A

Industrial Training Report

On
FRONT-END WEB DESIGNING
Submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree Of

Bachelor of Technology
In

Computer Science Engineering

(3rd year CSE )

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Sanjay Tiwari Ronit Singh

HOD CSE V Sem CSE

21EAOCS042

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Arya Institute of Engineering Technology and Management, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
(2023-24)
 ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
F-29, Ajmer Rd, Omaxe City, Bhambhoriya, , Rajasthan 302026

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

(3rd Year CSE)

Certificate

This is to certify that the work, which is being presented in the Practical
training seminar report for practical training taken at “Indeses Business
Ventures Pvt.Ltd” entitled “Front-End Web Designing” submitted by Mr.
Ronit Singh, a student of 3rd year ( 5th Sem) B.Tech. in Computer Science
Engineering as a partial fulfillment for the award of degree of bachelor of
technology is a record of student’s work carried out and found satisfactory
for submission.

Mr. Avinash Kothari Sanjay Tiwari Head

Training Coordinator
of Department

i
Training Certificate

ii
 Candidate’s Declaration

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Industrial Training
report, entitled “Front-End Web Designing” in partial fulfillment for the award of
Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Department of Computer Science &
Engineering with Specialization in Computer Engineering and submitted to the
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arya Institute of Engineering
Technology and Management, is a record of my own investigations carried under the
Guidance of Mr. Sanjay Tiwari Sir, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer
Science & Engineering.

(Signature of Candidate)

Ronit Singh
Roll No.: 21EAOCS042

iii
 Abstract
Web development using HTML and CSS forms the foundation of modern web design and user
interface development. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
are essential technologies that enable developers to create visually appealing, responsive, and
interactive websites. This abstract provides an overview of the role of HTML and CSS in web
development, their key features, and their significance in shaping the online user experience.

HTML, as a markup language, serves as the backbone of web pages. It provides the structural
framework for content, defining elements such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, and images.
HTML5, the latest version of HTML, introduced numerous enhancements, including native
support for multimedia elements like audio and video, as well as semantic tags that provide more
meaningful and accessible page structure. These improvements have made HTML5 a powerful
tool for creating dynamic web content.

CSS complements HTML by controlling the presentation and styling of web content. CSS
separates the design from the structure, allowing developers to apply styles consistently across a
website. CSS properties dictate how elements are displayed, specifying attributes like colors, fonts,
margins, padding, and layout. With CSS3, developers gained access to advanced features such as
animations, transitions, and responsive design capabilities, enabling the creation of visually
engaging and adaptable web interfaces.

The combination of HTML and CSS plays a crucial role in responsive web design. Responsive
design ensures that websites adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes and devices, providing an
optimal user experience on desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Media queries, a CSS
feature, enable developers to apply different styles based on screen characteristics, allowing
content to reflow and rearrange dynamically. This approach is essential in today's mobile-centric
digital landscape.

Web development using HTML and CSS also emphasizes web accessibility. Developers must
adhere to web accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG),
to ensure that websites are usable by people with disabilities. Semantic HTML elements and
proper labeling, along with CSS techniques like high-contrast text and resizable layouts, contribute
to a more inclusive online experience.

The significance of HTML and CSS extends beyond their technical capabilities. They are integral
to creating user-friendly interfaces that enhance usability
iv and engagement. Well-structured HTML
ensures content is organized and easy to navigate, while CSS styling improves readability and
aesthetics. Additionally, CSS can be used to create interactive elements like hover effects and
transitions, enhancing user interactions.

The development process typically involves a combination of HTML and CSS, alongside other
technologies such as JavaScript for interactivity and server-side languages like PHP or Python for
backend functionality. Version control systems like Git and development environments like
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) facilitate collaborative web development projects.

In conclusion, web development using HTML and CSS is the cornerstone of creating visually
appealing, responsive, and accessible websites. These technologies provide the essential
framework for structuring content and defining its presentation. The synergy between HTML and
CSS enables developers to craft engaging user interfaces that adapt to various devices, meeting the
demands of the modern web landscape. By adhering to best practices and accessibility standards,
web developers ensure that their creations are inclusive and user-centric, ultimately enhancing the
online experience for all users. As web technologies continue to evolve, HTML and CSS will
remain fundamental tools for web development, shaping the future of the digital world.

v
 Acknowledgement
On the completion of the industrial training on Front-End Web Designing.

I would like to thanks the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Arya Institute of
Engineering Technology and Management, Head of Department Mr. Sanjay Tiwari Sir for providing
us the opportunity to have such a training where we could get the exposure of competing and
performing with students from other colleges and universities.

I would also like to express my heartful gratitude to Mrs. Subhi Mam under whose guidance I
have been able to complete this training successfully and gain experience and knowledge about
the various topics.

I would also like to thank all the teaching assistants at Indeses Business Venture Pvt.Ltd. Jaipur, they
have been very helpful throughout the process both in solving our doubts and motivating us to complete
our tasks and assignments and helping us learn.

I would also like to express my deepest appreciation for Mr. Prem Prakash Rajpal (CEO of Indeses
Business Venture Pvt.Ltd.) for guiding me throughout
the training and all the people who have directly or indirectly helped me to successfully complete the
training.

Ronit Singh
Roll No. 21EAOCS042

vi
 Learning/Internship Objectives
• Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students looking to gain
experience in a particular field. However, a wide array of people can benefit from
Training Internships in order to receive real world experience and develop their skills.
• An objective for this position should emphasize the skills you already possess in the
area and your interest in learning more.
• Internships are utilized in a number of different career fields, including architecture,
engineering, healthcare, economics, advertising and many more.
• Some internships are used to allow individuals to perform scientific research while
others are specifically designed to allow people to gain first-hand experience
working.
• Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills that can be
emphasized in your resume for future jobs. When you are applying for a Training
Internship, make sure to highlight any special skills or talents that can make you
stand apart from the rest of the applicants so that you have an improved chance of
landing the position.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1 Cover Page i
2 Department Certificate ii
3 Training Certificate iii
4 Candidate’s Declaration iv
5 Abstract v
6 Acknowledgement vi
7 Learning/Internship Objectives vii
8 List of Tables vii-viii

1 Chapter 1: Significance of Training 01

2 Chapter 2: Introduction to Company 02

3 Chapter 3: History of Web Development 03

4 Chapter 4: Definition 05
5 Chapter 5: HTML The Web Language 06

6 Chapter 6: Introduction and History of CSS 09

7 Chapter 7: Introduction and History of JavaScript 11

8 Chapter 8: Responsive Web Design using Bootstrap 15

9 Chapter 9: Tools Used 17

10 Chapter 10: Project Description 19

11 Chapter 11: Challenges and solution 20

12 Chapter 12: Project Snapshot 22

13 Chapter 13: Source code Snapshot 24

14 Chapter 14: Conclusion 27
15 Chapter 15: Reference 28

viii
ix
 Chapter
1
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRAINING

Industrial training is a part of our academic session which is designed to give us

an analysis of the Industrial environment in our profession. Industrial training
refers to work proficiency that is applicable to professional advancement prior to
graduation. In industrial training, students join a company that is related to their
profession and subject and they complete their industrial training in a particular
time (45 days, 2 months, 3 months, etc.) Industrial training is a program that
offers good practical training for a certain time period. It is offered by private
companies as well as by government organizations.

Industrial training provides students with skills and practical knowledge

significantly that help the students to become successful professionals. Industrial
Training is a doorway for aspirants to achieve their professional goals by
allowing them to obtain an in-depth understanding of their theoretical curriculum
while also allowing them to watch and gain personal experience of the industry,
job execution, and work environment. Theoretical and practical knowledge are
both essential components of learning, and they go hand in hand. While theory
educates us about the skills, practice allows us to put them into practice.

Furthermore, it aids in the development of a student's feeling of responsibility,

self-confidence, excellent work habits, and the ability to work as part of a team to
achieve a common goal. The quickly changing professional and competitive
world needs job-ready professionals, therefore educational institutions prioritize
industrial training and internships to familiarize their students with the industry
before they graduate. There are many components of Industrial Training that aim
to enhance students' abilities and create a better skilled and sophisticated
workforce for today's world and the future.

It improves students' capacity to strengthen their creative abilities and shape their
ideas in addition to providing them with critical skill sets, experiences, and
information. A prospective professional learns how to communicate effectively
with co-workers and how to do business in the industrial sector, which makes it
much simpler for a student to break into the industry. One becomes used to the
real work environment after being acquainted with it and being exposed to it
during the course

1
 Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY

Indeses is Software Development Company is pioneer in offering technology solutions by

creating business-driven strategies across a wide variety of industry verticals. We are a full-
service B2B digitalization arm providing Services for Customized software solutions &
services. The company is built up from housing handpicked professionals from different area
of expertise each striving towards making your digital dream come true.

2.1 What Indeses Offer

1. Software Solution
For business dealing with a large number of clients, the task of keeping track
of them all to maintain a healthy and profitable relation remains. One of the
greatest software development companies in Jaipur is Indeses. We always give
our customers the best services. In order to meet our clients' needs, we are
always working. Indeses creates a comprehensive brand strategy and assists
firms in staying competitive. We are professionals at boosting the growth and
revenues of your company.
Unlike others, we provide you scalable solutions that are simple, quick, and
cost-effective. Your web presence will be elevated as a result. They
concentrate on enhancing every aspect of your website, including the
copywriting, keywords, social media presence, and everything else.

2. Ecommerce Solution
Entrust full-cycle implementation of your software product to our experienced
BAs, UI/UX designers, developers.

3. Mobile App Development

As mobile solutions take the center stage in terms of customer-outreach and
engagment the fragmentation of the platforms makes it increasingly

4. Web Development
When it comes to software solutions for specific business requirements, there
is no such thing as one-size fits all and customized software.

2
 Chapter 3
HISTORY OF WEB DEVELOPMENT

3.1 Evolution of Web Development

The journey of web development is a captivating narrative that has transformed the way we communicate,
conduct business, and share information on a global scale. From its humble beginnings in the early 1990s to
the dynamic landscape we see today, web development has evolved in leaps and bounds, ushering in
revolutionary changes and innovations.

The Early Web (1990s)

In the early 1990s, the World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, laid the
foundation by creating the first web browser and web server. The first web pages were simple, consisting
mainly of text and hyperlinks. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) was introduced, and it remains a
fundamental building block of web development even today.

The Rise of Dynamic Content (Late 1990s - Early 2000s)

The late 1990s and early 2000s witnessed the proliferation of dynamic websites. Technologies like
JavaScript allowed for client-side scripting, enabling interactivity and better user experiences. Content
management systems (CMS) emerged, simplifying the process of website creation and management.

Web 2.0 and the Social Web (Mid-2000s)

The mid-2000s saw the dawn of Web 2.0, a paradigm shift that emphasized user-generated content and
collaboration. Social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube emerged, changing the way
people interacted online. Web development evolved to support rich multimedia content, social integration,
and responsive design to accommodate a variety of devices.

Mobile-First and Responsive Design (2010s)

With the explosive growth of smartphones and tablets, web developers had to adapt. The concept of
responsive web design gained prominence, ensuring that websites could seamlessly adjust to various screen
sizes. Technologies like CSS3 and HTML5 offered enhanced capabilities for multimedia, animation, and
user interface design.

Web Development Today

Today, web development is a multifaceted discipline. Full-stack developers work on both the front-end (user
interface) and back-end (server-side logic) of websites. Frameworks and libraries like React, Angular, and
Vue.js have revolutionized front-end development. On the back end, Node.js and Python are among the
popular choices. Cloud computing and serverless architecture have made hosting and scaling websites more
accessible.

Emerging Trends
The evolution of web development continues, with several trends shaping its future. Progressive Web Apps
(PWAs) are blurring the lines between web and native mobile apps. Web Assembly enables high-
performance computing in web browsers. Accessibility and inclusivity are gaining prominence, ensuring
web content is available to all.

The Era of Full-Stack Development

As web development became more complex, the concept of full-stack development gained popularity. Full-
stack developers are proficient in both front-end and back-end technologies, allowing them to create end-to-
end solutions. Frameworks like MEAN (MongoDB, Express.js, Angular, Node.js) and MERN (MongoDB,
Express.js, React, Node.js) exemplify this comprehensive approach.

Artificial Intelligence and Web Development:

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into web development is a
contemporary trend. AI-powered chatbots, recommendation engines, and automated testing tools are
becoming increasingly common. These technologies enhance user experiences and streamline development
processes.

In conclusion, the evolution of web development is a testament to human innovation and the power of
technology. What began as a basic system for sharing text has evolved into a dynamic, interactive, and
diverse ecosystem that empowers businesses, connects people across the globe, and transforms our digital
world. The future of web development promises even more exciting developments, and it's an industry that
remains at the forefront of technological progress

Chapter 4
DEFINITION
4

Web development, a dynamic and multifaceted discipline, is the process of creating and maintaining
websites and web applications that form the backbone of the modern digital landscape. It encompasses a
wide array of skills, technologies, and methodologies aimed at constructing compelling online experiences.
From the early days of static web pages to the sophisticated web applications of today, the field has evolved
significantly, mirroring the rapid advancements in technology and the ever-changing needs of users

At its core, web development involves the collaboration of various technologies to bring a digital idea to
life. This process is initiated with the creation of the foundational structure, or the 'front end,' of a website,
which is the visible part that users interact with directly. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the
structural language of the web, serves as the canvas upon which the content is presented. Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) are then applied to define the visual style and layout, ensuring a harmonious and user-friendly
interface.

The next layer in the web development stack is the 'back end,' which operates behind the scenes to power the
functionality and data processing of a website. Back-end development involves server-side scripting,
databases, and server management. Programming languages like JavaScript (Node.js), Python (Django,
Flask), Ruby (Ruby on Rails), and PHP are commonly employed to create dynamic and interactive web
applications.

Web development is not confined to the creation of static web pages; it has evolved to meet the demands of
the modern, interconnected world. The advent of dynamic websites, where content changes based on user
interactions, marked a significant shift. This dynamic nature is often achieved through the use of JavaScript
frameworks and libraries such as React, Angular, and Vue.js, which enable the creation of Single Page
Applications (SPAs) and responsive web design.

The rise of mobile devices necessitated a paradigm shift in web development. Responsive web design
emerged as a crucial concept, ensuring that websites adapt seamlessly to various screen sizes. This shift was
further fueled by the importance of mobile-first development, acknowledging the prevalence of mobile
browsing and the need for a consistent user experience across devices.

In conclusion, web development is a dynamic and ever-evolving discipline that shapes the digital landscape
we navigate daily. From the fundamental building blocks of HTML and CSS to the sophisticated
frameworks and technologies driving modern web applications, the journey of web development reflects the
ingenuity and adaptability of the global developer community

Chapter 5
HTML THE WEB LANGUAGE

5.1 History of HTML:

The story begins in the late 1980s when the internet was in its infancy. It was primarily used by researchers
and academics for sharing text-based information. A visionary British scientist, Tim Berners-Lee, was
5
working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Switzerland. In 1989, Berners-Lee
created a proposal for what he initially called the "Information Mesh." This proposal laid the foundation for
the World Wide Web.
At the heart of Berners-Lee's vision was a system that could facilitate the sharing of information across the
globe. He introduced the concept of HTML as a simple markup language to format and link documents
within this information-sharing system. In 1990, the first web browser, known as World Wide Web, and web
server were developed at CERN, marking the beginning of the web as we know it.

HTML 1.0:

The first official HTML specification, HTML 1.0, was published in 1993. This specification introduced
basic tags such as <h1>, <p>, and <a>, allowing for text formatting and the creation of hyperlinks. HTML's
role as the structural language of the web had been established, and the web began to grow.

HTML 2.0:

In 1995, HTML 2.0 was released, adding more features like forms and tables. These additions made web
documents more interactive and allowed for more complex layouts. HTML was evolving rapidly to meet the
growing demands of the emerging web.

HTML 3.2:

HTML 3.2, published in 1997, marked a significant milestone in the evolution of HTML. It introduced more
advanced formatting and layout capabilities, including the use of frames and style sheets. The web was
becoming a more visually appealing and dynamic place.

The Browser Wars and Proprietary Technologies:

The late 1990s were marked by a period of intense competition between browser companies, particularly
Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape's Navigator. Each introduced its own proprietary technologies,
such as JavaScript and Dynamic HTML, which threatened to fragment the web.

To address this growing issue of incompatibility, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded in
1994. The W3C's mission was to develop open standards for the web, ensuring its interoperability and long-
term stability.

HTML 4.0:

In 1998, the W3C released HTML 4.0, aimed at unifying the various HTML dialects and consolidating the
evolving web standards. HTML 4.0 introduced features for multimedia embedding, interactive forms, and
improved styling through Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). It provided the tools for web developers to create
more sophisticated and interactive web content.

HTML 4.01:

HTML 4.01, a minor revision, was published in 1999. It further refined the standards and specifications,
becoming the de facto standard for web development and design for many years.

XHTML:

At the turn of the century, the web community began to explore the possibilities of extending HTML's
capabilities by aligning it with the rules of XML, resulting in XHTML (eXtensible Hypertext Markup
Language). XHTML was designed to be stricter and cleaner,6 aiming to facilitate compatibility with other
data formats and adhere to the principles of well-formed XML documents.
XHTML 1.0 was published in 2000, and XHTML 1.1 followed in 2001. While XHTML was a significant
step toward making the web more structured and interoperable, its transition was not without challenges.
Web developers found it difficult to adhere to the stricter syntax rules and were often faced with
compatibility issues.

The Emergence of HTML5:

Amid the challenges presented by XHTML, a more lenient approach to web development, often referred to
as "HTML5," began to gain momentum. HTML5 was not an official specification but a term coined by
Opera Software in 2004 to describe the evolving set of features and practices that extended HTML.

HTML5 aimed to address the evolving needs of web developers and users. It introduced elements like
<video>, <audio>, and <canvas> for multimedia and graphics. It also emphasized compatibility with mobile
devices, fostering the concept of responsive design. HTML5 brought improvements in accessibility and
semantic markup, making it easier for search engines to understand web content.

HTML5 gained rapid adoption as browser vendors recognized its potential and began implementing its
features. This adoption of HTML5 marked a significant turning point in the history of HTML. It signaled a
shift towards a more robust, versatile, and mobile-friendly web.

HTML5 Becomes a W3C Recommendation:

In 2014, HTML5 was officially published a W3C Recommendation, solidifying its status as the modern web
standard. The web had evolved from its text-based origins to a multimedia-rich, interactive platform, and
HTML5 was at the forefront of this transformation.

The HTML Living Standard:

HTML5 continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing landscape of the internet. Work on the HTML
Living Standard is ongoing, with the web community and organizations like the W3C and WHATWG (Web
Hypertext Application Technology Working Group) contributing to its development.

Today, HTML remains the foundation of the web, and its rich history reflects the growth and adaptability of
the internet. From its humble beginnings as a simple markup language to its current role as a versatile tool
for creating and interacting with digital content, HTML has played a central role in shaping the digital world
we live in. The history of HTML is a testament to the web's continuous evolution and innovation.

5.2 Introduction to HTML

In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital age, HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) remains the
foundation upon which the World Wide Web is built. HTML is the language that empowers web developers
and designers to create the web pages and applications that form the backbone of the internet. In this
comprehensive introduction, we will explore the origins, structure, and fundamental concepts of HTML,
shedding light on its pivotal role in shaping the online world as we know it today.

HTML is often referred to as a "markup language," which is a type of language that uses tags or codes to
annotate text and define its structure. These tags are not
7 displayed on the web page but rather provide
instructions to web browsers on how to render and present the content to users. In essence, HTML markup is
a set of instructions that dictate how web browsers should format and display the content of a web page.
HTML tags are enclosed in angle brackets (< >) and come in pairs, consisting of an opening tag and a
closing tag. The opening tag signifies the beginning of an element, and the closing tag marks its end. For
example, the most basic HTML document structure consists of an opening <html> tag and a closing </html>
tag, like this:

It's essential to understand that HTML is case-insensitive, meaning you can use uppercase or lowercase
letters for tags. However, it is considered best practice to use lowercase for tags and attribute names to
maintain consistency and improve code readability.

Headings are essential for structuring content hierarchically. HTML provides six levels of headings, from
<h1> (the highest importance) to <h6>. Paragraphs, marked by the <p> tag, are used to separate blocks of
text, making content more readable

First html program is -

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>First Program</title>
</head>

<body>
<h1>FIRST PAGE</h1>
<p>Hello world this is my first page and this is paragraph made by Ronit Singh </p>
</body>
</html

8
 Chapter 6
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF CSS

Cascading Style Sheets, commonly known as CSS, is a crucial technology that revolutionized web design. It
provides web developers with the means to control the visual presentation of web pages, allowing for
beautiful and consistent designs across different browsers and devices. The history of CSS is a journey that
spans several decades, with significant innovations and standardization efforts that have shaped the web's
appearance and functionality.

The Pre-CSS Era:

Before the introduction of CSS, web design was a challenging and limited endeavor. Early websites were
primarily text-based, often devoid of any visual appeal or interactivity. Design elements like fonts, colors,
and layout were controlled directly within the HTML code, making it difficult to create consistent, visually
appealing web pages. This inline styling led to tangled and hard-to-maintain code.

The Need for Separation of Style:

In the mid-1990s, web developers recognized the need for a more efficient way to manage the visual aspects
of web pages. Håkon Wium Lie, a Norwegian web pioneer, and Bert Bos, a Belgian computer scientist,
introduced the concept of Cascading HTML Style Sheets in 1994. Their proposal aimed to separate the
content (HTML) from the presentation (style), making web pages more maintainable and adaptable.

CSS1 - The First Step:

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) took an interest in Lie and Bos's proposal and initiated work on
standardizing CSS. In 1996, CSS1 was introduced as the first official CSS specification. CSS1 provided a
simple set of styling rules that allowed web designers to control font styles, colors, margins, and more.
However, its capabilities were limited compared to what modern CSS offers.

The Browser Wars:

The late 1990s saw the rise of the "Browser Wars," a fierce competition between Microsoft's Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Both browsers added proprietary CSS features, leading to compatibility
issues and inconsistency in web design. Web developers had to write different code for each browser to
ensure their designs looked consistent.

CSS2 - Expanding Capabilities:

In 1998, CSS2 was introduced as the next step in standardizing CSS. CSS2 brought more advanced
styling options, such as positioning and improved layout
9 control. It aimed to address the shortcomings
of CSS1, making it easier for designers to create sophisticated web layouts and designs. However,
CSS2 did not achieve widespread adoption due to the browser wars and compatibility issues.
CSS2.1 - A Step Toward Standardization:
To mitigate the fragmentation caused by the browser wars, the W3C released CSS2.1 in 2004. CSS2.1 was a
revised version of CSS2 that aimed to resolve inconsistencies and make the specification more stable and
predictable. It emphasized the importance of adhering to web standards, promoting a more reliable and
consistent web design experience.

CSS3 - A Modular Approach:

The need for further CSS development became evident as web design requirements continued to evolve. In
the early 2000s, the W3C adopted a modular approach to CSS3. Instead of releasing a monolithic
specification, CSS3 was divided into smaller, separate modules, each addressing specific aspects of web
design.

These modules included features like rounded corners, gradients, flexible box layout, and animations. The
modular approach allowed browser vendors to implement new features gradually, promoting quicker
adoption and more consistent rendering across different browsers.

CSS3 modules were developed incrementally, and some, like the Selectors module and the Box Model
module, were finalized and widely adopted. Other modules, such as Flexbox and Grid Layout, provided
advanced layout capabilities and were welcomed by web designers.

Web Standards and Compatibility:

In the early 2000s, there was a growing recognition of the importance of adhering to web standards. The
Web Standards Project (WaSP) and organizations like the W3C played significant roles in advocating for
standardized web development practices. The web development community increasingly emphasized
writing clean, semantically rich HTML and using CSS to control presentation, fostering a more accessible
and user-friendly web.

Responsive Web Design:

The proliferation of smartphones and tablets in the 2010s led to a paradigm shift in web design. Web
designers began adopting responsive web design techniques to create websites that adapt gracefully to
various screen sizes and devices. This approach relied heavily on CSS media queries, enabling flexible and
fluid layouts that revolutionized web design.

CSS Preprocessors:
In the mid-2000s, CSS preprocessors like Sass and Less gained popularity among web developers. These
preprocessors introduced advanced features such as variables, mixing, and nesting, making CSS code more
maintainable and efficient. They allowed developers to write cleaner, DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself) code
and compile it into standard CSS for browser compatibility.

CSS Frameworks: 10
The popularity of CSS frameworks like Bootstrap and Foundation also surged during this period. These
frameworks provided pre-designed, responsive components and layouts, allowing web developers to create
professional-looking websites more rapidly. CSS frameworks became essential tools for building modern,
mobile-friendly web applications.

CSS-in-JS and Component-Based Styling:

In the late 2010s, CSS-in-JS libraries gained traction in the JavaScript community. Libraries like Styled-
Components and Emotion allowed web developers to encapsulate CSS within JavaScript components,
making it easier to manage styles for individual components and ensuring that styles remain scoped and
isolated.

The Future of CSS:

CSS continues to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of web developers and designers. CSS Grid Layout
and CSS Custom Properties (variables) have become essential tools for building flexible and responsive
layouts. CSS4, in development at the time of writing, promises further advancements, including new
selectors and features to enhance web design capabilities.

In conclusion, the history of CSS is a story of evolution and standardization. From its humble beginnings as
a concept to separate content from presentation, CSS has become a fundamental technology in web design.
It has gone through various versions and modules, addressing the challenges posed by the Browser Wars and
the demands of modern web design. CSS's journey reflects the continuous improvement and innovation in
web development, enabling web designers to create beautiful, responsive, and accessible websites that reach
audiences across the globe.

11
 Chapter 7
INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY JAVASCRIPT

Introduction to JavaScript:

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, stands as a cornerstone in the world of web development, providing the
means to create dynamic and interactive content within web browsers. Developed initially as a scripting
language to enhance the user experience on static web pages, JavaScript has evolved into a versatile
programming language that runs on various platforms beyond web browsers. Its flexibility and compatibility
have made it an essential tool for both front-end and back-end development, contributing to the creation of
modern, feature-rich websites and web applications.

7.1 History of JavaScript:

The inception of JavaScript dates back to the early 1990s when the World Wide Web was still in its infancy.
Netscape Communications Corporation, a prominent player in the web browser market during that era,
recognized the limitations of static HTML pages. To address this, Netscape aimed to empower web
developers with a tool that could add dynamic elements to their websites. This led to the creation of
JavaScript by Brendan Eich, a Netscape engineer.

In 1995, Netscape Navigator 2.0, the second major version of the Netscape web browser, was released with
JavaScript as a core component. This marked a pivotal moment in web development as it introduced a
scripting language that could be executed on the client-side, allowing for real-time manipulation of web
page content. The introduction of JavaScript brought about a paradigm shift, enabling developers to create
more engaging and interactive user interfaces.

However, as JavaScript gained popularity, browser compatibility issues arose. Different browsers
implemented JavaScript in their own ways, leading to inconsistencies and challenges for developers. This
prompted the need for standardization, and in November 1996, Netscape submitted JavaScript to the
European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) for standardization. The standardization effort
resulted in ECMAScript, with the first edition published in June 1997. ECMAScript serves as the formal
specification for the scripting language, while the term JavaScript is often used colloquially to refer to
implementations that adhere to the ECMAScript standard.

With the release of ECMAScript, other browsers, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, also started
supporting JavaScript. This convergence towards a standardized specification laid the foundation for the
widespread adoption of JavaScript as a universal scripting language for the web.

As the new millennium dawned, web development became more sophisticated, and the demand for dynamic
and interactive web applications surged. JavaScript evolved to meet these demands, and frameworks and
libraries like jQuery, Dojo, and Prototype emerged to simplify and streamline the development process.
These tools provided pre-built functions and abstractions, making it easier for developers to create complex
applications without starting from scratch. 12

The mid-2000s saw the rise of AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML), a technique that allowed web
pages to retrieve and send data asynchronously to the server without requiring a full page reload. This
innovation significantly enhanced the user experience by enabling smoother and more responsive web
applications.

In 2009, a major development in the JavaScript landscape occurred with the introduction of Node.js by Ryan
Dahl. Node.js extended JavaScript beyond the browser, allowing developers to use it for server-side
programming. This expansion into server-side development marked JavaScript as a full-stack language,
capable of handling both client-side and server-side tasks. The asynchronous, event-driven nature of Node.js
contributed to its efficiency in handling concurrent connections, making it especially suitable for building
scalable and high-performance applications.

The evolution of JavaScript continued with the advent of modern web development frameworks and
libraries, including Angular, React, and Vue.js. These tools provided efficient ways to manage complex user
interfaces, allowing developers to build interactive, single-page applications (SPAs) with ease. JavaScript
had transitioned from being a language primarily associated with enhancing static web pages to a powerful
and versatile tool for building complex, dynamic applications.

In recent years, JavaScript has solidified its position as one of the most widely used programming languages.
It is supported by all major browsers and has a vast and active developer community. The ECMAScript
standard continues to evolve, with regular updates introducing new features and improvements to the
language.

In conclusion, JavaScript has come a long way from its humble beginnings as a scripting language for
Netscape Navigator to becoming a ubiquitous and essential part of web development. Its journey is marked
by continuous evolution, adapting to the changing landscape of technology and user expectations. As we
delve deeper into the 21st century, JavaScript remains a pivotal force in shaping the future of web
development and digital experiences.

7.2 Evolution of JavaScript

The evaluation of JavaScript involves considering its strengths, weaknesses, use cases, and overall impact
on web development. JavaScript has become a fundamental programming language in the realm of web
development, and its versatility has allowed it to extend beyond the client-side to server-side development
with the advent of platforms like Node.js. Below is an evaluation of JavaScript based on various criteria:

7.2.1 Strengths:

1. Versatility: JavaScript is a versatile language that runs

13on the client side in web browsers and the server
side with the help of platforms like Node.js. This versatility allows developers to use a single language
throughout the entire web application stack.
2. Wide Adoption: JavaScript is supported by all major browsers, making it a de facto standard for client-
side scripting. Its widespread adoption has resulted in a large and active community, fostering the creation of
numerous libraries, frameworks, and tools.

3. Asynchronous Programming: JavaScript's asynchronous programming model, facilitated by features

like callbacks, promises, and async/await, enables the development of responsive and efficient applications.
Asynchronous operations are crucial for handling tasks such as fetching data from servers without blocking
the user interface.

4. Rich Ecosystem: The JavaScript ecosystem is rich and diverse, with a plethora of libraries and
frameworks that cater to various needs. Popular libraries like React, Angular, and Vue.js facilitate the
development of sophisticated user interfaces, while Node.js provides a robust platform for server-side
development.

5. Community Support: The large and active JavaScript community contributes to the language's growth
and improvement. Developers can find extensive documentation, tutorials, and community forums, making
it easier to troubleshoot issues and stay updated on best practices.

7.2.2 Weaknesses:

1. Browser Compatibility: Although significant strides have been made in standardizing JavaScript through
ECMAScript, differences in how browsers implement certain features can still lead to compatibility issues.
Developers often need to account for these variations when writing cross-browser code.

2. Security Concerns: As a client-side language, JavaScript is susceptible to security vulnerabilities, such as

cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks. Developers need to implement security best practices, such as input
validation and output encoding, to mitigate these risks.

3. Single-threaded Nature: JavaScript is inherently single-threaded, meaning it processes one task at a

time. While asynchronous programming can mitigate this limitation, computationally intensive tasks may
still impact performance. Web Workers can be used to introduce parallelism but come with additional
complexity.

4. Callback Hell (Pyramid of Doom): In complex asynchronous code, developers may encounter callback
hell, where nested callbacks create a pyramid-shaped structure that can be challenging to read and maintain.
Promises and async/await have alleviated this issue to some extent, but it still requires careful coding
practices.

7.2.3 Use Cases:

1. Web Development: JavaScript is a cornerstone of web development, enabling the creation of interactive
and dynamic user interfaces. It is used for handling events, manipulating the DOM (Document Object
Model), and making asynchronous requests. 14

2. Server-Side Development: With the rise of Node.js, JavaScript has become a prominent language for
server-side development. It allows developers to use a consistent language across the entire stack, fostering
code reuse and simplifying the development process.

3. Mobile App Development: JavaScript, in conjunction with frameworks like React Native and
frameworks like Ionic, allows developers to build cross-platform mobile applications. This approach can
save time and resources compared to developing separate native apps for different platforms.

4. Desktop Applications: JavaScript can be employed for desktop application development using
frameworks like Electron, which enables the creation of cross-platform applications using web technologies.

7.2.4 Overall Impact:

JavaScript has had a transformative impact on web development, ushering in an era of dynamic and
interactive websites. Its continuous evolution, coupled with the support of a vibrant community, has made it
a go-to language for a wide range of applications. The rise of Node.js has extended its reach to server-side
development, further solidifying its role in modern software engineering.

In conclusion, JavaScript's strengths in versatility, wide adoption, asynchronous programming, a rich

ecosystem, and strong community support outweigh its weaknesses. However, developers need to be
mindful of browser compatibility issues, security concerns, and the language's single-threaded nature. As
technology advances, JavaScript is likely to remain a pivotal language, shaping the future of web and
application development.

Chapter 8
RESPONSIVE WEB DESIGN USING BOOTSTRAP

Responsive Web Design:

Responsive web design is a critical approach to web development that ensures optimal user experience
across various devices and screen sizes. With the proliferation of smartphones, tablets, and an array of other
devices, creating websites that adapt seamlessly to different screen resolutions and orientations has become
essential. Responsive design aims to provide a consistent and engaging user experience by adjusting the
layout, content, and functionality based on the device being used.

One of the most widely used tools for implementing responsive design is Bootstrap. Bootstrap is an open-
source front-end framework developed by Twitter, and it has gained immense popularity due to its ease of
use, extensive documentation, and robust set of pre-designed components. In this discussion, we will explore
the principles of responsive design and delve into how Bootstrap simplifies and accelerates the process of
creating responsive web applications.

8.1 Principles of Responsive Design:

1. Fluid Grid Layout: Traditional web layouts were often designed with fixed pixel values, which worked
15
well on desktop monitors but struggled to adapt to smaller screens. Responsive design introduces the
concept of a fluid grid layout. Instead of using fixed units like pixels, percentages are employed to define the
width of elements, allowing them to scale proportionally with the screen size.
2. Flexible Images: Images can pose a challenge in responsive design. To ensure images resize
appropriately, the max-width: 100%; CSS property is commonly applied, preventing images from exceeding
the width of their containing elements. This ensures that images scale down proportionally on smaller
screens while maintaining their aspect ratio.

3. Media Queries: Media queries are a crucial component of responsive design, enabling developers to
apply specific styles based on the characteristics of the device, such as screen width, height, or orientation.
By defining breakpoints in the CSS code, developers can create customized layouts and adapt the design to
different device sizes.

4. Viewport Meta Tag: The viewport meta tag is essential for controlling the initial scale and dimensions of
a webpage on mobile devices. By setting the viewport to the device's width and specifying the initial scale,
developers ensure that the content is displayed properly and that users can zoom in as needed.

5. Mobile-First Approach: Adopting a mobile-first approach in responsive design involves designing the
mobile version of a website first and then progressively enhancing the layout for larger screens. This
approach ensures a solid foundation for smaller screens and prevents the need for drastic redesigns as the
screen size increases

8.2 Introduction to Bootstrap:

Bootstrap, originally developed by Twitter engineers Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton, is a front-end
framework that streamlines the process of building responsive and visually appealing web applications.
Released as an open-source project in 2011, Bootstrap quickly gained popularity for its ease of use,
extensive documentation, and a collection of pre-built components and styles.

The key features of Bootstrap include:

1. Grid System: Bootstrap employs a 12-column grid system, which simplifies the creation of responsive
layouts. Developers can define the layout for different screen sizes by specifying the number of columns a
particular element should occupy. The grid system is flexible and adapts to various screen resolutions.

2. Responsive Utilities: Bootstrap provides a set of responsive utility classes that can be applied to elements
to control their visibility or behavior based on the screen size. For example, classes like d-none and d-md-
block can be used to hide or display elements on specific devices or screen sizes.

3. Pre-designed Components: Bootstrap comes with a comprehensive set of pre-designed components such
as navigation bars, buttons, forms, modals, and more. These components follow a consistent design
language, making it easy to create visually cohesive interfaces.

4. JavaScript Plugins: Bootstrap includes JavaScript plugins that enhance the functionality and interactivity
of a webpage. These plugins cover features like carousels,
16 modals, tooltips, and more. By incorporating
these plugins, developers can add advanced functionality without having to write extensive custom code.
5. Theming and Customization: Bootstrap allows for easy theming and customization. Developers can
leverage the default Bootstrap styles or create their own by customizing variables like colors, fonts, and
spacing. This flexibility enables the creation of unique and branded designs while still benefiting from
Bootstrap's structure and components.

Chapter 9
TOOLS USED

Introduction to Visual Studio Code (VS Code):

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a free and open-source source code editor developed by Microsoft. It
is designed to be highly customizable, lightweight, and versatile, with built-in support for a wide range
of programming languages and frameworks. VS Code is available on Windows, Linux, and macOS,
and is widely used by developers across different industries and domains.

One of the key features of VS Code is its extensive set of extensions and plugins, which allow
developers to customize their workflow and integrate with different tools and services. VS Code also
includes built-in support for source control, debugging, testing, and other essential features of a modern
code editor.

In addition to its powerful features, VS Code is highly customizable, with a simple and intuitive user
interface that can be adapted to different preferences and needs. It includes a range of themes, icons,
and fonts, and can be extended with custom key bindings, snippets, and configuration settings.

Overall, Visual Studio Code is a versatile and highly customizable code editor that provides a powerful
and efficient development environment for a wide range of programming languages and frameworks.
Its popularity and wide adoption have made it a popular choice among developers and teams of all
sizes, from startups to large enterprises.

VISUAL STUDIO CODE PLATFORM

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a cross-platform source code editor developed by Microsoft. It is
available on multiple platforms including:

1. Windows: VS Code can be installed from Window 7 or later version , including

Window 10 and Window 11.

2. macOS: VS Code can be installed on macOS10.10 or later

17 version.

3. Linux: VS Code can be installed on popular Linux distribution such as ubuntu,

Debian etc.
The availability of Visual Studio Code on multiple platforms makes it a popular choice among developers
who use different operating systems and prefer a consistent development environment across all platforms.
The code editor also supports various programming languages and frameworks, making it a versatile tool
for developers who work on different types of projects.

VISUAL STUDIO CODE INTERGRATED MODULE

Visual Studio Code (VS Code) is a highly customizable source code editor with a wide range of
integrated modules that can be extended using plugins and extensions. Some of the most common
integrated modules in VS Code include:

1. Editor: The editor module is the core of VS Code and provides basic editing functionality such as
syntax highlighting, code completion, and code folding.

2. Integrated Terminal: VS Code includes a built-in terminal module that allows developers to run
commands directly within the editor, without the need for a separate terminal application.

3. Debugger: The debugger module in VS Code allows developers to debug their code using
breakpoints, watch expressions, and other debugging tools. It supports multiple programming
languages and frameworks, including JavaScript, Python, and PHP.

4. Source Control: VS Code includes built-in support for source control management using Git and
other popular version control systems. It provides a range of features for managing code
repositories, including branch management, commit history, and merge conflict resolution.

5. Live Server: The Live Server module allows developers to preview their web applications in real-
time as they make changes to the code. It supports HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files and
automatically updates the browser window as changes are made.

6. Extensions: VS Code includes a vast library of extensions and plugins that developers can use to
customize their development environment and extend the functionality of the editor. These
extensions range from code snippets and formatting tools to language-specific support and
development frameworks.

18
 Chapter 10
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Title: University Demo Website:

Overview:
The University Demo Website is a comprehensive showcase designed to emulate the web presence of a
university, providing users with a glimpse into the institution's offerings, faculties, and campus life. This
project aims to utilize a combination of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap to create a visually
appealing and responsive website that effectively communicates essential information about the university.

Key Features:

1. Homepage:
1. Welcoming landing page introducing the university.
2. Prominent navigation elements for easy access to different sections.
3. Engaging hero section with high-quality images portraying the university's campus and academic
atmosphere.

2. About Us:
1. Detailed information about the university's history, mission, and values.
2. Profiles of key faculty members and administrative staff.
3. Multimedia elements such as images and videos showcasing campus facilities and student life.

3. Academics:
1. Overview of academic programs offered, including undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
2. Course catalogs with detailed descriptions, prerequisites, and faculty information.
3. Dynamic search functionality for quick access to specific courses or departments.

4. Admissions:
1. Information on admission requirements, application procedures, and deadlines.
2. Downloadable admission forms and prospectus.
3. Contact forms for prospective students to inquire about admissions.

5. Campus Life:
1. A vibrant section showcasing extracurricular activities, clubs, and events.
2. Galleries featuring images and videos capturing campus events, sports, and cultural activities.
3. Student testimonials and success stories.

19

6. News and Events:

 1. Regularly updated blog or news section highlighting university achievements, upcoming events, and
important announcements.
2. Calendar of events with the option to add them to users' personal calendars.

7. Contact Us:
1. Comprehensive contact information, including address, phone numbers, and email.
2. Online inquiry forms for general queries, feedback, and admissions-related inquiries.
3. Interactive map displaying the university's location.

Conclusion:
The University Demo Website showcases the integration of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap to
create an informative, visually appealing, and user-friendly platform. This project not only highlights the
technical skills involved in web development but also demonstrates the importance of creating a responsive
and engaging online presence for educational institutions. The website serves as a valuable resource for
prospective students, parents, and the wider community to learn more about the university and its offerings.

Chapter 11
20
PROJECT SNAPSHOT
21
22
Chapter 12
SOURCE CODE

23
24
Chapter25 13
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the University Demo Website stands as a testament to the effective integration of HTML,
CSS, JavaScript, and Bootstrap in creating a sophisticated and user-friendly online platform. The
combination of these technologies not only provides a seamless and visually appealing experience but also
ensures that the website is accessible across various devices.

The project successfully captures the essence of a university's online presence, offering a well-structured and
informative interface. The homepage welcomes visitors with an engaging hero section, setting the tone for
an exploration into the institution's history, academic offerings, admissions process, campus life, and
upcoming events.

The responsive design, facilitated by Bootstrap, guarantees a consistent and optimized user experience on
devices ranging from desktops to smartphones. This adaptability is crucial in reaching a diverse audience,
including prospective students, parents, and the broader community.

The inclusion of interactive elements, implemented through JavaScript, adds a layer of dynamism to the
website. From dynamic search functionalities for academic programs to online inquiry forms for admissions
and general queries, these features enhance user engagement and streamline information access.

Moreover, the project emphasizes the importance of a visually cohesive and professionally designed
website. Bootstrap's pre-designed components and responsive grid system contribute to the overall aesthetic
appeal, creating an inviting and trustworthy online presence for the university.

As educational institutions continue to rely on their online platforms for communication and outreach, the
University Demo Website serves as an exemplary model for leveraging web technologies to create a robust,
informative, and accessible digital space. The project not only showcases technical proficiency but also
underscores the significance of a well-crafted online presence in today's digital landscape. Whether
navigating through academic catalogs, exploring campus life galleries, or staying updated on the latest news
and events, users can seamlessly interact with the website, fostering a positive and lasting impression of the
university

Chapter 14
REFERENCES
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 W3Schools
 Wikipedia
 Chat GPT
 Stack Overflo

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 w

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