦𝑥 −2)
1+( 𝑥)

𝑦
=−
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
 73

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑦
⇒ ( )= (− )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝜕
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2.0 −𝑦. (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
𝜕𝑥
= −{ (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )
}

2𝑥𝑦
= (𝑥 2
+𝑦 2 )2

Similarly, partially differentiating u with respect to y (2 times),

𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑦
= {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )}
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥
𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝑥 −2𝑥𝑦
= ( )= ( ) = (𝑥 2
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑦 2 )2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
L. H. S. = 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

2𝑥𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
= (𝑥 2 + ((𝑥 2 )
+𝑦 2 )2 +𝑦 2 )2

=0
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)

5. If, 𝑢 = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) then showed that,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
(i) + + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 3
(ii) 2
+ 2
+ = (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2 −9
(iii) ( + + ) 𝑢 = (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 74

Solution:
(i)
Given that,
𝑢 = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)
Partially differentiating u with respect to x, y, z respectively,
𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2 −3𝑦𝑧
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3

𝜕𝑢 3𝑦 2 −3𝑥𝑧
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3

𝜕𝑢 3𝑧 2 −3𝑥𝑦
=
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
L. H. S. = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
=
𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧

3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
= (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)(𝑥 2
+𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
3
=
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)

(ii)
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦 + 𝜔2 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑦 + 𝜔4 𝑧)
Where ω is the imaginary root.
𝑢 = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)
∴ 𝑢 = log(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧) + log(𝑥 + 𝜔𝑦 + 𝜔2 𝑧) + log(𝑥 + 𝜔2 𝑦 + 𝜔4 𝑧)
 75

Partially differentiating u with respect to x, y and z respectively,

𝜕𝑢 1 1 1
= + + … … … … … (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2 𝑧 𝑥+𝜔2 𝑦+𝜔4 𝑧

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜔 𝜔2
= + + … … … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2 𝑧 𝑥+𝜔2 𝑦+𝜔4 𝑧

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜔2 𝜔4
= + + … … … … … (3)
𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2 𝑧 𝑥+𝜔2 𝑦+𝜔4 𝑧

Partially differentiating equation 1, 2 and 3 with respect to x, y and z respectively,

𝜕2 𝑢 −1 −1 −1
= + +
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2 𝑧 𝑥+𝜔2 𝑦+𝜔4 𝑧

𝜕2 𝑢 −1 −𝜔 −𝜔2
2
= + +
𝜕𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2 𝑧 𝑥+𝜔2 𝑦+𝜔4 𝑧

𝜕2 𝑢 −1 −𝜔2 −𝜔4
= + +
𝜕𝑧 2 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2 𝑧 𝑥+𝜔2 𝑦+𝜔4 𝑧

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
L. H. S. = 2
+ 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

3 1+𝜔2 +𝜔4 1+𝜔2 +𝜔4

= (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2 + (𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2 − (𝑥+𝜔𝑦+𝜔2
𝑧) 𝑧)
3
= (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2

∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)
 76

(iii)
Given that,
𝑢 = log(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧)
Differentiating u with respect to x, y and z respectively,
𝜕𝑢 3𝑥 2 −3𝑦𝑧
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3

𝜕𝑢 3𝑦 2 −3𝑥𝑧
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3

𝜕𝑢 3𝑧 2 −3𝑥𝑦
=
𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
+ + =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥 3 +𝑦 3 +𝑧 3 −3𝑥𝑦𝑧

3(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
= (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)(𝑥 2
+𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥)
3
=
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 2
L. H. S. = ( + + ) 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 3
=( + + ).
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 3. (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)−1 + 3 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)−1 + 3 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)−1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

= −3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)−2 − 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)−2 − 3(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)−2

−9
= (𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)2

∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)
 77

2
6. If, 𝑣 = √(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2), then show that, 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧𝑧 =
𝑣

Solution:
Given that,

𝑣 = √(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) … … … … … (1)
Partially differentiating 1 with respect to x (2 times)
𝜕𝑣 2𝑥
=
𝜕𝑥 2√(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )

𝜕 𝜕𝑣 𝑥
( )=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 √(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
2.𝑥.𝑥
√(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )−
√(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +𝑧2 )
= 2
(√(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ))

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 −𝑥 2
=
√(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ).(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )

𝑦 2 +𝑧 2
∴ 𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 3
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

Similarly, by partially differentiating 1 with respect to y and z respectively,

𝑥 2 +𝑧 2
𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 3
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 3
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

L. H. S. = 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧𝑧

𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑥 2 +𝑧 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
= 3 + 3 + 3
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
= 3
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2
 78

2
=
√(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
2
= [∵ 𝑣 = √(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2)]
𝑣

∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)

1
7. If, 𝑣 = , then show that, 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 0
√(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )

Solution:
Given that,
1
𝑣=
√(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
−1
⇒ 𝑣 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 2

Partially differentiating v with respect to x (2 times)

3 3
𝜕𝑣 −1
= (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2 . 2𝑥 = −𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
𝜕𝑥 2

−5 −3
𝜕2 𝑣 −3
2
= − [𝑥 { (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) 2 . 2𝑥} + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) 2 . (−1)]
𝜕𝑥 2
−5 −3
= 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 ) 2 − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2) 2
2𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2
𝑣𝑥𝑥 = 5
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

Similarly, differentiating v with respect to y and z (2 times) respectively,

2𝑦 2 −𝑥2 −𝑧 2
𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 5
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2
 79

2𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑣𝑧𝑧 = 5
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

L. H. S. = 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑧𝑧

2𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 2𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑧 2 2𝑧 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
= 5 + 5 + 5
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )−2(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )
= 5
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2
0
= 5 =0
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 )2

∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)

𝜕3 𝑢
8. If, 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 , then prove that, = (1 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2)𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

Solution:
Given that,
𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
Partially differentiating u with respect to z,
𝜕𝑢
= 𝑥𝑦. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 … … … … (1)
𝜕𝑧

Partially differentiating equation 1 with respect to y,

𝜕 𝜕𝑢
( ) = {𝑥𝑦. (𝑥𝑧. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 ) + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 . 𝑥 }
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕2 𝑢
∴ = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 (𝑥 2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 ) … … … … (2)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧
 80

Partially differentiating equation 2 with respect to x,

𝜕 𝜕2 𝑢
( ) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 . (2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 1) + (𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 )(𝑦𝑧. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

𝜕3 𝑢
∴ = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2𝑦 2 𝑧 2 . 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

𝜕3 𝑢
L. H. S. = = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧

= (𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧. 𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2)𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧

= (1 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2)𝑒 𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆
(showed)

9. If, 𝑢 = log 𝑟 and 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , prove that,

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝑢
𝑟2 ( 2
+ + 𝜕2 )=1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

Solution:
Given that,
𝑟 2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

⇒ 𝑟 = √x 2 + y 2 + z2
1
⇒ 𝑟 = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2)2
 81

Again, given that,

𝑢 = log 𝑟
1
= log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )2
1
= log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )
2

Now,
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
L.H.S = 𝑟²( + + )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= 𝑟2 { ( )+ ( )+ ( )}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕 1
= 𝑟 2 [ { [ log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2)]} + { [ log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )]} +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕 𝜕 1
{ [ log(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 2 )]}]
2 2
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
1 𝜕 1 1 𝜕 1 1 𝜕 1
= 𝑟2 { ( . 2𝑥) + ( . 2𝑦) + ( . 2𝑧)}
2 𝜕𝑥 x2 + y2 + z2 2 𝜕𝑦 x2 + y2 + z2 2 𝜕𝑧 x2 + y2 + z2

𝜕 𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 𝑧
= 𝑟2 { ( )+ ( )+ ( )}
𝜕𝑥 x2 + y2 + z 2 𝜕𝑦 x2 + y2 + z 2 𝜕𝑧 x2 + y2 + z2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(x2 + y2 + z2 )𝜕𝑥(𝑥)−𝑥𝜕𝑥(x2 + y2 + z2 ) (x2 + y2 + z2 )𝜕𝑦(𝑦)−𝑦𝜕𝑦(x2 + y2 + z2 )
2
=𝑟 [ (x2 + y2 + z2 )2
+ (x2 + y2 + z2 )2
+
𝜕 𝜕
(x2 + y2 + z2 )𝜕𝑧(𝑧)−𝑧𝜕𝑧(x2 + y2 + z2 )
(x2 + y2 + z2 )2
]

x2 + y2 + z2 −(x.2x) x2 + y2 + z2 −(y.2y) x2 + y2 + z2 −(z.2z)

= 𝑟2 { (x2 + y2 + z2 )2
+ (x2 + y2 + z2 )2
+ (x2 + y2 + z2 )2
}

x2 + y2 + z2 −2x2 +x2 + y2 + z2 − 2y2 +x2 + y2 + z2 −2z2

= 𝑟2 ( (x2 + y2 + z2 )2
)

x2 + y2 + z2
= 𝑟 2 ((x2 )
+ y2 + z2 )2
1
= 𝑟2 ×
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
1
= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 × =1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

∴ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 (proved)
 82

10. If, 𝑢 = log 𝑟 and 𝑟 2 = (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑧 − 𝑐 )2, then prove that,
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 1
2
+ 2
+ = .
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟2

Solution:
Given that,
𝑢 = log 𝑟
1
1
= log(∑(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 )2 = log(∑(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 )
2

Partially differentiating u with respect to x,

𝜕𝑢 1 2(𝑥−𝑎)
∴ = . ∑(
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑥−𝑎)2

𝜕2 𝑢 ∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −(𝑥−𝑎).2.(𝑥−𝑎)
=
𝜕𝑥 2 (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2

∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑥−𝑎)2
= (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2

Similarly, partially differentiating u with respect to y, z (2 times)

𝜕2 𝑢 ∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑦−𝑏)2
=
𝜕𝑦 2 (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2

𝜕2 𝑢 ∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑧−𝑐)2
=
𝜕𝑧 2 (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
L. H. S. = 2
+ 2
+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2

∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑥−𝑎)2 ∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑦−𝑏)2 ∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑧−𝑐)2

= (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2
+ (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2
+ (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2

∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑥−𝑎)2 +∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑦−𝑏)2 +∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 −2(𝑧−𝑐)2

= (∑(𝑥−𝑎)2 )2

(𝑥−𝑎)2 +(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑧−𝑐)2 −2(𝑥−𝑎)2 +(𝑥−𝑎)2 +(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑧−𝑐)2 −

2(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑥−𝑎)2 +(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑧−𝑐)2 −2(𝑧−𝑐)2
= ((𝑥−𝑎)2 +(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑧−𝑐)2 )2

(𝑥−𝑎)2 +(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑧−𝑐)2

= ((𝑥−𝑎)2
+(𝑦−𝑏)2 +(𝑧−𝑐)2 )2
1
= = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆 (proved)
𝑟2
83