Chapter 3

Chapter Three
Section 3.1
3.1 For a data set with an odd number of observations, first we rank the data set in increasing (or
decreasing) order and then find the value of the middle term. This value is the median. For a data set
with an even number of observations, first we rank the data set in increasing (or decreasing) order and
then find the average of the two middle terms. The average gives the median.
3.2 A few values that are either very small or very large relative to the majority of the values in a data set
are called outliers or extreme values. Suppose the exam scores for seven students are 73, 82, 95, 79,
22, 86, and 91. Then, 22 is an outlier because this value is very small compared to the other values.
The median is a better measure of central tendency as compared to the mean for a data set that contains
an outlier because the mean is affected much more by outliers than is the median.
3.3 Suppose the exam scores for seven students are 73, 82, 95, 79, 22, 86, and 91 points. Then,
Mean = (73 + 82 + 95 + 79 + 22 + 86 + 91)/7 = 75.43 points. If we drop the outlier (22),
Mean = (73 + 82 + 95 + 79 + 86 + 91)/6 = 84.33 points. This shows how an outlier can affect the
value of the mean.
3.4 All three measures of central tendency (the mean, the median, and the mode) can be calculated for
quantitative data. Note that the mode may or may not exist for a data set. However, only the mode (if
it exists) can be found for a qualitative data set. Examples given in Sections 3.1.1, 3.1.2, and 3.1.3 of
the text show these cases.
3.5 The mode can assume more than one value for a data set. Examples 3–8 and 3–9 of the text present
such cases.
3.6 A quantitative data set will definitely have a mean and a median but it may or may not have a mode.
Example 3–7 of the text presents a data set that has no mode.
3.7 For a symmetric histogram (with one peak), the values of the mean, median, and mode are all equal.
Figure 3.2 of the text shows this case. For a histogram that is skewed to the right, the value of the mode
is the smallest and the value of the mean is the largest. The median lies between the mode and the
39
40 Chapter Three
mean. Such a case is presented in Figure 3.3 of the text. For a histogram that is skewed to the left, the
value of the mean is the smallest, the value of the mode is the largest, and the value of the median lies
between the mean and the mode. Figure 3.4 of the text exhibits this case.
3.8 The median is the best measure to summarize this data set since it is not influenced by outliers.
3.9 ∑x = 5 + (–7) +2 + 0 + (–9) + 16 +10 + 7 = 24

μ = (∑x)/N = 24/8 = 3
Median = value of the 4.5th term in ranked data = (2 + 5)/2 = 3.50
This data set has no mode.
3.10 ∑x = 14 + 18 – 10 + 8 + 8 –16 = 22
x = (∑x)/n = 22/6 = 3.67
Median = value of the 3.5th term in ranked data = (8+8)/2 = 8
Mode = 8
3.11 x = (∑x)/n = 34,015/9 = $3779.44

Median = value of the 5th term in ranked data set = $3,250
3.12 x = (∑x)/n = 16,269/9 = $1807.67

Median = value of the 5th term in ranked data set = $1,040
3.13 a. μ = (∑x)/N = 13,649/50 = $272.98 billion

Median = value of the 25.5th term in ranked data set = (158 + 166)/2 = $162 billion
These values are population parameters because the data set includes all 50 states.
b. The mode is 34 and 216 since these values occur twice and no other value occurs more than once.
3.14 x = (∑x)/n = 4407.2/6 = $734.53 million

Median = value of the 3.5th term in ranked data set = (273.6 + 393.1)/2 = $333.35 million
This data set has no mode because no value occurs more than once.
3.15 x = (∑x)/n = 970.3/20 = 48.52 million pounds

Median = value of the 10.5th term in ranked data set = (36.9 + 38.3)/2 = 37.6 million pounds
3.16 x = (∑x)/n = 81/12 = 6.75 cars

Median = value of the 6.5th term in ranked data set = (6 + 7)/2 = 6.5 cars
Mode = 3, 6, and 7 cars
3.17 x = (∑x)/n = 3178/6 = $529.67 million

Median = value of the 3.5th term in ranked data set = (231 + 668)/2 = $449.5 million
Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Instructor’s Solutions Manual 41
This data set has no mode because no value appears more than once.
3.18 μ = (∑x)/N = 610/15 = 40.67 major penalties

Median = value of the 8th term in ranked data set = 38 major penalties
The mode is 35 since that value appears twice and no other value appears more than once.
3.19 x = (∑x)/n = 35/12 = 2.92 outages

Median = value of the 6.5th term in ranked data set = (2 + 3)/2 = 2.5 outages
Mode = 2 outages
3.20 x = (∑x)/n = 91/15 = 6.07 items

Median = value of the 8th term in ranked data set = 7 items
Mode = 7 items
These are sample statistics since they are calculated from the sample of 15 motorists.
3.21 x = (∑x)/n = 294/10 = 29.4 computer monitors

Median = value of the 5.5th term in ranked data set = (28 + 29)/2 = 28.5 computer monitors
Mode = 23 computer monitors
3.22 x = (∑x)/n = 107/12 = 8.92 students

Median = value of the 6.5th term in ranked data set = (9 + 9)/2 = 9 students
Mode = 6 and 9 students
3.23 a. x = (∑x)/n = 21,636/12 = 1803 tornadoes

Median = value of the 6.5th term in ranked data set = (1166 + 1374)/2 = 1270 tornadoes
b. The outlier is 5490. When we drop this value,
Mean = 16,146/11 = 1467.82 tornadoes
Median = value of the 6th term in ranked data set = 1166 tornadoes
As we observe, the mean is affected more by the outlier.
c. The median is a better measure because it is not as sensitive to outliers as the mean.
3.24 a. x = (∑x)/n = 25/10 = 2.5 women

Median = value of the 5.5th term in ranked data set = (2 + 2)/2 = 2 women
b. The outlier is 9. When we drop this value,
Mean = 16/9 = 1.78 women
Median = value of the 5th term in ranked data set = 2 women
As we observe, the mean is affected more by the outlier.
c. The median is a better measure because it is not as sensitive to outliers as the mean.
42 Chapter Three
3.25 n1= 10, n2 = 8, x1 = $140, x2 = $160
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 (10)(140) + (8)(160) 2680

x= = = = $148.89
n1 + n 2 10 + 8 18
3.26 n1 = 18, n2 = 20, x1 = $144, x = $150
n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 (18)(144) + ( 20)( x 2 )
x= = = 150 . Then,
n1 + n 2 18 + 20
(n1 + n 2 ) x − n1 x1 (18 + 20)(150) − (18)(144)

x2 = = = 155.4
n2 20
3.27 Total money spent by 10 persons = ∑ x = n x = 10(105.50) = $1055
3.28 Total 2009 incomes of five families = ∑x = n x = 5(99,520) = $497,600
3.29 Sum of the ages of six persons = (6)(46) = 276 years, so the age of sixth
person = 276 – (57 + 39 + 44 + 51 + 37) = 48 years.
3.30 Sum of the prices paid by the seven passengers = (7)(361) = $2527
Total price paid by the couple = 2527 – (402 + 210 + 333 + 695 + 485) = $384
Price paid by each of the couple = 384/2 = $192
3.31 For Data Set I: Mean = 123/5 = 24.6 For Data Set II: Mean = 158/5 = 31.6
The mean of the second data set is greater than the mean of the first data set by 7.
3.32 For Data Set I: Mean = 47/5 = 9.4 For Data Set II: Mean = 94/5 = 18.8
The mean of the second data set is twice the mean of the first data set.
3.33 The ranked data are: 19 23 26 31 38 39 47 49 53 67

By dropping 19 and 67, we obtain ∑x = 23 + 26 + 31 + 38 + 39 + 47 + 49 + 53 = 306
10% Trimmed Mean = (∑x)/n = 306/8 = 38.25 years
369 387 390 410 438 457 578 590 679 795
To calculate the 20% trimmed mean, drop 20% of the smallest values and 20% of the largest values.
This data set contains 20 values, and 20% of 20 is 4. Hence, drop the 4 smallest values and the 4
largest values. By dropping 184, 195, 245, 259, 578, 590, 679, and 795, we obtain
∑x = 271 + 297 + 307 + 309 + 323 + 365 + 369 + 387 + 390 + 410 + 438 + 457 = 4323
20% Trimmed Mean = (∑x)/n = 4323/12 = $306.25 thousand = $306,250
3.35 From the given information: x1 = 73, x2 = 67, x3 = 85, w1 = w2 = 1, w3 = 2
Weighted mean =
∑ xw = (73)(1) + (67)(1) + (85)(2) = 310 = 77.5
∑w 4 4
3.36 Geometric mean = n x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ ... ⋅ xn = 5 1.04 ⋅ 1.03 ⋅ 1.05 ⋅ 1.06 ⋅ 1.08 = 5 1.287625248 = 1.05
Then, 1– Geometric mean = 1.05 –1= .05, so the mean inflation rate is 5%.
Section 3.2
3.37 Suppose the exam scores for seven students are 73, 82, 95, 79, 22, 86, and 91.
Then, Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 95 – 22 = 73 points.
If we drop the outlier (22) and calculate the range,
Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 95 – 73 = 22 points.
Thus, when we drop the outlier, the range decreases from 73 to 22 points.
3.38 No, the value of the standard deviation cannot be negative, because the deviations from the mean are
squared and, therefore, either positive or zero.
3.39 The value of the standard deviation is zero when all values in a data are the same. For example,
suppose the exam scores of a sample of seven students are 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, 82, and 82. As this data
set has no variation, the value of the standard deviation is zero for these observations. This is shown
below:
∑x = 574 and ∑x2 = 47,068
(∑ x) 2 (574) 2
∑ x2 − n
47,068 −
7 47,068 − 47,068
s= = = =0
n −1 7 −1 6
3.40 A summary measure calculated for a population data set is called a population parameter. If the
average exam score for all students enrolled in a statistics class is 75.3, then 75.3 is a population
parameter. A summary measure calculated for a sample data set is called a sample statistic. If we
took a random sample of 10 students in the statistics class and found the average exam score to be
77.1, this would be an example of a sample statistic.
3.41 Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 16 – (–9) = 25, ∑x = 24, ∑x2 = 564 and N = 8
(∑ x) 2 (24) 2
∑ x2 − N
564 −
8 = 564 − 72 = 61.5
σ2 = = σ = 61.5 = 7.84
N 8 8
3.42 Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 18 – (–16) = 34, ∑x = 22, ∑x2 = 1004, and n = 6
44 Chapter Three
2 (∑ x) 2 (22) 2
∑x − 1004 −
s2 = n = 6 = 1004 − 80.6667 = 184.6667 s = 184.6667 = 13.59
n −1 6 −1 5
3.43 a. x = (∑ x)/n = 72/8 = 9 shoplifters caught
Shoplifters caught Deviations from the Mean

7 7 – 9 = –2
10 10 – 9 = 1
8 8 – 9 = –1
3 3 – 9 = –6
15 15 – 9 = 6
12 12 – 9 = 3
6 6 – 9 = –3
11 11 – 9 = 2
Sum = 0
Yes, the sum of the deviations from the mean is zero.

b. Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 15 – 3 = 12, ∑x = 72, ∑x2 = 748, and n = 8
(∑ x) 2 (72) 2
∑ x2 − 748 −
s2 = n = 8 = 14.2857 s = 14.2857 = 3.78
n −1 8 −1
3.44 a. x = (∑x)/n = 840/7 = $120
Prices Deviations from the Mean

$89 89 – 120 = –31
$170 170 – 120 = 50
$104 104 – 120 = –16
$113 113 – 120 = –7
$56 56 – 120 = –64
$161 161 – 120 = 41
$147 147 – 120 = 27
Sum = 0
Yes, the sum of the deviations from the mean is zero.
b. ∑x = 840, ∑x2 = 111,072, and n = 7

Range = 170 – 56 = $114
(∑ x) 2 (840) 2
∑ x2 − 111,072 −
s2 = n = 7 = 1712 s = 1712 = $41.38
n −1 7 −1
3.45 ∑x = 81, ∑x2 =699, and n = 12

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 15 – 2 = 13 thefts
( ∑ x) 2 (81) 2
∑ x2 − 699 −
s2 = n = 12 = 13.8409 s = 13.8409 = 3.72 thefts
n −1 12 − 1
3.46 ∑x = 21,636, ∑x2 = 56,052,418, and n = 12

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 5490 –1039 = 4451 tornadoes
(∑ x) 2 (21,636) 2
∑ x2 − 56,052,418 −
s2 = n = 12 = 1,549,337.2727
n −1 12 − 1
s = 1,549,337.2727 = 1244.72 tornadoes
3.47 ∑x = 291, ∑x2 = 9171, and n = 10

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 41 – 14 = 27 pieces
(∑ x) 2 (291) 2
∑ x2 − 9171 −
s2 = n = 10 = 78.1 s = 78.1 = 8.84 pieces
n −1 10 − 1
3.48 ∑x = 55, ∑x2 = 397, and n = 9

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 10 – 2 = 8 collisions
(∑ x) 2 (55) 2
∑ x2 − 397 −
s2 = n = 9 = 7.6111 s = 7.6111 = 2.76 collisions
n −1 9 −1
3.49 ∑x = 27, ∑x2 = 111, and n = 13

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 7 – 0 = 7 patients
(∑ x) 2 ( 27) 2
∑ x2 − 111 −
s2 = n = 13 = 4.5769 s = 4.5769 = 2.14 patients
n −1 13 − 1
3.50 ∑x = 180, ∑x2 = 3666, and n = 10

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 32 – 8 = 24 hotdogs
(∑ x) 2 (180) 2
∑ x2 − 3666 −
s2 = n = 10 = 47.3333 s = 47.3333 = 6.88 hotdogs
n −1 10 − 1
3.51 ∑x = 80, ∑x2 = 1552, and n = 8

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 23 – (–7) = 30º Fahrenheit
(∑ x) 2 (80) 2
∑ x2 − 1552 −
s2 = n = 8 = 107.4286 s = 107.4286 = 10.36º Fahrenheit
n −1 8 −1
46 Chapter Three
3.52 ∑x = 64, ∑x2 = 580, and n = 10

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 14 – 0 = 14 hours
(∑ x) 2 (64) 2
∑ x2 − 580 −
s2 = n = 10 = 18.9333 s = 18.9333 = 4.35 hours
n −1 10 − 1
3.53 ∑x = 450, ∑x2 = 21,616, and n = 10

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 69 – 31 = 38 points
(∑ x) 2 (450) 2
∑ x2 − 21,616 −
s2 = n = 10 = 151.7778 s = 151.7778 = 12.32 points
n −1 10 − 1
3.54 ∑x = 9127, ∑x2 = 11,861,223, and n = 8

Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 1800 – 489 = $1311 thousand
(∑ x) 2 (9127) 2
∑ x2 − 11,861,223 −
s2 = n = 8 = 206,922.4107 s = 260,922.4107 = $454.89 thousand
n −1 8 −1
3.55 ∑x = 176, ∑x2 = 3872, and n = 8
(∑ x) 2 (176) 2
∑ x2 − 3872 −
n 8 3872 − 3872
s= = = =0
n −1 8 −1 7
The standard deviation is zero because all these data values are the same and there is no variation
among them.
3.56 ∑x = 114, ∑x2 = 2166, and n = 6
(∑ x) 2 (114)2
∑ x2 − 2166 −
s= n = 6 2166 − 2166
= =0
n −1 6 −1 5
The standard deviation is zero because all these data values are the same and there is no variation
among them.
3.57 For the yearly salaries of all employees, CV = (σ/μ) × 100% = (6,820/62,350) × 100 = 10.94%
For the years of experience of these employees, CV = (σ/μ) × 100% = (2/15) × 100 = 13.33%
The relative variation in salaries is lower than that in years of experience.
3.58 For the SAT scores of the 100 students, CV = (s/ x ) × 100% = (105/975) × 100 = 10.77%
For the GPAs of these students, CV = (s/ x ) × 100% = (.22/3.16) × 100 = 6.96%
The relative variation in SAT scores is higher than that in GPAs.
3.59 For Data Set I: ∑x = 123, ∑x2 = 3883, and n = 5
( ∑ x) 2 (123) 2
∑ x2 − 3883 −
s= n = 5 = 214.300 = 14.64
n −1 5 −1
For Data Set II: ∑x = 158, ∑x2 = 5850, and n = 5
(∑ x) 2 (158) 2
∑ x2 − 5850 −
s= n = 5 = 214.300 = 14.64
n −1 5 −1
The standard deviations of the two data sets are equal.
3.60 For Data Set I: ∑x = 47, ∑x2 = 507, and N = 5
(∑ x) 2 (47) 2
∑ x2 − 507 −
σ= N = 5 = 13.04 = 3.61
N 5
For Data Set II: ∑x = 94, ∑x2 = 2028, and N = 5
(∑ x) 2 (94) 2
∑ x2 − 2028 −
σ= N = 5 = 52.16 = 7.22
N 5
The standard deviation of the second data set is twice the standard deviation of the first data set.
Section 3.3
3.61 The values of the mean and standard deviation for a grouped data set are the approximate values of the
mean and standard deviation. The exact values of the mean and standard deviation are obtained only
when ungrouped data are used.
3.62
x f m mf m2f
2– 4 5 3 15 45
5– 7 9 6 54 324
8 – 10 14 9 126 1134
11 – 13 7 12 84 1008
14 – 16 5 15 75 1125
N = ∑f = 40 ∑mf = 354 ∑m2f = 3636
μ = (∑mf)/N = 354/40 = 8.85

2
2 (∑ mf ) (354) 2
∑m f − 3636 −
σ2 = N = 40 = 12.5775 σ = 12.5775 = 3.55
N 40
48 Chapter Three
3.63
x f m mf m2f
0 to less than 4 17 2 34 68
4 to less than 8 23 6 138 828
8 to less than 12 15 10 150 1500
12 to less than 16 11 14 154 2156
16 to less than 20 8 18 144 2592
20 to less than 24 6 22 132 2904
n = ∑f = 80 ∑mf = 752 ∑m2f = 10,048
x = (∑mf)/n = 752/80 = 9.40
2
2 (∑ mf ) (752) 2
∑m f − 10,048 −
s2 = n = 80 = 37.7114 s = 37.7114 = 6.14
n −1 80 − 1
3.64
Amount of Telephone Number of
Bill (dollars) Families m mf m2f
40 to less than 70 9 55 495 27,225
70 to less than 100 11 85 935 79,475
100 to less than 130 16 115 1840 211,600
130 to less than 160 10 145 1450 210,250
160 to less than 190 4 175 700 122,500
n = ∑f = 50 ∑mf = 5420 ∑m2f = 651,050
x = (∑mf)/n = 5420/50 = $108.40

2
2 (∑ mf ) (5420) 2
∑m f − 651,050 −
s2 = n = 50 = 1296.3673 s = 1296.3673 = $36.01
n −1 50 − 1
3.65
Hours Per Week Number of Students m mf m2f
0 to less than 5 7 2.5 17.5 43.75
5 to less than 10 12 7.5 90.0 675.00
10 to less than 15 15 12.5 187.5 2343.75
15 to less than 20 13 17.5 227.5 3981.25
20 to less than 25 8 22.5 180.0 4050.00
25 to less than 30 5 27.5 137.5 3781.25
N = ∑f = 60 ∑mf = 840 ∑m2f = 14,875
μ = (∑mf)/N = 840/60 = 14 hours
(∑ mf ) 2 (840)2
∑ m2 f − N
14,875 −
60 = 51.9167
σ2 = = σ = 51.9167 = 7.21 hours
N −1 60
3.66
Weight (pounds) Number of Babies m mf m2f
3 to less than 5 5 4 20 80
5 to less than 7 30 6 180 1080
7 to less than 9 40 8 320 2560
9 to less than 11 20 10 200 2000
11 to less than 13 5 12 60 720
N = ∑f = 100 ∑mf = 780 ∑m2f = 6440
μ = (∑mf)/N = 780/100 = 7.80 pounds

2
2 (∑ mf ) (780) 2
∑m f − 6440 −
σ2 = N = 100 = 3.5600 σ = 3.5600 = 1.89 pounds
N 100
3.67
Miles Driven in 2009 Number of
(in thousands) Car Owners m mf m2f
0 to less than 5 7 2.5 17.5 43.75
5 to less than 10 26 7.5 195.0 1462.50
10 to less than 15 59 12.5 737.5 9218.75
15 to less than 20 71 17.5 1242.5 21,743.75
20 to less than 25 62 22.5 1395.0 31,387.50
25 to less than 30 39 27.5 1072.5 29,493.75
30 to less than 35 22 32.5 715.0 23,237.50
35 to less than 40 14 37.5 525.0 19,687.50
n = ∑f = 300 ∑mf = 5900 ∑m2f = 136,275
x = (∑mf)/n = 5900/300 = 19.67 or 19,670 miles

2
2 (∑ mf ) (5900) 2
∑m f − 136,275 −
s2 = n = 300 = 67.6979 s = 67.6979 = 8.23 or 8230 miles
n −1 300 − 1
Each value in the column labeled mf gives the approximate total mileage for the car owners in the
corresponding class. For example, the value of mf = 17.5 for the first class indicates that the seven car
owners in this class drove a total of approximately 17,500 miles. The value ∑mf = 5900 indicates that
the total mileage for all 300 car owners was approximately 5,900,000 miles.
3.68
Amount of Electric Number of
Bill (dollars) Families m mf m2f
0 to less than 40 5 20 100 2,000
40 to less than 80 16 60 960 57,600
80 to less than 120 11 100 1100 110,000
120 to less than 160 10 140 1400 196,000
160 to less than 200 8 180 1440 259,200
n = ∑f = 50 ∑mf = 5000 ∑m2f = 624,800
x = (∑mf)/n = 5000/50 = $100

50 Chapter Three
∑ m2 f − ∑ n
( mf )2 (5000) 2
624,800 −
s2 = = 50 = 2546.9388 s = 2546.9388 = $50.47
n −1 50 − 1
The values in the column labeled mf give the approximate total amounts of electric bills for the
families belonging to corresponding classes. For example, the five families belonging to the first class
paid a total of $100 for electricity in August 2009. The value ∑mf = $5000 is the approximate total
amount of the electric bills for all 50 families included in the sample.
3.69
x f m mf m2f
0 to less than 20 14 10 140 1400
20 to less than 40 18 30 540 16,200
40 to less than 60 9 50 450 22,500
60 to less than 80 5 70 350 24,500
80 to less than 100 4 90 360 32,400
n = ∑f = 50 ∑mf = 1840 ∑m2f = 97,000
x = (∑mf)/n = 1840/50 = 36.80 minutes

2
2 (∑ mf ) (1840) 2
∑m f − 97,000 −
s2 = n = 50 = 597.7143 s = 597.7143 = 24.45 minutes
n −1 50 − 1
3.70
Number of Errors f m mf m2f
0 11 0 0 0
1 14 1 14 14
2 9 2 18 36
3 7 3 21 63
4 3 4 12 48
5 1 5 5 25
2
N = ∑f = 45 ∑mf = 70 ∑m f = 186
μ = (∑mf)/N = 70/45 = 1.56 errors
∑ m2 f − ∑ N
( mf ) 2 (70) 2
186 −
σ2 = = 45 = 1.7136 σ = 1.7136 = 1.31 errors
N 45
3.71 a. x = ∑x/n = 1946.66/14= $139.05 per barrel

b.
Price of Oil per Barrel f m mf
128.00 to less than 131.00 2 129.5 259.0
131.00 to less than 134.00 0 132.5 0.0
134.00 to less than 137.00 3 135.5 406.5
137.00 to less than 140.00 2 138.5 277.0
140.00 to less than 143.00 3 141.5 424.5
143.00 to less than 146.00 4 144.5 578.0
n = ∑f = 14 ∑mf = 1945.0
c. x = (∑mf)/n = 1945/14 = $138.93 per barrel

d. The two means are not equal because the second method uses approximations (mid points of the
range) and the first one does not. This leads to slightly different results.
Section 3.4
3.72 Chebyshev’s theorem is applied to find a lower bound for the area under a distribution curve between
two points that are on opposite sides of the mean and at the same distance from the mean. According to
this theorem, for any number k greater than 1, at least (1 – (1/k2)) of the data values lie within k
standard deviations of the mean.
3.73 The empirical rule is applied to a bell–shaped distribution. According to this rule, approximately
(1) 68% of the observations lie within one standard deviation of the mean.
(2) 95% of the observations lie within two standard deviations of the mean.
(3) 99.7% of the observations lie within three standard deviations of the mean.
1 1
3.74 For the interval x ± 2s : k = 2, and 1 – =1– = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%. Thus, at least 75% of the
k2 ( 2) 2
observations fall in the interval x ± 2s .

1 1
For the interval x ± 2.5s : k = 2.5, and 1 – 2
=1– = 1 – .16 = .84 or 84%. Thus, at least 84%
k ( 2.5) 2
of the observations fall in the interval x ± 2.5s .

1 1
For the interval x ± 3s : k = 3, and 1– 2
=1– = 1 – .11 = .89 or 89%. Thus, at least 89% of the
k (3) 2
observations fall in the interval x ± 3s .
3.75 For the interval μ ± 2σ : k = 2, and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%. Thus, at least 75% of
k2 ( 2) 2
the observations fall in the interval μ ± 2σ .
For the interval μ ± 2.5σ : k = 2.5, and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 – .16 = .84 or 84%. Thus, at least
k2 ( 2.5) 2
84% of the observations fall in the interval μ ± 2.5σ .
For the interval μ ± 3σ : k = 3, and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 –.11 = .89 or 89%. Thus, at least 89% of the
k2 (3) 2
observations fall in the interval μ ± 3σ .
3.76 Approximately 68% of the observations fall in the interval μ ± σ , approximately 95% fall in the
interval μ ± 2σ , and about 99.7% fall in the interval μ ± 3σ .
52 Chapter Three
3.77 Approximately 68% of the observations fall in the interval x ± s , approximately 95% fall in the
interval x ± 2s , and about 99.7% fall in the interval x ± 3s .
3.78 a. Each of the two values is 40 minutes from µ = 220. Hence,

1 1
k = 40/20 = 2 and 1 – 2
=1– = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%.
k ( 2) 2
Thus, at least 75% of the runners ran the race in 180 to 260 minutes.
b. Each of the two values is 60 minutes from μ = 220. Hence,
k = 60/20 = 3 and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 –.11 = .89 or 89%.

k2 (3) 2
Thus, at least 89% of the runners ran the race in 160 to 280 minutes.
c. Each of the two values is 50 minutes from μ = 220. Hence,
1 1
k = 50/20 = 2.5 and 1 – =1– = 1 – .16 = .84 or 84%.
k2 ( 2.5) 2
Thus, at least 84% of the runners ran this race in 170 to 270 minutes.
3.79 a. Each of the two values is $1.2 million from μ = $2.3 million. Hence,
1
k = 1.2/.6 = 2 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%.
k 2 ( 2) 2
Thus, at least 75% of all companies had 2009 gross sales of $1.1 to $3.5 million.
b. Each of the two values is $1.5 million from μ = $2.3 million. Hence,
k = 1.5/.6 = 2.5 and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 – .16 = .84 or 84%.

k2 ( 2.5) 2
Thus, at least 84% of all companies had 2009 gross sales of $.8 to $3.8 million.
c. Each of the two values is $1.8 million from μ = $2.3 million. Hence,
k = 1.8/.6 = 3 and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 – .11 = .89 or 89%.

k2 (3) 2
Thus, at least 89% of all companies had 2009 gross sales of $.5 to $ 4.1 million.
3.80 μ = $9500 and σ = $2600

a. i. Each of the two values is $5200 from μ = $9500. Hence,
1
k = 5200/2600 = 2 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%.
k 2 ( 2) 2
Thus, at least 75% of all households have credit card debt between $4300 and $14,700.
ii. Each of the two values is $6500 from μ = $9500. Hence,
k = 6500/2600 = 2.5 and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 – .16 = .84 or 84%.

k2 ( 2.5) 2
Thus, at least 84% of all households have credit card debt between $3000 and $16,000.
1
b. 1 – 1 = .89 gives 1 = 1 – .89 = .11 or k2 = , so k . 3.
k 2
k 2 .11
μ − 3σ = 9500 – 3(2600) = $1700 and μ + 3σ = 9500 + 3(2600) = $17,300

Thus, the required interval is $1700 to $17,300.
3.81 a. i. Each of the two values is $680 from μ = $2365. Hence,
1
k = 680/340 = 2 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%.
k 2 ( 2) 2
Thus, at least 75% of all homeowners pay a monthly mortgage of $1685 to $3045.
ii. Each of the two values is $1020 from μ = $2365. Hence,
1
k = 1020/340 = 3 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .11 = .89 or 89%.
k 2 (3)2
Thus, at least 89% of all homeowners pay a monthly mortgage of $1345 to $3385.
1
b. 1 – 1 = .84 gives 1 = 1 – .84 = .16 or k2 = so k = 2.5.
k 2
k 2 .16
μ − 2.5σ = 2365 – 2.5(340) = $1515 and μ + 2.5σ = 2365 +2.5(340) = $3215

Thus, the required interval is $1515 to $3215.
3.82 μ = 44 months and σ = 3 months.

a. The interval 41 to 47 months is μ − σ to μ + σ . Hence, approximately 68% of the batteries have
a life of 41 to 47 months.
b. The interval 38 to 50 months is μ − 2σ to μ + 2σ . Hence, approximately 95% of the batteries
have a life of 38 to 50 months.
c. The interval 35 to 53 months is μ − 3σ to μ + 3σ . Hence, approximately 99.7% of the batteries
have a life of 35 to 53 months.
3.83 µ = $3423 and σ = $520

a. The interval $1863 to $4983 is μ − 3σ to μ + 3σ . Hence, approximately 99.7% of employees
have annual premium payments between $1863 and $4983.
b. The interval $2903 to $3943 is μ − σ to μ + σ . Hence, approximately 68% of employees have
annual premium payments between $2903 and $3943.
c. The interval $2383 to $4463 is μ − 2σ to μ + 2σ . Hence, approximately 95% of employees have
annual premium payments between $2383 and $4463.
54 Chapter Three
3.84 µ = $105 and σ = $20

a. i. The interval $85 to $125 is μ − σ to μ + σ . Hence, approximately 68% of all college
textbooks are priced between $85 and $125.
ii. The interval $65 to $145 is μ − 2σ to μ + 2σ . Hence, approximately 95% of all college
textbooks are priced between $65 and $145.
b. μ − 3σ = 105 – 3(20) = $45 and μ + 3σ = 105 + 3(20) = $165. The interval that contains the
prices of 99.7% of college textbooks is $45 to $165.
3.85 µ = 72 mph and σ = 3 mph

a. i. The interval 63 to 81 mph is μ − 3σ to μ + 3σ . Hence, about 99.7% of speeds of all vehicles
are between 63 and 81 mph.
ii. The interval 69 to 75 mph is μ − σ to μ + σ . Hence, about 68% of the speeds of all vehicles
are between 69 and 75 mph.
b. μ − 2σ = 72 – 2(3) = 66 mph and μ + 2σ = 72 + 2(3) = 78 mph. The interval that contains the
speeds of 95% of the vehicles is 66 to 78 mph.
Section 3.5
3.86 To find the three quartiles:

1. Rank the given data set in increasing order.
2. Find the median using the procedure in Section 3.1.2. The median is the second quartile, Q2.
3. The first quartile, Q1, is the value of the middle term among the (ranked) observations that are less
than Q2.
4. The third quartile, Q3, is the value of the middle term among the (ranked) observations that are
greater that Q2.
Examples 3–20 and 3–21 of the text exhibit how to calculate the three quartiles for data sets with
an even and odd number of observations, respectively.
3.87 The interquartile range (IQR) is given by Q3 – Q1, where Q1 and Q3 are the first and third quartiles,
respectively. Examples 3–20 and 3–21 of the text show how to find the IQR for a data set.
3.88 Given a data set of n values, to find the kth percentile (Pk):
1. Rank the given data in increasing order.
2. Calculate kn/ 100. Then, Pk is the term that is approximately (kn/100) in the ranking. If kn/ 100 falls
between two consecutive integers a and b, it may be necessary to average the ath and bth values in
the ranking to obtain Pk.
3.89 If xi is a particular observation in the data set, the percentile rank of xi is the percentage of the values
in the data set that are less than xi. Thus,
Number of values less than xi
Percentile rank of xi = × 100
Total number of values in the data set
3.90 The ranked data are: 5 5 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 14 18 21 25

a. The three quartiles are Q1 = 8, Q2 = 10, and Q3 = 14
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 14 – 8 = 6
b. kn/100 = 82(15)/100 = 12.30 ≈ 12
Thus, the 82nd percentile can be approximated by the value of the 12th term in the ranked data,
which is 14. Therefore, P82 = 14.
c. Six values in the given data are smaller than 10. Hence, the percentile rank of
10 = (6/15) × 100 = 40%.
3.91 The ranked data are: 68 68 69 69 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

a. The three quartiles are Q1 = (69 + 69)/2 = 69, Q2 = 73, and Q3 = (76 + 77)/2 = 76.5
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 76.5 – 69 =7.5
b. kn/100 = 35(13)/100 = 4.55 ≈ 4.5
Thus, the 35th percentile can be approximated by the average of the fourth and fifth terms in the
ranked data. Therefore, P35 = (69 + 71) /2 = 70.
c. Four values in the given data set are smaller than 70. Hence, the percentile rank of
70 = (4/13) × 100 = 30.77%.
3.92 The ranked data are: 41 42 43 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 48

48 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 52 53 53 54 56
a. The three quartiles are Q1 = (45 + 46)/2 = 45.5, Q2 = 48, and Q3 = (52 + 52)/2 = 52
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 52 – 45.5 = 6.5
b. kn/100 = 53(25)/100 = 13.25 ≈ 13
Thus, the 53rd percentile can be approximated by the value of the thirteenth term in the ranked data,
c. Fourteen values in the given data are less than 50. Therefore, the percentile rank of
50 = (14/25) × 100 = 56%.
378 381 384 385 386 387 390 393 395 403
405 409 417 431 433 434 438 444 461 480
a. The quartiles are Q1 = 369, Q2 = (386 + 387)/2 = 386.5, and Q3 = 417
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 417 – 369 = 48
b. kn/100 = 57(30)/100 = 17.1 ≈ 17
56 Chapter Three
Thus, the 57th percentile can be approximated by the value of the 17th term in the ranked data,
c. Twenty-two values in the given data are smaller than 417. Hence, the percentile rank of
417 = (22/30) × 100 = 73.33%.

a. The three quartiles are Q1 = (6+6)/2 = 6, Q2 = (9 +9)/2 = 9, and Q3 = (11 +12)/2 = 11.5
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 11.5 – 6 = 5.5
The value 10 lies between Q2 and Q3, which means it lies in the third 25% group from the bottom in
the ranked data set.
b. kn/100 = 55(12)/100 = 6.6 ≈ 6.5
Thus, the 55th percentile can be approximated by the average of the sixth and seventh terms in the
ranked data. Therefore, P55 = (9 + 9) /2 = 9.
c. Four values in the given data set are less than 7. Hence, the percentile rank of
7 = (4/12) × 100 = 33.33%.

29 29 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 35 35 36 37 43
a. The three quartiles are Q1 = 25, Q2 = (28+ 29)/2 = 28.5, and Q3 = 33
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 33 – 25 = 8
The value 31 lies between Q2 and Q3, which means that it is in the third 25% group from the bottom
in the (ranked) data set.
b. kn/ 100 = 65(30)/100 ≈ 19.5
Thus, the 65th percentile may be approximated by the average of the nineteenth and twentieth terms
in the ranked data. Therefore, P65 = (31 + 31)/2 = 31. Thus, we can state that the number of
computer monitors produced by Nixon Corporation is less than or equal to 31 for approximately
65% of the days in this sample.
c. Twenty values in the given data are less than 32. Hence, the percentile rank of
32 = (20/30) × 100 = 66.67%. Thus, on 66.67% of the days in this sample, fewer than 32 monitors
were produced. Hence, for 100 – 66.67 = 33.33% of the days, the company produced 32 or more
monitors.
3.96 The ranked data are: 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 16

a. The three quartiles are Q1 = (5 + 6)/2 = 5.5, Q2 = (8 + 8)/2 = 8, and Q3 = (10 + 11)/2 = 10.5
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 10.5 – 5.5 = 5
The value 4 lies below Q1, which indicates that it is in the bottom 25% group in the (ranked) data
set.
b. kn/ 100 = 25(20)/100 = 5
Thus, the 25th percentile may be approximated by the value of the fifth term in the ranked data,
which is 5. Therefore, P25 = 5. Thus, the number of new cars sold at this dealership is less than or
equal to 5 for approximately 25% of the days in this sample.
c. Thirteen values in the given data are less than 10. Hence, the percentile rank of
10 = (13/20) × 100 = 65%. Thus, on 65% of the days in the sample, this dealership sold fewer than
10 cars.
3.97 The ranked data are: 356 422 430 468 494 533 572 600 604 617 625
628 639 647 690 702 728 747 749 772 797 805
a. The three quartiles are
Q1 = 533, Q2 = (625 + 628)/2 = 626.5, and Q3 = 728
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 728 – 533 = 195
The value 617 lies between Q1 and Q2, which indicates that it is in the second 25% group from the
bottom in the (ranked) data set.
b. kn/100 = 30(22)/100 = 6.6 ≈ 6.5
Thus, the 30th percentile may be approximated by the average of the 6th and 7th terms in the ranked
data. Therefore, P30 = (533 + 572)/2 = 552.5. Thus, approximately 30% of the credit scores of
applicants are at or below 552.5.
c. Five values in the given data are smaller than 533. Hence, the percentile rank of
533 = (5/22) × 100 = 22.73%. Thus, 22.73% of the credit scores of applicants are below 533.
Section 3.6
3.98 A box–and–whisker plot is based on five summary measures: the median, the first quartile, the third
quartile, and the smallest and largest value in the data set between the lower and upper inner fences.

47 49 52 55 58 59 61 61 63 65 73 98
Median = (43 + 47)/2 = 45, Q1 = (32 + 34)/2 = 33, and Q3 = (59 + 61)/2= 60,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 60 – 33 = 27, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 27 = 40.5,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 40.5 = 33 – 40.5 = – 7.5,
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 40.5 = 60 + 40.5 = 100.5
The smallest and largest values within the two inner fences are 22 and 98, respectively. The data set
has no outliers. The box–and–whisker plot is shown below.
58 Chapter Three
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Median = (18 + 19)/2 = 18.5, Q1 = (11 + 13)/2 = 12, and Q3 = (30 + 31)/2 = 30.5,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 30.5 – 12 = 18.5, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 18.5 = 27.75,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 27.75 = 12 – 27.75= – 15.75,
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 27.75= 30.5 + 27.75= 58.25
The smallest and the largest values within the two inner fences are 3 and 42, respectively.
-20 0 20 40 60 80
There are two outliers, 62 and 75. To classify them, we compute:

3.0 × IQR = 3.0 × 18.5 = 55.5. Hence, the upper outer fence is: Q3 + 55.5 = 86
Since 62 and 75 are both less than 86, they are within the upper outer fence and are called mild
outliers.

Median = (17 + 17)/2 = 17, Q1 = (8 + 10)/2 = 9, and Q3 = (23 + 25)/2 = 24,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 24 – 9 = 15, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 15 = 22.5,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 22.5 = 9 – 22.5 = –13.5,
The smallest and the largest values within the two inner fences are 3 and 34, respectively. The data set
contains no outliers.
0 10 20 30 40
The data are nearly symmetric.
3.102 The ranked data are: 356 422 430 468 494 533 572 600 604 617 625
628 639 647 690 702 728 747 749 772 797 805
Median = (625 + 628)/2 = 626.5, Q1 = 533, and Q3 = 728
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 728 – 533 = 195, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 195 = 292.5,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 292.5 = 533 – 292.5 = 240.5,
The smallest and the largest values within the two inner fences are 356 and 805, respectively. The data
set contains no outliers.
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
The data are skewed slightly to the left.
3.103 The ranked data are: 22.5 25.0 26.8 27.0 29.8 51.2 64.0 80.3 94.4 97.7 112.0 261.7
Median = (51.2 + 64.0)/2 = 57.6, Q1 = (26.8 + 27.0)/2 = 26.9, and Q3 = (94.4 + 97.7)/2 = 96.05,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 96.05 – 26.9 = 69.15, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 69.15 = 103.725,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 103.725 = 26.9 – 103.725 = –76.825,
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 103.725 = 96.05 + 103.725 = 199.775
The smallest and largest values within the two inner fences are 22.5 and 112, respectively. The value
261.7 is an outlier.
0 100 200 300
The data are skewed to the right.

48 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 52 53 53 54 56
Median = 48, Q1 = (45 + 46)/2 = 45.5, and Q3 = (52 + 52) = 52,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 52 – 45.5 = 6.5, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 6.5 = 9.75,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 9.75 = 45.5 – 9.75 = 35.75,
60 Chapter Three

The smallest and largest values within the two inner fences are 41 and 56, respectively. There are no
outliers.
40 45 50 55 60
The data are skewed slightly to the right.
378 381 384 385 386 387 390 393 395 403
405 409 417 431 433 434 438 444 461 480
Median = (386 + 387)/2 = 386.5, Q1 = 369, and Q3 = 417,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 417 – 369 = 48, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 48 = 72,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 72 = 369 – 72 = 297,
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 72 = 417 + 72 = 489
outliers.
300 400 500

Median = (9 + 9)/2 = 9, Q1 = (6 + 6)/2 = 6, and Q3 = (11 + 12)/2 = 11.5,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 11.5 – 6 = 5.5, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 5.5 = 8.25,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 8.25 = 6 – 8.25 = –2.25,
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 8.25 = 11.5 + 8.25 = 19.75
outliers.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

28 28 28 29 29 31 31 31 32 33 33 33 34 35 35
Median = (27 + 28)/2 = 27.5, Q1 = 24, and Q3 = 31,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 31 – 24 = 7, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 7 = 10.5,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 10.5 = 24 – 10.5 = 13.5,
outliers.
15 20 25 30 35 40

Median = (8 + 8)/2 = 8, Q1 = (5 + 6)/2 = 5.5, and Q3 = (10 + 11)/2 = 10.5,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 10.5 – 5.5 = 5, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 5 = 7.5,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 7.5 = 5.5 – 7.5 = –2,
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 7.5 = 10.5 + 7.5 = 18
outliers.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

62 Chapter Three
Supplementary Exercises
3.109 a. x = (∑x)/n = 1065/10 = $106.5 thousand

Median = value of the 5.5th term in ranked data = (74 + 78)/2= $76 thousand
b. Yes, 382 is an outlier. After dropping this value,
x = (∑x)/n = 683/9 = $75.89 thousand
Median = value of the 5th term in ranked data = $74 thousand
The value of the mean changes by a larger amount.
c. The median is a better summary measure for these data since it is influenced less by outliers.
3.110 a. x = (∑x)/n = 46.22/10 = 4.622 seconds

Median = value of the 5.5th term in ranked data = (4.26 + 4.74)/2 = 4.5 seconds
This data set has no mode as no value occurs more than once.
b. Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 7.20 – 2.80 = 4.40 seconds
(∑ x) 2 (46.22) 2
∑ x2 − n
228.5904 −
10
s2 = = = 1.6624 s = 1.6624 = 1.29 seconds
n −1 10 − 1
3.111 a. x = (∑x)/n = 19,736/10 = 1973.6 points

Median = value of the 5.5th term in ranked data = (1857 + 1978)/2 = 1917.5 points
This data set has no mode as no value occurs more than once.
b. Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 2323 – 1779 = 544 points
(∑ x) 2 (19,736) 2
∑ x2 − 39,329,734 −
s2 = n = 10 = 42,084.9333
n −1 10 − 1
s = 42,084.9333 = 205.15 points
3.112 a. x = (∑x)/n = 88/12 = 7.33 citations

Median = value of the 6.5th term in ranked data = (7 + 8)/2 = 7.5 citations
Mode = 4, 7, and 8 citations
b. Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 14 – 0 = 14 citations
(∑ x) 2 (88) 2
∑ x2 − 834 −
s2 = n = 12 = 17.1515 s = 17.1515 = 4.14 citations
n −1 12 − 1
c. The values of the summary measures in parts a and b are sample statistics because the data are
based on a sample of 12 drivers.
3.113
Rainfall Number of Cities m mf m2f
0 to less than 2 6 1 6 6
2 to less than 4 10 3 30 90
4 to less than 6 20 5 100 500
6 to less than 8 7 7 49 343
8 to less than 10 4 9 36 324
10 to less than 12 3 11 33 363
N = ∑f = 50 ∑mf = 254 ∑m2f = 1626
x = (∑mf)/n = 254/50 = 5.08 inches

2
2 (∑ mf ) (254) 2
∑m f − 1626 −
s2 = n = 50 = 6.8506 s = 6.8506 = 2.62 inches
n −1 50 − 1
The values of these summary measures are sample statistics since they are based on a sample of 50
cities.
3.114
Time Number of Students m mf m2f
0 to less than 4 1 2 2 4
4 to less than 8 7 6 42 252
8 to less than 12 15 10 150 1500
12 to less than 16 18 14 252 3528
16 to less than 20 6 18 108 1944
20 to less than 24 3 22 66 1452
N = ∑f = 50 ∑mf = 620 ∑m2f = 8680
x = (∑mf)/n = 620/50 = 12.4 minutes

2
2 (∑ mf ) (620) 2
∑m f − 8680 −
s2 = n = 50 = 20.2449 s = 20.2449 = 4.50 minutes
n −1 50 − 1
The values of these summary measures are sample statistics since they are based on a sample of 50
students.
3.115 a i. Each of the two values is 40 minutes from µ = 200. Hence,
k = 40/20 = 2 and 1– 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%.

k2 ( 2) 2
Thus, at least 75% of the students will learn the basics in 160 to 240 minutes.
ii. Each of the two values is 60 minutes from µ = 200. Hence,
1
k = 60/20 = 3 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .11 = .89 or 89%.
k 2 (3) 2
Thus, at least 89% of the students will learn the basics in 140 to 260 minutes.
1
b. 1 – 1 = .75 gives 1 = 1 – .75 = .25 or k2 = , so k = 2
k 2
k 2 .25
64 Chapter Three
μ − 2σ = 200 – 2(20) = 160 minutes and μ + 2σ = 200 + 2(20) = 240 minutes

Thus, the required interval is 160 to 240 minutes.
3.116 a. i. Each of the two values is 900 hours from µ = $1750 hours. Hence,
k = 900/450 = 2 and 1 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 1 – .25 = .75 or 75%.

k2 ( 2) 2
Thus, at least 75% of Americans watched between 850 and 2650 hours of television.
ii. Each of the two values is 1350 hours from µ = 1750 hours. Hence,
1
k = 1350/450 = 3 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .11 = .89 or 89%.
k 2 (3) 2
Thus, at least 89% of households watched between 400 and 3100 hours of television.
1
b. 1 – 1 = .84 gives 1 = 1 – .84 = .16 or k2 = , so k = 2.5.
k 2
k 2 .16
μ − 2.5σ = 1750 – 2.5(450) = 625 hours and μ + 2.5σ = 1750 + 2.5(450) = 2875 hours
Thus, the required interval is 625 to 2875 hours.
3.117 µ = 200 minutes and σ = 20 minutes

a. i. The interval 180 to 220 minutes is μ − σ to μ + σ . Thus, approximately 68% of the students
will learn the basics in 180 to 220 minutes.
ii. The interval 160 to 240 minutes is μ − 2σ to μ + 2σ . Hence, approximately 95% of the
students will learn the basics in 160 to 240 minutes.
b. μ − 3σ = 200 – 3(20) = 140 minutes and μ + 3σ = 200 + 3(20) = 260 minutes. The interval that
contains the learning time of 99.7% of the students is 140 to 260 minutes.
3.118 µ = $134,000 and σ = $12,000

a. i. The interval $98,000 to $170,000 is μ − 3σ to μ + 3σ . Thus, approximately 99.7% of all such
employees have salaries between $98,000 and $170,000.
ii. The interval $110,000 to $158,000 is μ − 2σ to μ + 2σ . Thus, approximately 95% of all such
employees have salaries between $110,000 and $158,000.
b. μ − σ = 134,000 – 12,000 = $122,000 and μ + σ = 134,000 + 12,000 = $146,000. The interval
that contains the salaries of 68% of all such CPAs is $122,000 to $146,000.

a. The three quartiles are Q1 = 60, Q2 = (74 + 78)/2 = 76, and Q3 = 97
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 97 – 60 = 37
The value 60 lies at Q1, which indicates that it is on the line that separates the bottom 25% group in
the (ranked) data set from the second 25% group.
b. kn/100 = 70(10)/100 = 7
Thus, the 70th percentile occurs at the seventh term in the ranked data, which is 84. Therefore,
P70 = 84. This means that about 70% of the values in the data set are smaller than or equal to 84.
c. Seven values in the given data are smaller than 97. Hence, the percentile rank of
97 = (7/10) × 100 = 70%. This means approximately 70% of the values in the data set are less than
97.
a. The three quartiles are Q1 = 1791, Q2 = (1857 + 1978)/ 2 = 1917.5, and Q3 = 2164
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 2164 – 1791 = 373
The value 1978 is between Q2 and Q3, which indicates it is in the third 25% group from the bottom
in this (ranked) data set.
b. kn/100 = 70(10) / 100 = 7. Thus, the 70th percentile occurs at the seventh term in the ranked data,
which is 1989. Therefore, P70 = 1989. Thus, approximately 70% of these players scored less than
or equal to 1989 total points during the 2007-08 regular season.
c. One value in the given data is less than 1788. Hence, the percentile rank of
1788 = (1/10) × 100 = 10%. Thus, 10% of the players scored fewer than 1788 total points during
the 2007-08 regular season.

Median = 83, Q1 = 73, and Q3 = 93,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 93 – 73 = 20, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 20 = 30,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 30 = 73 – 30 = 43,
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 30 = 93 + 30 = 123
The smallest and largest values within the two inner fences are 62 and 112, respectively. The value 135
is an outlier.
60 80 100 120 140

3.122 The ranked data are: 4 8 9 16 18 21 23 24 30 32 33 38 42 43 44 55 65 81
Median = (30 + 32)/2 = 31, Q1 = 18, and Q3 = 43,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 43 – 18 = 25, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 25 = 37.5,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 12 = 18 – 37.5 = –19.5
Upper inner fence = Q3 + 12 = 43 + 37.5 = 80.5
66 Chapter Three
The smallest and largest values in the data set within the two inner fences are 4 and 65, respectively.
The value 81 is an outlier.
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
75 + 69 + 87 + y
3.123 Let y = Melissa’s score on the final exam. Then, her grade is . To get a B, she needs
5
this to be at least 80. So we solve,
75 + 69 + 87 + y
80 =
5
5(80) = 75 + 69 + 87 + y
400 = 231 + y
y = 169
Thus, the minimum score that Melissa needs on the final exam in order to get a B grade is 169 out of
200 points.
3.124 a. Let y = amount that Jeffery suggests. Then, to insure the outcome Jeffery wants, we need
y + 12,000(5)
= 20,000
6
y + 12,000(5) = 6(20,000)
y + 60,000 = 120,000
y = 60,000
So, Jeffery would have to suggest $60,000 be awarded to the plaintiff.
b. To prevent a juror like Jeffery from having an undue influence on the amount of damage to be
awarded to the plaintiff, the jury could revise its procedure by throwing out any amounts that are
outliers and then recalculate the mean, or by using the median, or by using a trimmed mean.
3.125 a. Since x = (∑x)/n, we have 76 = (∑x)/5, so ∑ x = 5(76) = 380 inches. If we replace the tallest
player by a substitute who is two inches taller, the sum of the new heights is 380 + 2 = 382 inches.
Thus, the new mean is x = 382/5 = 76.4 inches. Since Range = Largest value – Smallest value, and
the largest value has increased by two while the smallest value is unchanged, the range has
increased by two. Thus, the new range is 11 + 2 = 13 inches. The median is the height of the third
player (if their heights are ranked) and this does not change. So, the median remains 78 inches.
b. If we replace the tallest player by a substitute who is four inches shorter, then by reasoning similar
to that in part a, we have a new mean of x = 376/5 = 75.2 inches. You cannot determine the new
median or range with only the information given. We do not know how the new player’s height
compares to the rest of the players on the team; we have no knowledge of whether the substitute is
now the tallest player or not.
3.126 a. To calculate how much time the trip requires, divide miles driven by miles per hour for each 100
mile segment. Then, time = 100/52 + 100/65 + 100/58 = 1.92 + 1.54 + 1.72 = 5.18 hours.
b. Linda’s average speed for the 300 mile trip is not equal to (52 + 65 + 58)/3 = 58.33 mph. This
would assume that she spent an equal amount of time on each 100 mile segment, which is not true,
because her average speed is different on each segment. Linda’s average speed for the entire 300
mile trip is given by (miles driven)/(elapsed time) = 300/5.18 = 57.92 mph.
3.127 The mean price per barrel of oil purchased in that week is
Mean = [(1000)(51) + (200)(64) + (100)(70)]/1300 = 70,800/1300 = $54.46 per barrel
3.128 The method of calculating the mean is wrong in this case because it does not take into account the fact
that the homeowner bought different amounts of heating oil in the four deliveries. The correct method
of calculating the mean is
µ = (∑mf)/n = [(2.22)(209) + (2.34)(182) + (2.41)(157) + (2.43)(149)]/(209 + 182 + 157 + 149)
= $2.34 per gallon.
3.129 a. Mean = (9.4 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.6)/5 = 9.5

b. The percentage of trimmed mean is (2/7 × 100)/2 ≈ 28.6/2 = 14.3 % since we dropped two of the
seven values.
c. Suppose gymnast B has the following scores: 9.4, 9.4, 9.5, 9.5, 9.5, 9.5, and 9.9. Then, the mean
for the gymnast B is µ = (9.4 + 9.4 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.9)/7 = 9.5286, and the mean for
gymnast A is µ = (9.4 + 9.7 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.4 + 9.6 + 9.5)/7 = 9.5143. So, Gymnast B would win if
all seven scores were counted. The trimmed mean of B is (9.4 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 + 9.5 )/5
= 9.4800. This is less than the trimmed mean for A (9.500), so gymnast A would win using the
trimmed mean.
3.130 a. Total amount spent per month by the 2000 shoppers = (14)(8)(1100) + (18)(11)(900) = $301,400
b. Total number of trips per month by the 2000 shoppers = (8)(1100) + (11)(900) = 18,700
Mean number of trips per month per shopper = 18,700/2000 = 9.35 trips
c. Mean amount spent per person per month by shoppers aged 12-17 = 301,400/2000 = $150.70
3.131 a. For people age 30 and under, we have the following death rates from heart attack:
68 Chapter Three
number of deaths 1
Country A: × 1000 = × 1000 = 25
population 40
number of deaths .5
Country B: × 1000 = × 1000 = 20
population 25
So the death rate for people 30 and under is lower in Country B.

b. For people age 31 and older, the death rates from heart attack are as follows:
number of deaths 2
Country A: × 1000 = × 1000 = 100
population 20
number of deaths 3
Country B: × 1000 = × 1000 = 85.7
population 35
Thus, the death rate for Country A is greater than that for Country B for people age 31 and older.
c. The overall death rates are as follows:
number of deaths 3
Country A: × 1000 = × 1000 = 50
population 60
number of deaths 3.5
Country B: × 1000 = × 1000 = 58.3
population 60
Thus, overall the death rate for country A is lower than the death rate for Country B.
d. In both countries people age 30 and under have a lower percentage of death due to heart attack
than people age 31 and over. Country A has 2/3 of its population age 30 and under while more
than 1/2 of the people in Country B are age 31 and over. Thus, more people in Country B than in
County A fall into the higher risk group which drives up Country B’s overall death rate from heart
attacks.
3.132 Total distance for the first 100 students = (100)(8.73) = 873 miles
Total distance for all 103 students = 873 + 11.5 + 7.6 + 10.0 = 902.1 miles
Mean distance for all 103 students = 902.1/103 = 8.76 miles
3.133 µ = 70 minutes and σ = 10

a. Using Chebyshev’s theorem, we need to find k so that
1
1 – 1 = .50 gives 1 = 1 – .50 = .50 or k2 = = 2, so k = 2 ≈ 1.4.
k 2
k 2 .50
Thus, at least 50% of the scores are within 1.4 standard deviations of the mean.
b. Using Chebyshev’s theorem, we first find k so that at least 1 –.20 = .80 of the scores are within k
standard deviations of the mean.
1
1 – 1 = .80 gives 1 = 1 – .80 = .20 or k2 = = 5, so k = 5 ≈ 2.2.
k 2
k 2 .20
Thus, at least 80% of the scores are within 2.2 standard deviations of the mean, but this means that
at most 10% of the scores are greater than 2.2 standard deviations above the mean.
3.134 a. Since we are dealing with a bell-shaped distribution and we know that 16% of all students scored
above 85, which is µ + 15, we must also have that 16% of all students scored below µ – 15 = 55.
Therefore, the remaining 68% of students scored between 55 and 85. By the empirical rule, we
know that approximately 68% of the scores fall in the interval μ − σ to μ + σ , so we have
μ − σ = 70 − σ = 55 and μ + σ = 70 + σ = 85. Thus, σ = 15.
b. We know that 95% of the scores are between 60 and 80 and that µ = 70. By the empirical rule, 95%
of the scores fall in the interval μ − 2σ to μ + 2σ . Then
60 = μ − 2σ = 70 − 2σ and 80 = μ + 2σ = 70 + 2σ . Therefore, 10 = 2σ and σ = 5.
3.135 a. x = $13,872 Q1 = $50 s2 = 4,110,408,767

Median = $500 Q3 = $1400 s = $64,112.47
Mode = $0 IQR = $1350 Lowest = $0
Range = $321,500 Highest = $321,500
Below is the histogram for the given data.
The vacation expenditures are strongly skewed to the right. Most of the expenditures are relatively
small ($3400 or less) but there are two extreme outliers ($8200 and $321,500).
b. Neither the mode ($0) nor the mean ($13,872) are typical of these expenditures. Thus, the median
($500) is the best indicator of the average family’s vacation expenditures.
3.136 a. Mean = $600.35, Median = $90, and Mode = $0

b. The mean is the largest.
c. Q1 = $0, Q3 = $272.50, IQR = $272.50, 1.5 × IQR = $408.75
Lower Inner fence is Q1 – 408.75 = 0 – 408.75 = –408.75
Upper Inner Fence is Q3 + 408.75 = 272.50 +408.75 = 681.25
The largest and smallest values within the two inner fences are 0 and 501, respectively. There are
three outliers at 1127, 3709 and 14,589.
70 Chapter Three
Below is the box–and–whisker plot for the given data.
-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
The data are strongly skewed to the right.

b. Because the data are skewed to the right, the insurance company should use the mean when
considering the center of the data as it is more affected by the extreme values. The insurance
company would want to use a measure that takes into consideration the possibility of extremely
large losses.
3.137 a.
Men
Women
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
The box–and–whisker plots show that the men’s scores tend to be lower and more varied than the
women’s scores. The men’s scores are skewed to the right, while the women’s are more nearly
symmetric.
b. Men Women
x = 82 x = 97.53
Median = 79 Median = 98
Modes = 75, 79, and 92 Modes = 94 and 100
Range = 45 Range = 36
s2 = 145.8750 s2 = 71.2667
s = 12.08 s = 8.44
Q1 = 73.5 Q1 = 94
Q3 = 89.5 Q3 = 101
IQR = 16 IQR = 7
These numerical measures confirm the observations based on the box–and–whisker plots.
3.138 a. Since x = (∑x)/n, we have n = (∑x)/ x = 12,372/51.55 = 240 pieces of luggage.

b. Since x = (∑x)/n, we have (∑x) = n x = (7)(81) = 567 points. Let x = seventh student’s score.
Then, x + 81 + 75 + 93 + 88 + 82 + 85 = 567. Hence, x + 504 = 567, so x = 567 – 504 = 63.
3.139 a. The total enrollment in the 25 freshman engineering classes is (24)(25) + 150 = 750. Then, the
mean size of these 25 classes is 750/25 = 30.
b. Each student attends five classes with total enrollment of 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 150 = 250. Then, the
mean size of the class is 250/5 = 50.
The means in parts a and b are not equal because:
1) From the college’s point of view, the large class of 150 is just one of 25 classes, so its influence
on the mean is strongly offset by the 24 small classes. This leads to a relatively small mean of
30 students per class.
2) From the point of view of each student, the larger class is one of just five, so it has a stronger
influence on the mean. This results in a larger mean of 50.
3.140 For all students:

n = 44, ∑x = 6597, ∑x2 = 1,030,639, and Median = 147.50 pounds
x = (∑x)/n = 6597/44 = 149.93 pounds
(∑ x) 2 (6597 ) 2
∑ x2 − 1,030,639 −
s= n = 44 = 31.0808 pounds
n −1 44 − 1
For men only:
n = 22, ∑x = 3848, ∑x2 = 680,724 and Median = 179 pounds
x = (∑x)/n = 3848/22 = 174.91 pounds
(∑ x) 2 (3848) 2
∑ x2 − 680,724 −
s= n = 22 = 19.1160 pounds
n −1 22 − 1
For women:
n = 22, ∑x = 2749, ∑x2 = 349,915 and Median = 123 pounds
x = (∑x)/n = 2749/22 = 124.95 pounds
72 Chapter Three
(∑ x) 2 (2749) 2
∑ x2 − 349,915 −
s= n = 22 = 17.4778 pounds
n −1 22 − 1
In this case, the median may be more informative than the mean, since it is less influenced by
extremely high or low weights. As one might expect, the mean and median weights for men are higher
than those of women. For the entire group, the mean and median weights are about midway between
the corresponding values for men and women. The standard deviations are roughly the same for men
and women. The standard deviation for the whole group is much larger than for men or women only,
due to the fact that it includes the lower weights of women and the heavier weights of men.
3.141 µ = 6 inches and σ = 2 inches

a. Each of the two values is 3 inches from µ = 6 inches. Hence,
1
k = 3/2 = 1.5 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .444 = .556 or 55.6%.
k 2 (1.5) 2
Thus, at least 55.6% of the fish are between 3 and 9 inches in length.
1
b. 1 – 1 = .84 gives 1 = 1 – .84 = .16 or k2 = , so k = 2.5
k 2
k 2 . 16
μ − 2.5σ = 6 – 2.5(2) = 1 inch and μ + 2.5σ = 6 + 2.5(2) = 11 inches

Thus, the required interval is 1 to 11 inches.
c. 100 – 36 = 64% of the fish have lengths inside the required interval. Then
1
1 – 1 = .64 gives 1 = 1 – .64 = .36 or k2 = , so k = 1.67
k 2
k 2 .36
μ − 1.67σ = 6 – 1.67(2) = 2.66 inches and μ + 1.67σ = 6 + 1.67(2) = 9.34 inches
Thus, the required interval is 2.66 to 9.34 inches.
3.142 The given data are: 3 6 9 12 18 15 11 10 15 25 21 26 38 41 62

Ranked data are: 3 6 9 10 11 12 15 15 18 21 25 26 38 41 62
a. x = 20.80 thousand miles, Median = 15 thousand miles, and Mode = 15 thousand miles
b. Range = 59 thousand miles, s2 = 249.03, s = 15.78 thousand miles
c. Q1 = 10 thousand miles and Q3 = 26 thousand miles
d. IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 26 – 10 = 16 thousand miles
Since the interquartile range is based on the middle 50% of the observations it is not affected by
outliers. The standard deviation, however, is strongly affected by outliers. Thus, the interquartile
range is preferable in applications in which a measure of variation is required that is unaffected by
extreme values.
3.143 a. The mean, median, and standard deviations of the weights of males and females in grams are:
Men Women
x = 76,188.65 x = 54,428.95
Median = 77,970.61 Median = 53,577.57
s = 8326.7209 s = 7613.1618
The mean, median, and standard deviations of the weights of males and females in stones are:
Men Women
x = 12.49 x = 8.93
Median = 12.79 Median = 8.79
s = 1.3654 s = 1.2484
b. Converting the answers from Problem 3.140 to grams yields:
Men Women
x = 76,189.05 x = 54,426.97
Median = 77,970.61 Median = 53,577.57
s = 8326.7384 s = 7613.1549
Converting the answers from Problem 3.140 to stones yields:
Men Women
x = 12.49 x = 8.93
Median = 12.79 Median = 8.79
s = 1.3686 s = 1.2484
The answers are the same as those from part a with the exception of rounding error.
c. When converting from a larger unit to a smaller unit, the summary measures get larger by the
conversion factor. When converting from a smaller unit to a larger unit, the summary measures get
smaller by the conversion factor.
d. The distribution in units of pounds has more variability than that of stones. This is so because we
converted from a smaller unit to a larger unit; hence, the standard deviation was reduced by the
amount of the conversion factor (s for stones = s for pounds/14).
- - 2, 5, 8, 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 Pounds
4, 1, 0 0 0 1, 4, 7, 0, 3, 6, 9, 2, 5, 8, 1, 4, 7, 0, 3, 6, 9, 2, 5, 8, 1, 4, 7, 0, 3, 6, 9,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e.
- - 2, 5, 8, 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
Grams
4, 1, 0 0 0 1, 4, 7, 0, 3, 6, 9, 2, 5, 8, 1, 4, 7, 0, 3, 6, 9, 2, 5, 8, 1, 4, 7, 0, 3, 6, 9,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
74 Chapter Three
The distribution in units of grams has more variability than that of pounds. This is so because we
converted from a larger unit to a smaller unit; hence, the standard deviation was increased by the
amount of the conversion factor (s for grams = s for pounds × 435.59). Because of the large
difference in units, retaining the same scale for the stacked plots displays all of the data values for
pounds in one location with no variability visible.
3.144 x = 49.012 hours and s = 5.080 hours

1
a. For 75%: 1 – 1 = .75 gives 1 = 1 – .75 = .25 or k2 = , so k = 2
k 2
k 2 .25
x − 2s = 49.012 – 2(5.080) = 38.85 and x + 2 s = 49.012 + 2(5.080) = 59.17

Thus, the required interval is 38.85 to 59.17 hours.
1
For 88.89%: 1 – 1 = .8889 gives 1 = 1 – .8889 = .1111 or k2 = , so k . 3
k 2
k 2 . 1111
x − 3s = 49.012 – 3(5.080) = 33.77 and x + 3s = 49.012 + 3(5.080) = 64.25

1
For 93.75%: 1 – 1 = .9375 gives 1 = 1 – .9375 = .0625 or k2 = , so k = 4
k 2
k 2 .0625
x − 4s = 49.012 – 4(5.080) = 28.69 and x + 4 s = 49.012 + 4(5.080) = 69.33

b. 100% of the data falls into each of the intervals calculated in part a.
x − s = 49.012 – (5.080) = 43.93 and x + s = 49.012 + (5.080) = 54.09
56% of the observations fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
c. The endpoints provided by Chebyshev's Theorem are not useful since each of these intervals
contain all of the data points.
d. With the change in the sample mean and standard deviations, the required intervals are 35.41 to
63.81 hours for 75%, 28.31 to 70.91 hours for 88.89%, and 21.21 to 78.01 hours for 93.75%. Each
of these intervals contains 98% of the data which is a small change from 100%. The only value not
included in these intervals is the outlier at 84.4 hours. Now, 80% of the observations fall within
one standard deviation of the mean (between 42.51 and 56.71). This is a relatively large increase
from the 56% found in part b.
e. Using the upper endpoint of 58.7, we have 58.7 = 49.012 + k(5.08). Then k = 1.907. We would
have to go 1.907 standard deviations about the mean to capture all 50 data values. By Chebyshev's
Theorem, the lower bound for the percentage of data that would fall in this interval is
1
1– 1 =1– = 1 – .2750 = .7250, or 72.50%.
k 2 (1.907) 2
3.145 This golfer's score was not an outlier; therefore, her score must be less than the value of the upper inner
fence. From Exercise 3.137, Q3 = 101 and IQR = 7. Then, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 7 = 10.5 and Q3 + 10.5 =
111.5. Since this golfer had the uniquely highest score, and the next highest score was 107, she shot
between 108 and 111.
3.146 ∑x/10 = –645.5/10 = –64.55. This number represents the average returns for the stocks of these 10
companies for October 2008.
Self–Review Test
1. b 2. a and d 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. b 7. a
8. a 9. b 10. a 11.b 12. c 13. a 14. a
15. n = 10, ∑x = 109, and ∑x2 = 1775

x = (∑x)/ n = 109/10 = 10.9 times
Median = value of the 5.5th term in ranked data = (7 + 9)/2 = 8 times
Mode = 6 times
Range = Largest value – Smallest value = 28 – 2 =26 times
(∑ x) 2 (109) 2
∑ x2 − 1775 −
s2 = n = 10 = 65.2111 s = 65.2111 = 8.08 times
n −1 10 − 1
16. Suppose the exam scores for seven students are 73, 82, 95, 79, 22, 86, and 91 points. Then,
Mean = (73 + 82 + 95 + 79 + 22 + 86 + 91)/7 = 75.43 points. If we drop the outlier (22),
Mean = (73 + 82 + 95 + 79 + 86 + 91)/6 = 84.33 points. This shows how an outlier can affect the
value of the mean.
17. Suppose the exam scores for seven students are 73, 82, 95, 79, 22, 86, and 91 points. Then,
If we drop the outlier (22) and calculate the range,
Thus, when we drop the outlier, the range decreases from 73 to 22 points.
18. The value of the standard deviation is zero when all the values in a data set are the same. For example,
suppose the heights (in inches) of five women are: 67 67 67 67 67
This data set has no variation. As shown below the value of the standard deviation is zero for this
data set. For these data: n = 5, ∑x = 335, and ∑x2 = 22,445.
(∑ x) 2 (335) 2
∑ x2 − 22,445 −
n 5 22,445 − 22,445
s= = = =0
n −1 5 −1 4
76 Chapter Three
19. a. The frequency column gives the number of weeks for which the number of computers sold was in
the corresponding class.
b. For the given data: n = 25, ∑mf = 486.50, and ∑m2f = 10,524.25
x = (∑mf)/n = 486.50/25 = 19.46 computers
(∑ mf ) 2 (486.50) 2
∑ m2 f − 10,524.25 −
s2 = n = 25 = 44.0400 , s = 44.0400 = 6.64 computers
n −1 25 − 1
20. a. i. Each of the two values is 5.5 years from µ = 7.3 years. Hence,
1
k = 5.5/2.2 = 2.5 and 1 – 1 = 1 – = 1 – .16 = .84 or 84%
k 2 (2.5) 2
Thus, at least 84% of the cars are 1.8 to 12.8 years old.
ii. Each of the two values is 6.6 years from µ = 7.3 years. Hence
1
k = 6.6/2.2 = 3 and 1 – 1 = 1 – 2 = 1 – .11 = .89 or 89%
k 2 (3)
Thus, at least 89% of the cars are .7 to 13.9 years old.

1
b. 1 – 1 = .75 gives 1 = 1 – .75 = .25 or k2 = , so k = 2
k2 k2 2.5
μ − 2σ = 7.3 – 2(2.2) = 2.9 hours and μ + 2σ = 7.3 + 2(2.2) = 11.7 hours

Thus, the required interval is 2.9 to 11.7 years.
21. µ = 7.3 years and σ = 2.2 years

a. i. The intervals 5.1 to 9.5 years is μ − σ to μ + σ . Hence, approximately 68% of the cars are 5.1
to 9.5 years old.
ii. The interval .7 to 13.9 years is μ − 3σ to μ + 3σ . Hence, approximately 99.7% of the cars are
.7 to 13.9 years.
b. μ − 2σ = 7.3 – 2(2.2) = 2.9 hours and μ + 2σ = 7.3 + 2(2.2) = 11.7 hours. The interval that
contains ages of 95% of the cars will be 2.9 to 11.7 years old.
22. The ranked data are: 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 20

a. The three quartiles are Q1 = 3, Q2 = 8, and Q3 = 13.
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 13 – 3 = 10.
The value 4 lies between Q1 and Q2, which indicates that this value is in the second from the
bottom 25% group in the ranked data.
b. kn/100 = 60(15)/100 = 9. Thus, the 60th percentile may be represented by the value of the ninth
term in the ranked data, which is 10. Therefore, P60 = 10. Thus, approximately 60% of the half
hour time periods had fewer than or equal to 10 passengers set off the metal detectors during this
day.
c. Ten values in the given data are less than 12. Hence, the percentile rank of
12 is (10/15) × 100 = 66.67%. Thus, 66.67% of the half hour time periods had fewer than 12
passengers set off the metal detectors during this day.
23. The ranked data are: 0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 20

Median = 8, Q1 = 3, and Q3 = 13,
IQR = Q3 – Q1 = 13 – 3 = 10, 1.5 × IQR = 1.5 × 10 =15,
Lower inner fence = Q1 – 15 = 3 – 15 = –12,
Upper inter fence = Q3 + 15 = 13 + 15 = 28
The smallest and largest values in the data set within the two inner fences are 0 and 20, respectively.
The data does not contain any outliers.
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
24. From the given information: n1 = 15, n2 = 20, x1 = $1035, x 2 = $1090
n1 x1 + n1 x 2 (15)(1035) + (20)(1090) 37,325

x= = = = $1066.43
n1 + n 2 15 + 20 35
25. Sum of the GPAs of five students = (5)(3.21) = 16.05

Sum of the GPAs of four students = 3.85 + 2.67 + 3.45 + 2.91 = 12.88
GPA of the fifth student = 16.05 – 12.88 = 3.17
26. The ranked data are: 207 238 287 293 349 366 463 479 538 2534
Thus, to find the 10% trimmed mean, we drop the smallest value and the largest value (10% of 10 is 1)
and find the mean of the remaining 8 values. For these 8 values,
∑x = 238 + 287 + 293 + 349 + 366 + 463 + 479 + 538 = 3013
10% trimmed mean = (∑x)/8 = 3013/8 = $376.63 thousand = $376,630. The 10% trimmed mean is a
better summary measure for these data than the mean of all 10 values because it eliminates the effect of
the outlier, 2534.
27. a. For Data Set I: x = (∑x)/n = 79/4 = 19.75

For Data Set II: x = (∑x)/n = 67/4 = 16.75
The mean of Data Set II is smaller than the mean of Data Set I by 3.
78 Chapter Three
b. For Data Set I: ∑x = 79, ∑x2 = 1945, and n = 4
(∑ x) 2 (79) 2
∑ x2 − 1945 −
s= n = 4 = 11.32
n −1 4 −1
c. For Data Set II: ∑x = 67, ∑x2 = 1507, and n = 4
(∑ x) 2 (67) 2
∑ x2 − 1507 −
s= n = 4 = 11.32
n −1 4 −1
The standard deviations of the two data sets are equal.

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter Three

3.9 ∑x = 5 + (–7) +2 + 0 + (–9) + 16 +10 + 7 = 24

3.11 x = (∑x)/n = 34,015/9 = $3779.44

3.12 x = (∑x)/n = 16,269/9 = $1807.67

3.13 a. μ = (∑x)/N = 13,649/50 = $272.98 billion

3.14 x = (∑x)/n = 4407.2/6 = $734.53 million

3.15 x = (∑x)/n = 970.3/20 = 48.52 million pounds

3.16 x = (∑x)/n = 81/12 = 6.75 cars

3.17 x = (∑x)/n = 3178/6 = $529.67 million

3.18 μ = (∑x)/N = 610/15 = 40.67 major penalties

3.19 x = (∑x)/n = 35/12 = 2.92 outages

3.20 x = (∑x)/n = 91/15 = 6.07 items

3.21 x = (∑x)/n = 294/10 = 29.4 computer monitors

3.22 x = (∑x)/n = 107/12 = 8.92 students

3.23 a. x = (∑x)/n = 21,636/12 = 1803 tornadoes

3.24 a. x = (∑x)/n = 25/10 = 2.5 women

3.25 n1= 10, n2 = 8, x1 = $140, x2 = $160

n1 x1 + n 2 x 2 (10)(140) + (8)(160) 2680

3.26 n1 = 18, n2 = 20, x1 = $144, x = $150

(n1 + n 2 ) x − n1 x1 (18 + 20)(150) − (18)(144)

3.27 Total money spent by 10 persons = ∑ x = n x = 10(105.50) = $1055

3.28 Total 2009 incomes of five families = ∑x = n x = 5(99,520) = $497,600

3.33 The ranked data are: 19 23 26 31 38 39 47 49 53 67

3.35 From the given information: x1 = 73, x2 = 67, x3 = 85, w1 = w2 = 1, w3 = 2

3.43 a. x = (∑ x)/n = 72/8 = 9 shoplifters caught

Shoplifters caught Deviations from the Mean

Yes, the sum of the deviations from the mean is zero.

3.44 a. x = (∑x)/n = 840/7 = $120

Prices Deviations from the Mean

Yes, the sum of the deviations from the mean is zero.

b. ∑x = 840, ∑x2 = 111,072, and n = 7

3.45 ∑x = 81, ∑x2 =699, and n = 12

3.46 ∑x = 21,636, ∑x2 = 56,052,418, and n = 12

s = 1,549,337.2727 = 1244.72 tornadoes

3.47 ∑x = 291, ∑x2 = 9171, and n = 10

3.48 ∑x = 55, ∑x2 = 397, and n = 9

3.49 ∑x = 27, ∑x2 = 111, and n = 13

3.50 ∑x = 180, ∑x2 = 3666, and n = 10

3.51 ∑x = 80, ∑x2 = 1552, and n = 8

3.52 ∑x = 64, ∑x2 = 580, and n = 10

3.53 ∑x = 450, ∑x2 = 21,616, and n = 10

3.54 ∑x = 9127, ∑x2 = 11,861,223, and n = 8

3.55 ∑x = 176, ∑x2 = 3872, and n = 8

3.56 ∑x = 114, ∑x2 = 2166, and n = 6

3.59 For Data Set I: ∑x = 123, ∑x2 = 3883, and n = 5

3.60 For Data Set I: ∑x = 47, ∑x2 = 507, and N = 5

μ = (∑mf)/N = 354/40 = 8.85

x = (∑mf)/n = 5420/50 = $108.40

μ = (∑mf)/N = 840/60 = 14 hours

μ = (∑mf)/N = 780/100 = 7.80 pounds

x = (∑mf)/n = 5900/300 = 19.67 or 19,670 miles

x = (∑mf)/n = 5000/50 = $100

x = (∑mf)/n = 1840/50 = 36.80 minutes

μ = (∑mf)/N = 70/45 = 1.56 errors

3.71 a. x = ∑x/n = 1946.66/14= $139.05 per barrel

c. x = (∑mf)/n = 1945/14 = $138.93 per barrel

observations fall in the interval x ± 2s .

of the observations fall in the interval x ± 2.5s .

observations fall in the interval x ± 3s .