LECTURE NOTE: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS [EMA 382]: VECTOR ANALYSIS

Outline
a) Why study vectors?
b) Introduction to the basics of vector studies
c) Differentiation and integration of vectors
d) Triple products of vectors
e) Scalar and vector fields
f) Line, volume and surface integrals of vectors
g) Conservation vectors fields
h) Renowned vector theories and laws
i) Gauss' theorem
ii) Stokes' theorem
iii) Green's theorem
1.0 Introduction

Physical quantities can be divided into two main groups, scalar quantities and vector
quantities.
(a) A scalar quantity is one that is defined completely by a single number with appropriate
units, e.g. length, area, volume, mass, time, etc. Once the units are stated, the quantity is
denoted entirely by its size or magnitude.
(b) A vector quantity is defined completely when we know not only its magnitude (with units)
but also the direction in which it operates, e.g. force, velocity, acceleration. A vector quantity
necessarily involves direction as well as magnitude.
Examples:
(a) A speed of 10 km/h is a scalar quantity, but
(b) A velocity of ’10 km/h due north’ is a ............ quantity.
(c) A force F acting at a point P is a vector quantity, since it can only be defined by its
magnitude, and direction.
1.1) Vector representation
A vector quantity can be represented graphically by a line, drawn so that:
(a) the length of the line denotes the magnitude of the quantity, according to some stated
vector scale
(b) the direction of the line denotes the direction in which the vector quantity acts.
The sense of the direction is indicated by an arrowhead. e.g. A horizontal force of 35 N acting
to the right, would be indicated by a line and if the chosen vector scale were 1cm ≡ 10N, the
line would be 3.5 cm long.
̅̅̅̅ or a while the magnitude of the vector quantity is
The vector quantity AB is referred to as 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅̅̅, or jaj, or simply AB or a.
written|𝐴𝐵|

Note that ̅̅̅̅

𝐵𝐴 would represent a vector quantity of the same magnitude but with opposite sense.

Two equal vectors

If two vectors, a and b, are said to be equal, they have the same magnitude and the same
direction.

If a = b, then

(a) a = b (magnitudes equal)

(b) the direction of a = direction of b, i.e. the two vectors are parallel and in the same sense.

Similarly, if two vectors a and b are such that b = -a, what can we say about:

(a) Their magnitudes = Magnitudes are equal

(b) Their directions = The vectors are parallel but opposite in sense

Types of vector

(a) A position vector represents the position of a point in space relative to a predefined set of
coordinates.

(b) A free vector is not restricted in any way. It is completely defined by its magnitude and
direction and can be drawn as any one of a set of equal-length parallel lines.

Vectors studies is physically employed where there is a force field such as pollution studies,
disease spread, electrical signal transmission, climate change, surveying, toxin gas emission,
oil spill spread, wind effect on structural stability of infrastructure weather forecasting,
turbulence in fluid flow and any other concept that can be transformed to a force field.

Tasks: search for 5 concepts in your field of studies that have magnitude, and direction and
can be expressed vectorially.

1.1 Direction cosine

Recall: Rule of vector products

scalar multiplication
i .i  j . j  k .k  1
i . j  j .k  k .i  0
vector multiplication
i i  j  j  k k  0
i  j  k ; j  k  i ;k  i  j
also
j  i  k ; k  j  i ; i  k   j

2.0 SCALAR PRODUCTS AND VECTOR PRODUCTS

Scalar product of vectors means the multiplicative effects when two vectors combine
considering only magnitude. For instance, given that nuclear bombs are denoted at Ugbowo
and New Benin areas, what are the combined effects of these bombs since each bomb has
the capacity to spread out from its source of a generation? Additionally, it must be stated that
these bombs on combination will lead to more chain reaction causing more catastrophic
effects.

Vector products imply the multiplicative effect of two vectors given due cognizance to the
direction of movement of the product. Therefore, vector product produces a vector (I, j, k) while
scalar product of vectors produces just the magnitude of the combined effects of the vectors.

Given two vectors A  a1i  a2 j  a3k and B  b1i  b2 j  b3k

A  B  a1  b1 i  a2  b2  j  a3  b3 k

Note that either each of the components of the vectors can be a value, as in case of direction,
or a parametric function presented as
a1  f a1  x   f a2  y   f a3  z or b1  f b1  x   f b2  y   f b3  z 
1 1 1 1 1 1

Recall that
A  a 12  a 22  a 32

If the two vectors A and B are so positioned such that there is an angle between them, as
shown below, the scalar products and the vector product of the two vectors becomes
 Scalar product : A . B  A.B cos    a1i  a 2 j  a 3k  . b1i  b2 j  b3k   cos 
i j k
Vector product : A  B  a1 a 2 a 3  a 2b3  a 3b2  i  a1b3  a 3b1  j  a1b2  a 2b1 k
b1 b2 b3
A.B
sin 
A B

Where  is the angle between the vectors under consideration?

However, cases abound where more than two vectors are considered for multiplication. For
this course, we shall be considering the case of three vectors.

2.1 Triple Vector Products

Consider that a third vector C  c1i  c2 j  c3k is to be multiplied with the aforementioned
vectors A and B, the triple scalar product of the vector is given as:

a1 a 2 a 3
A. B C   b1 b2 b3  a1 b2c 3  b3c 2   a2 b1c 3  b3c 1   a 3 b1c 2  b2c 1 
c1 c2 c3

Where it has been established that

A. B C   B . C  A   C .  A  B 
note that : B C  C  B
A. B C   B .  A C 

A system of vectors is said to be coplanar if A. B C   B . C  A   C .  A  B   0

The physical implication of coplanar vectors is that such combination of vector remain a 2-
dimensional body i.e zero is volume (in 2d plane).
The triple vector product of the mentioned three vectors above is given as

i j k
A  B  C   a1 a2 a3
b2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b2
c2 c3 c1 c3 c1 c2

Solve the following Attempts

Determine
i. A. B C 
ii. B C
iii. A  B  C 
iv. The angle between A and C; and the angle between B and C; and the angle between A and
B using either the dot product or vector product.

1.
A  5i  2 j  3k , B  3i  j  2k and C  i  3 j  4k

2.
A  2i  j  4k , B  3i  5 j  2k and C  i  2 j  3k

3.
A  i  2 j  3k , B  2i  j  2k and C  3i  2 j  k

4. Determine p if
A  2i  j  4k , B  3i  2 j  pk and C  i  4 j  2k is coplanar.
Solution
5 2 3
i  A. B C   3 1 2  12
1 3 4
i j k
ii  B C  3 1 2  2i  14 j  10k
1 3 4

i j k
iii  A  B C   5 2 3  22i  44 j  66k
1 2 3 2 3 1
3 4 1 4 1 3

2. i  75 ii  19i  7 j  11k iii  17i  54 j  5k

3. i  24 ii  5i  8 j  k iii   26i  14 j  8k
2 1 4
A. B C   3 2 p  0 coplanar vectors
1 4 2
4.
2  4   4 p    1 6    p    4  12  2   2  4  4 p    6  p   4 10 
8  8p  6  p  40  0  7 p  42 
p  6

3.0 DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION OF VECTORS

Consider a vector A(u )  a1(u )i  a2 (u ) j  a3 (u )k , differentiating the vector wrt to du is given

as:
A(u ) a1(u ) a2 (u ) a (u )
 i j 3 k
u u u u
We also chose to integrate with respect to du, that is

 A(u )du  i  a (u )du  j  a (u )du  k  a (u )du

1 2 3

Practically, differentiation helps to investigate the smallest unit of the essence of any concept.
On the other hand, integration helps to investigate the combined effect of the aggregation of
several small units. It has been established that
  A.B  B A
 A.B.
u u u
 A B  B A
 A B 
u u u
All rules of integration and differentiation apply even as in vector analysis.
Solve the following Attempts
Determine the following for each set of problems:
A  2A A  2A
w w w w 
; ; , , Aw ;  Aw

i  A  w  2  i  w 3  3  j  2w 2k at w  4

ii  A   cos 2w w  i   cos2 w  sin2 w  j  2wk at w 
2
iii  A  wi  1w  j  7wk at w  1
Using the above functions of A and the functions of B provided below, determine the following
  A.B   A B 
and
w u
i  B  2i  1w  j w 2k
ii  B   sin3w  1 i  3w 3 j w 2k
iii  B  3wi  1w 2  j  4wk

Solution
 A
i w  2i  3w 2
j  4wk

2A
ii w 2
 6wj  4k

A
iii w    4  4
2 2
 22  3  4 2

2A
iv  6  4 
2
  42
w 2
   w4 
 v   Aw   w2 2w 3
2
 2w i    3w  j  k
   4  3
2 2
 42   44  2  43
 
v A w    8     12  
 2   4  3
B
 vi w  j  2wk

  A.B  B A
 vii w
 A.
w
 B.
w
  
  w  2  i  w 3  3 j  2w 2k .  j  2wk   
   2i  (1  w)j  w k  . 2i  3w
2 2
j  4wk 
 301
i j k i j k
  A  B B A
 viii w
 A
w
B
w
  w  2  w3  3   2w 2
 2  w  1 w 2
0 1 2w 2 3w 2 4w

i j k i j k
6 45 32  2 3 16  392i  16 j  96k
0 1 8 2 48 16

3.1 Unit Tangent Vector

The unit tangent vector T is the vector that is tangential to the curve made by another vector

r . r is the smallest segment of the earlier stated vector. The unit tangent vector T for the
vector r  ax i  b y j  c z k wrt to some parameter say u is given as

r
T  u
r
u
Attempts I
1. Determine the unit tangent vector at the point (5, 6, -1) for the curve with the parametric
equation x  5u ; y  u 2  2; z  2u 3  3 . In each case, u  1
2. Find the unit tangent vector at the point (2, 0, π) for the curve with the parametric equations
x  2 sin ; y  2 cos  ; z  2
3. Determine the unit tangent vector at the point (2, 4, 3) for the curve with parametric
equations x  u 2 ; y  u  3; z  4u 2  u
Solution (1)
x  5u ; y  u 2  2; z  2u 3  3; x  5u ; y  2u u ; z  6u 2u
substitute u  1 x  5u ; y  2u u ; z  6u
r x y z
 i j k  5i  2uj  6u 2k
u u u u
r
 5i  2 j  6k  52  4 2  62  77
u
r
5i  2 j  6k
T  u 
r 77
u
4.0 SCALAR AND VECTOR FIELD
Generally, vector studies involve the study of force fields. Consider a nuclear reactor with a

static uranium electron-molecule   x , y , z  at some point in space p  x , y , z  . The scalar field

implies investigating the impact of the quantity on the nuclear reactor.

On the hand, if the uranium molecule was released from the reactor, the static electron-
molecule becomes a vector quantity as it now has the capacity to move in a specified direction.
This changes the entire scenario from a scalar field to a vector field and the vector now

represented as S  x , y , z   sx i  s y j  sz k

Add a drawing in the section.

4.1 The gradient of a Scalar Function (Grad)

This is the gradient of a scalar function   x , y , z  wrt to the three universal axes. That is

  
  grad   i j k
x y z
  
where   i j k
x y z

Attempt II:

Given thatW  3x 2 z  xy 2  x 3z 2 and t  yz 2  xz  x 2z , determine at the point (2, 1, 1), the

following (a )W (b )t (c ) W t  (d ) W t 

4.2 Directional Derivatives

Given a function α and a unit vector β. Directional derivative is established when the function
gradient of α is projected on β. That is, it is the dot product of the gradient of α and unit vector
of β. The function is initially a scalar and the grad operator changes it to a vector. Let the
directional derivative be θ', it is expressed as

' 

Attempt III
Find the directional derivative of a function α and vector β given that their parameter is as
expressed as   x 2 z  xy 2  x 3z 2 and   6i  4 j  2k at the point (1, 2, 1)
Solution
  x2 z  xy2  x3 z 2 and   6i  4 j  2k
  36  16  4  7.5
  
  i j k   2xz  y 2  3x 2 z 2  i  2xyj   x 2  2x 3 z  k
x y z
substite parameters

'
 6i  4 j  2k  .  9i  4 j  3k   64  8.533
7.5 7.5
4.3 Unit Normal Vectors
Consider a field θ(x, y, z) forming a surface over a 3d vector cordinates system. The highest
form of impact of the field is the point at which  (x , y , z )  0 . The unit normal vector N is the
unit vector of the gradient of the field θ, that is

N  


Attempt IV
Find the unit normal vector of the following field function at the designated points
28i  13 j  27k
1. 7x 2 z  2xy 2  4x 3z 2 +3xy2 z  xy  0 and p (1, 2,1) 
1682
2. 5x 2 y  3 y 2 z  xy 2 z 2  2xy2 z  x 3 y  0 and p (1, 3,0)
Solution
Using the attempt exercise in directional derivative, the unit normal of the stated function
is given as
   x 2 z  xy2  x 3 z 2  0
  
  i j k   2xz  y 2  3x 2 z 2  i  2xyj   x 2  2x 3 z  k
x y z
9i  4 j  3k
  0.85i  0.38 j  0.28k
81  16  9
4.4 Divergence of a Vector
The divergence of a vector function is the dot product of the vector elements. That is, for a
given vector function T(x, y, z), the divergence of T is expressed as
T  t x i t y j t zk
     t t t
div T   T   i  j  k  . t x i  t y j  t z k   x  y  z
 x y z  x y z
div T   T  0  Solenoidal vector
This connotes that the divergence function produces a scalar function implying the only
magnitude. The vector function for T for which the divergence is zero is a solenoidal vector
Attempts V
Determine the divergence of the following vector function
S  3x 2 zi  xy 2 j  x 3z 2k
t  yz 2i  xzj  x 2 zk
N  x 2 yi  xyzj  y 2 zk
Solution
     s s s
div S   S   i  j  k  . s x i  s y j  s z k   x  y  z
 x y z  x y z
S  3x zi  xy j  x z k
2 2 3 2

s x s y s
 6xz ;  2xy ; z  2x 3z
x y z
div S  6xz  2xyj  2x 3z
4.5 CURL of a Vector
The curl of a vector is the vector product of the grad and the vector function. Given a vector
function T(x, y, z). The curl is expressed as
T  t x i t y j t zk
i j k
       
Curl T   T   i j  k   t x i  t y j  t z k  
 x y z  x y z
tx ty tz
 t t   t z t x   t t 
Curl T   z  y i     j  y  x k
 y z   x z   x y 
Find the curl of the previously stated Attempts.
 Solution
 s s   s s   s s 
Curl S   z  y  i   z  x  j   y  x  k
 y z   x z   x y 
S  3x zi  xy j  x z k
2 2 3 2

s z s s s s s
 0; y  0; z  3x 2 z 2 ; x  3x 2 ; y  y 2 ; x  0
y z x z x y
2 2
 2

  S   0  0  i  3x z  1 j  y k  3x 1 z j  y 2k
2 2
 
5.0 LINE, SURFACE AND VOLUME INTEGRAL OF VECTOR ANALYSIS
The impact of a vector field may either proceed linearly, surface wise or three-dimensionally
as in volume. Since integration implies finding the cumulative effect of a vector field, we
commence by finding the combine vectorial effects along a line, over a surface or volume.
5.1 Line integral
Consider a function r whose effect is to be investigated along a straight line and between two
points A and B. the function may be a scalar or a vector. Generally, the line integral can be
expressed as
n AB  L
AB   dr   rdr
p 1 1

It is worth mentioning that dr is a directional vector proceeding in the imaginary three-

dimensional cordinates. That is, having the i, j, k, which should be expressed as
dr  idx  jdy  kdz .
Given that R is a scalar function i.e. R(x, y, z), the line integral about a line portion c is expressed
as
Line Intgral   Rdr   R  idx  jdy  kdz 
c c

On the other hand, if R is a vector function that is R  Rx i  R y j  Rz k , the line integral about

an arc portion c is expressed as

Line Intgral   c c
 
Rdr   R xi  R y j  R zk . idx  jdy  kdz    R x dx   R y dy   R zdz
c
c c

Attempts VI
1. Evaluate the effect of the function w = xy2 z; along a line path between the limits of 0 and

1, given that the parametric equation of x  3u, y  2u2 , and z  u

3

2. Using the parametric equations above, determine the line integral of

W  3x 2 zi  xy 2 j  x 3z 2k
3. If the w  xy  yz 2 evaluate the line along the line path between the line limits of 0 and

3, given that the parametric equation of x  t2 , y  2t and z  t  5

4. Evaluate the line integral of a vector function V  xyi  x2z2 j  yz3k given that the

parametric equation of x  sin2 u, y  3u cos u and z  e

sinu
between the limits of 0

and 2

Solution
1. Line Intgral   wdr   w.  idx  jdy  kdz 
c c

w  xy2 z;x  3u, y  2u2 , z  u3

x  3u; y  2uu; z  3u2u

  . u   6u ;
2
 w   3u  . 2u2 3 8

c c
8

L.I   wdr   6u . 3iu  2uju  3u ku   18u8i  12u9 j  18u10k du
2
  
0
1
18u9 13u10 19u11 
 i j k   2i  1.30 j  1.64k
9 10 11  0

2. W  3x 2 zi  xy 2 j  x 3z 2k
x  3u , y  2u 2 , z  u 3 ; x  3u ; y  2u u ; z  3u 2u
L.I   3  3u  u 3 .3u    3u   2u 2  .2u u    3u  u 3   3u  u
2 2 3 2 2

1
81 81

  81u 7  24u 5  81u 11 u   8
4
12
 20.875
0

5.2 Volume integrals

The expression for the volume integral about the three general axes is given as
x 2 y2 z 2

V
TV     tzyx
x1 y1 z1

V  xyz  volume differential; T is the vector depicting region or boundary.

For this study, our emphasis shall be limited to cuboids and cylindrical volumes. In cuboids,
the x and y components of the boundary are provided in points i.e. x 1, x2, y1 and y2.on the
other hand, in cylindrical surfaces, the x and y surface are provided in equations such as
x 2  y2  r 2 . The z axes is similar for both volumetric shapes

Cubiod volume Cylindrical volume

Attempt VII
1. Evaluate the volume integral of the region S bounded by the plane with corner cordinates
of A(0,1,0) and B(2,3,4), if the region is expressed vectorially as S  xyi  x2 z 2 j  yz 3k .

2. Ditto above but with A(0,0,0) and B(2,1,3), and S  xy2i  3x2 z 2 j  y2 z 3k
3. Evaluate the volume integral of the region T  xi  3zj  yk bounded by the circular plane

top and bottom with a surface equation x2  y2  16 and height between z  0 and z  3
4. Consider that in (3) above, the plane is a semicircular both at top and bottom. Determine
the volume integral.
Solution
 4 2 2 4 x 2
x2 y x3 z 2 
 
2
 SV     xyi x z j yz k xyz    i j x yz 3k  yz
2 2 3
V
0 0 0 0
0 2 3  x 0
4 4 y 2
1.    2yi 8 z 2 j 2 yz 3k  yz   y 2 i 8 y z 2 j y 2 z 3k  z 
2

3 3 
0
0
  0  y 0
4 z4
 16 2 3  16 3 4 
0  4 i 3 z j 4 z k  z  4z i 9 z j 4z k  z 0  16i 113.78 j 1024k

for cylindrical volume integration,

x  r cos  ;y  r sin  ;z  z; V  xyz  zrr
2 r z 2

 V
TV     Tzrr
0 0 z1


where 2  2 (full circle);2   (semicircle); 2  (circular quadrant)
2
x 2  y 2  16  r  4
substituting appropriately
T = xi 3 zj yk  r cos  i  3zj  r sin  k
2 4 2 2 z 2
4
 TV     r cos i  3zj  r sin k  zrr   0 rz cos  i  3 2 z j  rz sin k  z 0 rr
2
V
0 0 0 0
2 2

   2r cos i  6 j  2r sin k  rr    2r 

4 4
2
cos  i  6rj  2r 2 sin  k r
0 0
0 0
2. . 2 r4 2
2r 3 2r 3  8 8 
 
0
3
cos  i  3r 2 j 
3
sin  k    16   cos  i  3 j  sin  k 
 y 0 0 
3 3 
 2
8 8    8 
 16  sin i  3 j  cos  k    16  6 j  k 
3 3   0   3 
 
5.3 Surface Integral

Lets again consider If the two vectors A and B are so positioned such that there is an angle
between them, as shown below. The vector product of the two vectors becomes

A  B  A B sin
  90o  A  B  A B
The implication is that the highest form of influence between A and B is obtained when the two
vectors are at right angle to another. At right angle to one another, vector A is normal to vector
^
B i.e. the parameter n is unit normal of the reference surface A  B  A B n

Consider a rectangular area between axes x and y where dx and dy are the width in the

designated area, the area is expressed as dS  idx  jdy  dxdy i  j   kdxdy .

k  unit normal vector
For non-rectangular surfaces, the unit normal vector is defined by the shape function of the
cross sectional areas. That is the unit normal vector scalar function will have any of the
following equations
circular   x2  y2  r 2  0
parabolar   y2  4ax  0
2
x2 y
Eclipse     1 0
a2 b2
2
x2 y
Hyperbolar    1 0
a2 b2
^
spherical   x2  y2  z 2  0  n   
^
The surface integral is thus expressed generally as S.I   Fnds

Attempt VIII
1. Determine the surface integral of a vector field in the form of a cubiod between points
(0,0,0) and (2,3,4) if the vector function F is defined by F  x 2i  zj  yk
2. Using the above limits of points, determine the surface integral of the vector function
F  2xyi  4 yj  z 2k
Evaluate the surface integral defined by a function F= xi + yj + zk with a surface defined
3.
by x2+y2=9 that is semicircular from the origin to a height of 5.
4. Ditto but F= xy2z with the same surface function and limit
Solution to question (1)
Surface integral shall be determined for all the faces of the designated shapes.
surface direction s1 /s2  dxdy; s3 /s 4  dxdz; s5 /s6  dxdz
unit vector s1  k,z  0;s2  k,z  4; s3  j,y  3; s 4   j,y  0;
s5  i,x  2; s6  i,x  0
^
S.I   Fnds z
S2
considering the surface about axes x and y S6
2 3 2 3 2
y2 9
S.Is1     2

x i  zj  yk  k dydx   
2 0
dx    1dx
20
0 0 0

9 2
  x 0  9
2 S4 S3
2 3 2 3 2
y2 9
S.Is2     2

x i  zj  yk k dydx  
2 0
dx   1dx
20 S5
y
0 0 0

9 2
 x 9
2 0
x S1
 2 4 2 4 2
z2
S.Is3     2

x i  zj  yk  jdzdx  
2 0
dx  8  1dx
0 0 0 0

2
 8 x 0  16
2 4 2 4 2
z2
S.Is4     2

x i  zj  yk   jdzdx   
2 0
dx  8  1dx
0 0 0 0

2
 8 x 0  16
3 4 3 4 3 4 3

 2
  2

S.Is5    x i  zj  yk idzdy    2 i  zj  yk idzdy   4z dy  16  1dy
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3
 16 y 0  48
3 4 3 4

 
S.Is6    x2i  zj  yk  idzdy     0i  zj  yk   idzdy  0
0 0 0 0

total int egral  S.Is1  S.Is2  S.Is3  S.Is4  S.Is5  S.Is6  48

Solution to question (3)

shape function x2  y2  9;r  3
  x2  y2  9  0
the cylindrical cordinate is given by x  3cos  ;y  3sin  ;
ds  3d dz
^
the integral is given thus S.I   Fnds
^

but n  ;   2xi  2yj ρ
 φ


  4 x 2  y  4  9  6 
^
 2xi  2yj
n   ;F  xi  yj  zk
 6
 5
^
 2xi  2yj 
S.I   Fnds     xi  yj  zk .   dS
0 0  6 
substitute cylindrical cordinates
 5  5
 6 cos i  6 sin  j 
    3cos i  3sin  j  zk . 
 6 


dzd    3cos2 i  3sin2 j dzd 
0 0 0 0
 5
3   1dzd  15
0 0

6.0 NOTABLE VECTOR THEOREM

In this course, we shall be considering the three notable theorems of vector namely:
 i) Gauss' theorem
ii) Stokes' theorem
iii) Green's theorem
6.1 Gauss' Theorem (or Divergence Theorem)
This theorem states that for a closed surface S enclosing a region V defined by a vector field
T, the volume integral with respect to the divergence of the vector field T is equal to the surface
integral with respect to the same vector field. That is
^

 divTdV   T nds
V s

Using the previous solved example in surface integral for a cubiod, we shall try to verify the
^
Gauss theorem. We have obtained that S.I   T nds  48;where T  F  x2i  zj  yk . Let find

 divTdV
v

Recall that
T  t x i t y j t zk
     t t t
div T   T   i j  k  . t x i  t y j  t z k   x  y  z
 x y z  x y z
    
div T   i 
j  k  . x 2i  zj  yk  2x 
 x y z 
2 3 4 2 3 2 3 2

 divTdV      2x  z y x    2x z 0 y x    8x y x   8x y 0 x
4 3

V 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2
2
  24x x  12x 2  48 QED
0
0

Attempts IX
Verify the Gauss theorem for the exercises (2) – (4) in attempt VIII above.

6.2 Stokes’ Theorem

Stokes’ theorem states that for a vector field T existing over an open surface S enclosed within
a curve c, the  curl.TdS  
s
c
T.dr holds true. Contrary to the Gauss theorem, the surface

under consideration is open. In this instant, the general convention is that the unit normal is
perpendicular to the surface when considered from the right handed screwed movement of
the boundary line
Again, let us consider the previous cuboids shape example. Taking the surfaces to be open

Implies that surface s1 will not be considered as it is not open.

surface direction s2  dxdy; s3 /s 4  dxdz; s5 /s6  dxdz
unit vector : s2  k,s3  j,s 4   j,s5  i,s6  i
T  x 2i  zj  yk

 T.dr    x 2i  zj  yk .  idx  jdy  kdz 

c z
   x dx  zdy  ydz 
2 S2
S6
C1: dz  0,dy  0,z  0,y  0
2
  x 2 dx  0  0  8
3
0

C2 : dx  0,dz  0,z  0,x  0 S4 S3

 000  0 C4
y
C3 : dy  0,dz  0,z  0,y  3 C1 S
5 C3
0

 x dx   8 3
2 C2
2
x S1
C4 : dx  0,dz  0,z  0,x  3
 000  0

Lets now confirm the  curl.TdS

s

    
 curl.TdS    x i  y j  z k    x i  zj  yk dS  (1 1)i  (0  0)j  (0  0)k  0 QED
2

Attempts X
Verify the Stokes’ theorem for the exercises (2) – (4) in attempt VIII above.

6.3 GREEN’S THEOREM

F  Ai  Bj
Consider a vector function expressed using just two of the imaginary cordinates
say (i and j) which defines a surface S and enclosed by a boundary line c. Since i and j are
analoques to x and y, the Green’s theorem is expressed mathematically as
 dB dA 
  Adx  Bdy    dx  dy  dxdy
c s
Where A or B could be a single value or a function i.e. A(x,y) and B(x,y).
It is worthy of note that stokes’ theorem is simply Green’s theorem when only two cordinates
is considered.

Consider the example in Attempt VIII question(2). Let us extract the i and j components to form
F  2xyi  4yj
. We consequently use this function to verify the Green’s theorem. The limits of
consideration is now between (0,0) and (2,3). Ignore all z or k cordinates.
Using the previous diagrammatic representation
F  2xyi  4yj
d  4y  d  2xy 
  2xydx  4ydy   
c s
dx

dy
using the previous notations of C1, C2, C3 and C4, it follows that the line integral is
C1: dy  0,y  0    2x(0)dx  4ydy   0
c
3
3
C2 : dx  0,x  2   0  4ydy    4ydy  2y 0  18
2

c 0
2
0
C3 : dy  0,y  3    6xdx  0    6xdx  3x 2  12
2

c 0
0
0
C4 : dx  0,x  2   0  4ydy    4ydy  2y 3  18
2

c 3

 c1 c2  c3  c4  12
d  4y  d  2xy  2 3

s dx 
dy
 s 0 2x  0 0 2xdydx  12
d  4y  d  2xy 
  2xydx  4ydy   
c s
dx

dy
 12 QED

Attempts X
Verify Green’s theorem for the following exercises:
1. Using the above limits of points, determine the surface integral of the vector function
F  2xi  y 2 j
F  3x2i  y2 j
2. Using a limits o f (0,0) and (1,2) and a function of verify Green’s theorem
Evaluate the surface integral defined by a function F= xyi + y2j with a curve surface defined
3.
by x2+y2=9 in the first quadrant.