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 Chapter(5 Networking Technology
Probable marks: 28

Scope of the syllabus

Study of transmission media: .

Cable media-coaxial cable, Twisted pair, fibre optic, their comparison.

Introduction to wireless media.

Network topologies - Acess methods, Topoiogies (BUS, RING, STAR), Ethom
ernet
TOKEN RING.
Protocols-Internet protocols
Introduction to connectivity devices
Modem, Hubs, Repeaters, Routers

Study of transmission media

Q.1 What is transmission media? Give
transmission media characteristics
(Oct. 07; July 18
Ans.
(1) The pathways through which individual systems are connected in a network are called
as transmission media.
(2) Transmission media makes transmission of electronic
signals possible from one
computer to another. These electronic signals are nothing but binary pulses (I/O).
(3) Each type of transmission media has
special characteristics that make it suitable tor a
specific type of service.
(4) The characteristics are: (March 2019
1. Cost of media
2 Installation requirement
3. Bandwidth
4. Band usage (base band and broad
band)
5. Attenuation
6. Immunity from electromagnetic interference.
Q.2 What is Wireless Media? Write any two
advantages of Wireless Media
Ans. Wireless communication has extra (March 2017; July 201 are

ordinary convenience. Not all nerwfer

connected with cabling. Some network are wireless.
network
t o offer

The technology is
better options for wireless network. There are expanding o r k
three basic tvpes of wireless
Wireless LAN 2. Extended LAN 3. Mobile new
computing.
For Advantages of Wireless Media l'lease refer
: Chapter 5 Q.3, Pg. No. 5-2.
 Science II
TPSComputer 5-2 Networking Technology

What is a
Transmission Medium ? What are the advantages of wireless
Q.3 transmission ?
(Oct.2004; July 18)
Ans.: Transmission medium : Refer Q. No.1.

Advantages of wireless medium:

High data rates by using large bandwidth.
(1)
(2) Wireless medium can give transmission speed around 24 kbps.
By this media the communication can reach rural and hilly area.
(3)
Bandwidth for digital data 1 to 10 Mbps.
(4)
Explain the following characteristics oftransmission media.
Q.4
March 2002, 2008 Oct. 2005, Oct. 2006, 2010; July 2019)
(a) Bandwidth (b) Band usage (c) Attenuation
(d) Immunity from electromagnetic interference.

Ans.
(a) Bandwidth: (March 2020
(1) Bandwidth is the measure of the capacity of a medium to transmit data.
(2) Data transmission rates is number of bits transmitted per second.
(3) Bandwidth of a cable depends on cable length.
(4) A short cable can have greater bandwidth than a long cable so for all cable designs,
maximum lengths for cable runs are specified.
(5) Beyond these limits the highest frequency signals can deteriorate and error occurs
in data signals.
(b) Band usage: (March 2009
(1) The bandwidth is shared so that maximum usage is obtained.
There are two transmission modes, base band and broad band transmissions.
(2)
Base band devotes the entire capacity of the medium to one communication
(3)
channel.
Broad band enables two or more çommunication channels to share the bandwidth
(4)
of communication medium.
Base band is most common mode of operation. Most local area networks (LAN)
(5)
function in base band mode. In base band, signaling can be anolog or digital.

(6) Thebase band and broad band transmission modes are shown in following figure

Band
width
UUUU W W

Base band Broad band

c) Attenuation: (March 2009,2020,Oct.2005)

)Attenuation is a measure of how much a signal weakens as it travels through a

medium.
 Networking
TPS Computer Science - II
5-3
is absorbed and,
Technology
medium, part of the signal mak the
(2 As signals pass through the
signal weak. falls below
when signal strength certainn limits,
1

)(3) Attenuation decides the cable length

then at station noise may appear.
receiving
(4) Repeaters are used to regenerate signals.
(d) Immunity from electromagnetic interference
(March 2009, Oct. 2005,201
(EM):
noise that dis
interference consist of outside electromagnetic istorts
(1) Electromagnetic
the signal in a medium.
EMI is interfering the signals and makes difficult for computers to decode #.
(2)
signal.
3) An example of electromagnetic interference is the crosstalk. Crosstalk occurs whos
(3)
wire.
the signal from one wire is picked by another
(4) In computer networks, large number of cables are located close together, therefore
crosstalk is a significant problem in networks.

Q.5 Explain the following characteristics of transmission media:

(a) Cost (b) Installation requirements.
Ans.
(a) Cost of media
(Oct -2010
(1) One major factor irn purchase decision of any networking component is its cost.
(2) For a new fast technology, cost is also more expensive.
(3) Decision depends upon application and standard of the resources.
(4) Therefore, the network designer must settle for
robust. something, which is cheaper and
(b) Installation requirement:
(1) Some transmission media
March 2020
requires skilled labour to
network and it may cause certain install. This increases cost or
delay.
(2) Before installation we need to
prepare actual physical layout of network.
Q.6 Explain in short the six important characteristics
of transmission media
Ans.: Each type of transmission media has
March 2004,20, Oct -2010; July1
specific type of service. The special characteristics that make it suitable a
characteristics are:
i) Cost of media
ii) Installation requirement
ii) Bandwidth
iv) Band usage
v)Attenuation
vi) Immunity from
electromagnetic interference.
i) Cost of media:
(a) While designing a network, the cost of
media must be
(b) The cost property is decided by user as
considered.
per application and standard of res
 Networking 1eciu
TPS C o m p u t e r 3 u

Installation requirement:

Before installation, prepare actual physical layout of network and then estimae
(a) cable and cost of installation.

For almost all media, the cost of installation exceeds than the cost of the able tself.
(b)
Bandwidth:

Bandwidth is the measure of the capacity of a medium to transmit data.

(a)
Bandwidth of a cable depends on cable length.
(b)
iv) Band usage:
the
(a) In baseband transmission mode, baseband devotes the entire capacity of
medium to one communication channel.
comnmunication
In broadband transmission mode, broadband enables two or
more
(b)
channels to share the bandwidth of communication medium.

v Attenuation:
a
of how much a signal weakens as it travels through
Attenuation is a measure
(a)
mediumn.
is absorbed and makes the
b) As signals pass through the medium, part of the signal
signal weak.

(EMI) (March 2020)

vi Immunity from electromagnetic interference distorts
interference consist of outside electromagnetic noise that
(a) Electromagnetic
the signal in a medium.
to decode the
signals and makes difficult for computers
EMI is interfering the
signal. LAN and
networks ? Distinguish between
Q.7 What the advantages of computer
(March2003, 06, 11,19, Oct.2005, July 17,18)
are

WAN?
Ans.
interconnected collection of
autonomous computers or system
(1)
Computer network is an
r e s o u r c e s controlling
services.
of sharing
ofcomputers capable
network are :
4 T h e main advantages of computer
a) Network provides resource sharing.
information and software.
b) provides exchange of
other machine if one machine fails in the
c) Itprovides high reliability by using
air and traffic control.
network like military banking,

d) Access to any file and data.

network only.
e) Finally the system is saving money by
 Science -II
j Networking Technology
Computer
5-4
TPS
Installation requirement
Before installation, prepare actual physical layout of network and then estimate
(a) cable and oost of installation.

able itselr.
(b) For almost all media, the cost of installation exceeds than the cost of the
i Bandwidth:

is the measure of the capacity of a medium to transmit data.

(a) Bandwidth
of a cable depends on cable length.
b) Bandwidth
iv) Band usage: the
mode, baseband
In baseband transmission devotes the entire capacity of
(a)
medium to one communication channel.
more communication
mode, broadband enables two or
transmission
(b) In broadband mediumn.
channels to share the bandwidth of communication

v)Attenuation: a
weakens as it travels through
Attenuation is a measure of how much a signal
(a)
medium.
and makes the
the medium, part of the signal is absorbed
(b) As signals pass through
signal weak.
(EMID:
(March 2020)
interference
vi) Immunity from electromagnetic noise that distorts
interference consist of outside electromagnetic
(a) Electromagnetic
the signal in a medium. to decode the
signals and makes difficult for computers
b) EMI is interfering the
signal. LAN and
networks ? Distinguish between
the advantages of computer 17, 18)
Q.7
(March 2003,06,11, 19, Oct.2005, July
What are

WAN?

Ans. autonomous computers or system

of
interconnected collection
(1) Computer network is an
resources controlling services.
of computers capable of sharing
network are:
(2) The main advantages ofcomputer

a) Network provides r e s o u r c e sharing.

software.
of information and
b) It provides exchange machine fails in the
other machine if one
reliability by using
I t provides high air and traffic control
network like military banking,

d) Access to any file and data.

money by
network only.
e) Finally the systemis saving
 Networking Technology
TPS Computer Science - II 5-5

follows :
The differences between WAN and LAN are
as
(3)
LAN
WAN
is groun
A LAN (Local Area Network)
a
1 A WAN (Wide Area Network) is the
interconnection of LAN or MAN can | of computersrinterconnected within a
area such as room, building or a
be located entirely within a state, small
country or around the world. campus.
Data transfer speed is comparatively
2. Data transfer rate is comparatively
slower such as in Kbits/sec. 10 million high such as thousand bits per second to

bits per second.

3. In WAN, links may be established by Co-axial cables are generally used to
using telephone cable or microwave connect the computer and other devices:
towers or satellite.
4. In this network, shortcircuit errors, Due to short distance, short circuit
noise errors, atmospheric errors are errors or other noise errors are
higher than any other networks. minimum.

5 For example : pager. For example : A computer lab ina

college
Q.8 Describe co-axial cable in detail. OR
Write a short note on Co-axial cable with suitable
figure. (Mar. 2003, Oct. 2006,2010)
Ans.
(1) In co-axial cable, there are two conductors sharing a common axis.
(2) The co-axial cable is shown in
following fig.

Insulator

Jacket
Outer (protective plastic covering)
conductor (shield)
Center
conductor

Co-axial cable
(3) The components
of co-axial cable are as follows
(a) A center conductor is solid
a copper wire or stranded wire.
(b) An outer conductor form a tube
surrounding the inner conductor. This conductor 1s
made up of braided wires, metallic foil or both. The
shield. This serves as a ground and outer conductor is called as
protects inner conductor from EMI.
(c) Aninsulator layer keeps outer conductor
spaced evenly from the inner conductor
(d) A plastic jacket protects cable from
damage.
 II Networking Technology
Science 5-6
TPS Computer

I(4) There are two types of co-axial cables:

(a) Thin net (thin, flexible and inexpensive)
Thick net (thick, hard and expensive)
(b)
Advantages:
The co-axial cable is better shielded than the twisted pair cable. So, it can span
(1)
longer distance at higher data transmission speed.

(2) Its shielding provides better resistance to EMI.

(3) Attenuation is less than twisted pair cable

Disadvantages:

(1) relatively more expensive than Twisted Pair but less than
It is
fiber optic cable.
(2) Bandwidth capacity is comparatively less than fiber optic cable.

Q.9 Give the important characteristics of co-axial cable.

Ans.

The important characteristics of co-axial

cable are given below.
cable more than
Cost: Thinnet cable is low cost.cable, it costs less than STP. Thicknet
i)
STP.
Installation of thinnet cable is also inexpensive.
Installation: Co-axial is easy to install.
2.5 Mbps to
LANs based on co-axial cable gives bandwidth, in between
iii) Capacity bandwidth.
10 Mbps. Thicknet co-axial cable gives higher
co-axial cable can transmit signal reliably upto
iv) Attenuation: Due to attenuation thinnet
185 meters, where as thicknet cable can upto 500 meters.
run

sensitive to EMI, but

EMI As co-axial cable consists of central copper conductor, it is
cable is less sensitive to EMI than UTP
reduces its sensitivity to EMIL. Co-axial
shielding
cable.
in detail. OR
Q.10 Explain Twisted pair cable (March 2009, Oct.2004)
Write a note on Twisted pair cable.
Ans.
material like copper, insulated
(1) Twisted pair cable consist of two wires of conducting
from each other by plastic.
in
(2) The basic Twisted pair cable is shown fig.

Conductors

Insulating
jackets
Twisted pair cablee
 TPS Computer Science - II 5-7 Networking Technology
lt consists of two or more strands of copper wire twisted together.
(3)
4) his twisting reduces the sensitivity of the cable to EMI (electromagnetic interferena
nce)
and also reduces the tendency of the cable to radiate radio frequency noise.

h s cable is used to connect a PC to either HUB or MAU. AlSo commonly used

(5) in
telephone network.
(6 Twisted pair cables are of two types:
(a) Shielded Twisted pair cable (STP)
(b) Unshielded Twisted pair cable (UTP)
(a) Shielded Twisted pair (STP):
(i) Shielded Twisted pair cable consist of one or more twisted pairs of cables enclosed
in a foil wrap and woven copper shielding.
(i) The shield is connected to the ground portiorn of the electronic device to which
cable is connected. Ground
portion is electrical reference point.
ii) A properly grounded shield prevents signals from getting into or out of the cable.
b) Unshielded Twisted pair (UTP):
() The unshielded Twisted
pair does not have a braided shield into its structure. The
characteristics of UTP are similar to that of STP.
(ii) Telephone systems commonly use UTP cable. In some networks UTP
cable is used.
UTP cable is available in 5
grades or categories.
(7) Advantages:
This medium is
inexpensive and easy to instal1.
(i) Since wires are twisted, it reduces EMI and
also avoids RF
(ii) Twisted wires also reduce cross talk. radiation.
(8) Disadvantages:
(i) They can be used only for short distance
communication.
) The typical speed computer data is 1200 bits/seconds
of
(bps).
Q.11 write a note an shielded twisted pair cable
with its
characteristics.
Ans.

(1) Shielded Twisted pair cable consist of one or more twisted pai
pairs of cables enclosed
foil wrap and woven copper shielding.
TPS Computer Science - II 5-8 Networking Technology
2) Following fig. shows IBM type 1 of shielded twisted pair cable:

Jacket
Two Shield
twisted pairs

(3) The shield is connected to the ground portion of the electronic device to which cable is
connected. Ground portion is electrical reference
point.
(4) A properly grounded shield prevents signals from getting into or out of the cable.
(5) The characteristics of shielded Twisted cable are
pair given below:
) Cost: The cost of STP cable is more than that of co-axial or UTP cable. Its cost is less
than that of thick co-axial or fibre
optic cable.
(ii) Installation : The installations required for STP cable depends upon the type of
network. As per the type of network, different connectors are used.
(ii) Capacity: STP cable has a theoretical capacity of 500 MBPS. Practically it is around
155 MBPS with 100 meter cable run. The most common data rate for STP cable is
16 MBPS.
iv) Attenuation : All Twisted pair cables have attenuations. This limits the length of
cable. 100 meter limit is most common.
(v) EMI characteristics: The shield in STP cable results in good EMI characteristics.
STP cable has low sensitivity towards electromagnetic interference.
Q.12 Write a short note on unshielded twisted pair cable with its characteristics.
(Mar. 2002)
Ans.
(1)UTP consists of a number of twisted pair with plastic jacket.
(2) It is commonly used in telephone systems. Now-a-days UTP cable is being used in LAN
instead of co-axial cable.
(3) AUTP cable is shown in following figure:

(4
9The characteristics of Unshielded Twisted pair cable are given below:
(i) Cost: UTP cable is cheaper than any other cable. The cost of
category 5 twisted pair
cable is high.
(ii) Installation: UTP cable is easy to install. The equipments required are also low
cost. UTP system can be easily reconfigured.
 Science - II
T P SC o m p u t e r

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Networking Technology
TheThe fibr optic cable is used in
This cable have
optical transmission
extremely high bandwidth. It has system.
) several kilometers.
zero sensitivity to EMI and
runs ovcs
ver
The characteristics of fibre
9 optic cable are given
(i) Cost: The cost of fibre
optic cable is
below:
pair cable. more than that of co-axial cable and Iwistea
i) Installation Fibre optic cable
:

minimum bend radius. They may requires skilled installa tion. Every cable has
not be stretched. get damaged if bent sharply Fibre
optic cable can

(ii) Capacity: Fibre optic cable

with long run cables. Fibre supports high data rates (upto 2,00,000 MBPS), even
optic cable can transmit 100 MBPS for several
(iv) Attenuation Attenuation for fibre optic cable is
: kilometer.
much lower than co-axial cable
and twisted pair çable. It can run to
larger distance.
(v) EMI: Fibre optic cable does not use electrical
signals to transmit data, therefore
they are free from EMI. The data transfer in fibre optic cable have high security, as
it can not be detected by electronic wave
dropping equipments.
0.15 Compare any four attributes of UTP and Optical Fibre Cable.
(March04,09 Oct.06,07,08,2011;July 17
Ans. :

UTP Optical Fibre Cable

(1) Cost Cost of UTP cable is less Optical fibre cable are expensive.
than that of optical fibre
cable.
(2) Installation Installation of UTP cable Optical fibre cable requires skilled
is easy.
3) Capacity Data rate capacity is from Optical fibre cable can transmit
1 to 100 MBPS upto 100 mtrs. 100 MBPS for several kilometers.

4) EMI More sensitive to EMI. This cable has no sensitivity to EMI.

5) Attenuation Attenuation is more than In optical fibre cable attenuation is
optical fibre cable. very less.

Q.16 Compare the characteristics of fibre optic cable and co-axial cable. Mention at least
points. (March 2002, Oct. 2005)
three
Ans.
1 optic cable. Fibre optic cables are
than that of fibre
LOst: Cost of co-axial cable is less

2)
expensive. and easier than that of fibre optic
stallation : Installation of co-axial cable is cheaper
cable.
3) cable is 10 MBPS, while that
data transmission capacity of co-axial
Cay
pacity: In general
ot fibre optic cable is 100 MBPS
 5-11
Networking Technolo
TPS Computer Science - II
cable has serno
4) EMI : Co-axial cable is less
sensitive to EMI, while fibre optic no
sensitivity to
EMI. attenuation is very less
5) Attenuation: It is m o r e in co-axial
cable. In optic fibre,
Twisted pair cable. Mention
atleast three npoints.
cable with
Q.17 Compare the co-axial (Oct. 2003, 2010, March 200
Ans.
Coaxial Cable
Twisted Pair Cable
It is a hallow cable with a solid copper at #hhe
(1) It consists of a pair of wires or one or
more pairs of two twisted copper wires center of the cable surrounded by plasi

insulation. from
Relatively expensive i.e. twice or thrice than
(2) This is inexpensive medium.
twisted pair.

(3) EMl effectis maximum. EMI effect is minimum.

(4) Attenuation is more than coaxial cable. Attenuation is less than twisted pair cable.
(5) Bandwidth capacity is from 1 to Bandwidth capacity is from 500 Mbps upto
100 Mbps upto 100 mtrs. 100 mtrs.
(6) They can be used only for short It is commonly used in network.
distance communication.
Q. 18 Compare the characteristics of Fiber-Optic and Co-axial Cable. Mention at least
three points.
Ans:
(March2008;July 18)
Fiber-Optic Co-axial Cable
i) This Cable has no sensitivity to EMI
| i) EMI effect is minimum
ii) Optical fibre cable can transmit
ii) Bandwidth capacity is form 500 mbps
100mbps for several kilometers.
upto 100 mbps
ii) Optical fibre are expansive. i) Co-axial cable are less
expensive.
Q.19 Compare any four attributes of
Ans.:
Coaxial thicknet Cable with UTP cable. June 2016

Coaxial Thicket cable

UTP Cable
More expensive.
Less expensive.
2 Difficult to install. 2. Easy to install.
3. Bandwidth upto 500 meters 3.
4.
Bandwidth upto 100 meters:
Attention less.
4.
. Less sensitive to EMI.
Attention more.
5. More sensitive
6. Used in LAN. to EMI.
6.
Used in
telephone system
 Science -

II|
TPS Computer 5-12 Networking Technology
0 .2 0 Explain the
tollowing wireless media in detail, OR State and
networking media. Explain any two wireless media. explain difterent
Oct. 2005)
Ans.

( Radio waves
(1) Radio waves are
easy to
generate. They can travel long distance and can
buildings easily. Hence, radio waves are widely used peneurate
for both indoor and
purposes. Outabo
(2) Radiowaves omnidirectional i.e. the waves travel in all directions, in the ree
are
space so that there is no need to place the receiver or transmitter along a direct line
of sight.
(3) Radio communication have variety of frequency ranges that
wave
are utilised for
various communication applications.
(4) As radiowaves covers large distance, interfare between users is a problem. For th1s
reason government license is necessary to transmit radiowaves.
(5) Radio communication having major drawback that it may be disturbed by rains,
bounce back from obstacles. It offers low bandwidth for data communication.
(1I) Microwaves:
(1) Microwaves travels in straight lines and therefore narrowly focused, concentrating
all the energy into beam.
(2) For microwaves transmitting and receiving antennas should be accurately alligned.
This directionality allows multiple transmitters linear in a row to communicate
with multiple receivers linear in a row without interference.
(3) Since, microwaves travels in straight lines, for longer distances periodic repeaters
are necessary.

(4) Unlike radiowaves, at lower frequency microwaves can not penetrate buildings.
(IT) Infrared and millimeter waves:
(1) Unguided infrared and millimeter waves are widely used for short range
communication.

(2) The remote controls used on

on television, V.C.Rs. etc. all used infrared
communication.
(3) They are relatively directional, cheap and easy to generate. Major drawback of
these waves is that they can not pass through solid objects.
As infrared waves can not pass through solid objects, it means that an infrared
(4
system operating in one room will not interfare with other infrared systemn
operating in adjacent room or any other room. For this reason, no government
license is necessary to operate infrared system.

Q.21 State four LAN wireless transmission methods. Explain any two of them. (Oct. 2003)
Ans.:
** Wireless LAN can use one of the transmission method:

() Infrared (ii) Laser

1) Narrow - band radio (iv) Microwave
 NetworKing Tech
5-13 Technolog
TPS Computer Science -II

(i) Infrared: infrared rays are

used.

transmission

(a) i n intrared
100 feet.
(6) This is limited within
bandwidth can
be supported.
(c) Upto 10 Mbps transmissiOn.
infrared
(a)Remote control of TV uses
(ii) Laser
are used.
transmission LASER rays
(a) In laser
are in straight of sight
(b) This receiver and transmitter
WAN transmission.
( C T h i s can be used for LAN and

(iii) Narrow-band radio:

transmission,
1s used for
(a) In narrow-band radio transmission, single frequency
a

a direct line of sight.

(b)
(6) The receiver and transmitter need not to put along

(c) The range of narrow band is greater than infrared.

(iv) Microwave:
(a) Microwave communication can take two forms: Terrestrial links and satellite links,
(b) In terrestrial microwave communication the transmitter and receiver are earth
based.
(c) Telephone relay towers uses this type of communication.
(a) In satellite microwave system, satellite are 22300 mils above the earth

(e) Earth stations uses satellite dishes to communicate with satellite.

[Note: Explain any two types]

Network topologies
Q.22 What do you mean
by network topology ? Explain in brief the two basic
of topology. categorie
March 2004,Oct.2009, March 2020
Ans.
(1) Topology refers to the way in which network of
(2) A computers is connected.
topology defines the arrangement of nodes, cables
up the network. and connectivity devices that ke

(3) There are two

categories:
(i) Physical topology
(ii) Logical topology
(4) Physical topology escribes actual
the way the network looks. layout of the network transmission media. It define
.media. it
(5) Logical topology describes the
network modes. It logical
defines the data pathway signal follows asas it passes am
a the

passes among the nodes. passes

 II
TPS Computer Science Networking Technolo8y
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5-14

Physical and logical topologies can take several forms.

(6)
The most common are
(a) Bus topologies (b) Ring topologies
(c) Star topologies (d) Mesh topologies

0.23
Q. 23 What is topology ? Explain BUS topology in detail.
(Oct. 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, March 2011)
Ans.
Topology reters to the way in which network of computers is connected.
(1)
(2) Nodes in the network are physically interconnected in some configuration to provide
efficient communication. This configuration is called as topology.
devices that make
3) A topology defines the arrangement of nodes, cables and connectivity
up the network.

BUS topology:
In BUS physical topology, all the devices are connected to a common shared cable
(1) a

called as backbone of the network.

(2) A BUS physical topology is shown in following figure:

PC PC
PC

O
PC
PC Server

and every computer node.

node to send its data to each
(3) The bus is available for each
cable and hence all
transmits signals in both directions on backbone
Most of the buses
4 buses are unidirectional and data is
able to receive signals. But some
workstatións are
stream devices
backbone cable. Hence only down
transmitted in one direction of
only
can receive signals.
at
the
along cable. As message arrives
5) The backbone cable carries transmission message
matches to its o w n or not. If
whether the destination address
a workstation, it checks
next workstation.
not, it does no m o r e and the message goes to
 Networking Technology
TPS Computer Science - II 5-15

terminators to prevent signals fro

each end bý placing
(6) C DUs cable is terminated at

reflecting back.
10 MBPS.
is ethernet at
(7) for BUS topology
Onmonly used implementation
*
(8) Advantages:
) The bus system is much faster.
branches to form
arnother topology.
i) The bus topology can be extended with sub
other node's communication.
(11) Breakdown of any failure rnode does not affect
(a) Bus topology is widely used in LAN network.
Q.24 Explain RING topology. Give its advantages and disadvantages.
(March 09,18, July 2019
Ans.
(1) RING topologies are wired in a circle. Each node is connected to its neighbours on either
side, and the data transmits along the ring in one direction only.

(2) Each device incorporates a receiver and a transmitter and serves as a repeater that
passes the signal onto the next device in the ring.

(3) The RING topology is as shown in.following figure:

PC PC

R- Receiver

T-Transmitter
R
PO

PC
PC

(4) RING topologies are suited for

networks that uses
token passes around the token passing
ring, and the only node that access' methods. he
(5) This topology is holds the token can transmit data.
always implemented as a
eg. In token
logical topology.
ring network, the
topology is RING topology. topology is physically a STAR al
topology. But iog
(6) The comunonly used implementation for RING
topology is token ring at 4-16
MBT
 Sciernce -

II
Computer
TPS 5-16 Networking Technology

Advantages:

) Cable failure affects limited users.

i) Each node has equal access speed to the ring.
(i) Equal access for all users.

Disadvantages:
8)
Costly wiring is required for RING topology.
)Expensive adapter cards.
(i) Difficult connections.
0.25 Explain in short, STAR topology.
March 2006, 11, 18, 19, Oct. 2007;July 2019)
Ans.

(1) In a STAR topology all the workstations are connected to central hub.

(2) The hub receives signal froma workstation and routes it to the proper destination.
() STAR physical topology is often implemented to implement BUS or RING logical
topology.
(4) A STAR topology is shown in following figure:
PC

PC

HUB ROUTER
PC

PC

PC
5) Advantages
)
Adding a new workstation is easier than that in BUS or RING topology.

4 The control is centralised due to use of hub.

 Science II Networking Technology
TPS Computer
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5-18

Reconfiguration is easy, as computer is needed to connect directly to the server. But to

v make each connection, long cable is needed.
In star topology all process is done only through the central computer: So if central
vi)
computer tails, whole network is damaged.
vii) Any failure of anyone connection doesn't affect the total network.
vii) Advantages:
Adding a new workstation is easier than that in BUS or RING topology.
i) The control is centralised. due to use of hub.
Q.31 Discuss in detail Ethernet, with ethernet terminology. OR
Write a note on Ethernet.

(March2003, 2005, Oct. 2008; March 2017; June 2016; July 2017
Ans.
(1) Ethernet is a local area network technology, with networks tradionally operating within
single building.
(2) Atmost, Ethernet devices can have a few hundred meters of cable between themn.
Modern technology allows Ethermet to span upto 10 kms.
(3) Ethernet devices are connected to a common shared medium that provides the path
along which the electronic signals will travel. Historically, this medium was co-axial
cable. But, now-a-days twisted pair cable or fibre optic cable are also used.
(4) Ethernet network transmit data in small units called frames.
(5) Each frame must contain source address as well as destination address, which identifies
receipant and sender of message. The address will uniquely identify node. No two
Ethernet devices can have same address.
(6) Ethernet network is as shown in following figure.

File
Computer Server Computer
A C

Computer Computer
B D

In above figure when computer A sends message to computer C, computers B and D

will also get the message and check whether the destinations address matches to its owrm
address or not, if not, it will discard the framne.
 Science II
TPS Computer
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5-20 Networking Technology

PC
PC

R
R
R-Receiver
T-Transmitter
PO R

PC PC

i) Token passing:
1) Token passing utilizes a frame called a token, which circulates around the network.
2) A computer that needs to transmit must wait until it receives the token.
3) When computer receives token, it is permitted to transmit.
4) When computer completes transmitting, it is passes the token frame to the next
station or token ring network.

Q.34 Discuss access methods of networking. OR Discuss any two access methods of
networking? (March 2003, 2020, Oct. 2009)
OR Explain the following access methods brief.Oct.2002, 04, 08, March 2006, 18
i) Contention (ii) Token passing
Explain in brief Token passing and Polling' access. methods (Mar.10;July 17, 18
Ans.
(1) An access method is a set of rules governing how the network nodes share the
transmission medium.
(2) There are three most important types of media access methods:
(A) Contention (B) Polling () Token pasing
(3) Contention:
a) In contention, any computer in the network can transmit at any time (first come
first served).
attempt to transmit at the same
b) This system breaks down when two computeres
time. This is a case of collision.
used. Here each computer listens
c) To avoid collision, carrier sensing mechanism is
to the network before attempting to transmit.
If network is busy, it waits until
network quiets down.
to the network as they transmit. If
d) In carrier detection, computers continue to listen
that interteres with the signal it is sending, it stops
computer detects another signal to
wait random amount of time and attempt
transmitting. Both computers then
transmit.
 Networking lechno
TPS Computer Science - Il
5-21
access
control od
method
fechnolog
on LANs.
onIA
media
most popular
e) Contension methods are
Collision

-- -

(4) Polling
a) In polling based systems, there is a device (called controller or master devicel
a) to
poll other devices on the network to see whether they are ready to either transmit
t
or receive data.
b) This access method is not widely used on network because the polling itself can
cause a fair amount of network traffic.
(5) Token passing :
a) Token passing utilizes a frame called a token, which circulates around the network
b) A computer that needs to transmit must wait until it receives the token.
c) When computer receives token, it is permitted to transmit.
d) When computer completes transmitting, it is passes the token frame to the next
station or token ring network.
Q.35 Explain the following terms with respect to cabling
(A) 10 BASE 2 (B) 10 BASE 5
(C) 10 BASET (D) 10 BASE FL
Ans.
(A) 10 BASE 2:
(i) This uses thinnet of co-axial cables.
(i) Each network connects
directly to the network cable with a
(i) The minimum cable distance between T-connector.
clients must be 1.5 feet.
(iv) The T connector must be
connected
(vThe entire network cabeling scheme directly
to the network
adapter.
cannot exceed 925 meters
(B) 10 BASE 5: This uses thicke net
co axial cable.
-
(3035 feet).
i) BASE 5 uses an external
10
transreceiver to attach to the
(i) The minimum cable distance network adapter caard.
between transceivers is 2.5
(ii) The maximum network metres.
segment length is 500 meter
iv) The entire network
cabling scheme cannot (1640 feet)
exceed 2500 meters.
(8200 fee
TPS Computer Science II
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Networking Technology
(C) 10 BASET:
() This uses UTP cable.
i) The maximum number of
computers on a LAN is 1024
(i) The cabling should be UTP category 3, 4 and 5. STP cable can also be used.
(iv) The cable segment length (hub to transceiver) is 100 meters (328 feet)
D) 10 BASE FL:

) 10 BASE FL is a specification for ethernet over fiber

optic cables.
(i) This supports a maximum cabeling distance of about 2000 meters and eliminate
any electrical complications.

Protocols
0.36 What is meant by protocol ? Explain the concept of TCP/IP protocol.
(March 2004, 08, 11, Oct. 2003, 04; June 2016; March 2018,July 2019)
Ans.:

(1) A protocol is defined as an agreement between communication particle for how

communication should be proceed.
OR protocols are rules by which computers communicates ie. protocol is set of rules and
formats for sending and receiving data.

(2) Internet protocols are called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
protocols. This protocol do not belong any one company and technology is available to
everybody.
(3) TCP/IP protocol use three types of addresses for network addressing:
(a) Hardware or physical address is used by the data link and physical layers.

(b) Internet protocol address provides logical node identification. This address is
unique address assigned by administrator expressed in four parts dotted notation.
e.g. 123.144.131.21

() Logical node names are easier to remember than an IP address.

Introduction to connectivity devices

9.37 Explain modem in detail. (March 2006, 2010, Oct 2010; March 2017)
Ans.
(1) Computers store digital data,telephone lines can only transfer analog data. If a
while
then it must convert digital
computer is to be connected to internet through telephone,
data to analog data before transmitting the computer signals.
(2) form is called modulation and reconverting it to
Converting one signal form to another
original form is called as demodulation.
internet.
3) odem is modulator/demodulator. Modem is used
to connect computer to
Modems convert digital data to analog data and vice-a-versa.
 Networkking Techne
5-23
TPS Computer Science - II

4) They have two advantages: on any given analog line.

Modem allows higher speed
of transmission
)
Modem reduce effect of noise
and distortion.
(11)
figure.
) T h e function of modem is described by following

Demodulation . Computer
Computer Modulation Analog data
Demodulation
Modulation
LL
Digital Telephone lines
Modem Digital
data Modem data

Modems are classified into two categories according to transmission method:

(6)
1. Asynchronous modems
2. Synchronous modems
Q.38 What are the two types of modems. Explain them. (Mar.2010
Ans.: Modems are classified into two categories depending upon transmission methods:
1) Asynchronous modems
2) Synchronous modems
1) Asynchronous modems:
(a) n asynchronous modems, transmission clock is not used for synchronisation
Instead it uses, bit synchronisation.
(b)
(b) Here each frame begins witha start bit that enables the receiving device to adjust to
the timing of transmitted
signal,
() Messages are kept short.
(d) It is used to transmit character data.
(e) Asynchronous transmission is simple, inexpensive technology. It is used for PC t0
PC communication.
2) Synchronous modems:
a Synchronous modes uses clocks on
(b) It
transmitting and receiving devices.
uses a
'sync' signal, which is a bit pattern and
receiver can be easily recognised by u
(c) Awide variety of data
types can be
(d) A transmitted.
long series of bits can also be transmitted.
Q.39 Explain Hubs and repeaters in details.
March 02, 05, 09, 10, 18,Oct.06; July19
OR
What is Hub? Explain active and passive
Ans.
hab. March 2004,
2010, 2020

Hubs
(1) In some network topologies,
mostly ARCNET based star
used.
topologies, device
ae a hup
 Computer. Science II-

TPS
5-24
Hub is a Networking Technology
(2) connecting
device in which
cables can be connected without
wires tocentralise network traffic through solderug
(3) It manages the a
single
cabling in the network and sends connecting point.
the network. signal to the other or
components
Figure shows a network
inter-connected with hub.

HUB

(4 Hubs are of three types:

i) Active hub i) Passive hub (ii) Switching hub
(5) The active hub interconnect the network and also amplifies the signal received
apart from splitting and retransmitting it to the destination. This hub contains
electronic circuits.
Passive hub only splits and transmits signal received and it can not amplify it. This
(6)
do not contain arny electronic component.
It be used
(7) Switching hub are quickly routes the signals between ports of hubs. can

in place of router.

ID Repeater
(Oct 2010, March 2018, 19
extend.
(1) A repeater is a mostly used in Ethernet to
hardware unit
to another.
and amplifies the signal from one Ethernet segment
(2) Arepeater reshapes
Figure shows network with repeaters
Repeater

Weak
Amplified
signal signal

to attach
repeater is used
and a
vertical up in the
building backbone cable.
A backbone cable the office to the
runs
each floor of
running in between them, if
an Ethernet segment more than two repeaters

No two Ethernet workstations

can have
communicate reliably. noise in the system.
they have to that they repeat
of repeaters is
(5) he main disadvantage
needed for repeaters.
(6) e p a r a t e power supply is
 Networking Technolor
5-25
TPS Computer Science - I
(March 2006, 18,
routers. OR different types of Routers
S.
short note on list
Q.40 Write a
Network and
EXplain function
of Router in Oct. t.209
Ans.
connectivity
devices.
LANs can be
They
different e.g.
are used to
connect
the two
Conn.

(1) Kouters are

internetwork
LANs. i.e. the ey can be
similar or dissimilar and is assigned an addra
topologically LAN is logically
separate ddress.
and token ring. Each efficient delivery Dei.
of message. Delivs

(2)
ethernet
Routers can use network address to assist
network address
is called as routing. Routers
jiverng
packets according to logical
routing. to determine most efficient na
intelligent. They can use algorithms for
3) Routers are
network.
sending a packet to any given LANs into smaller segments.
(4) Routers can also be used to divide large, busy network (WAN).
LAN to wide area
(5) Routers are also employed to connect
(6) Routers are oftwo types
1. Static routers Dynamic routers
2.
Static routers do not determine paths, but you need to specify them. Dynamic rotter
havecapacity to determine paths (routes).
Write the functions of each of the following devices in short:
Q.41
(March 2008, 2011 Oct.2003, 2004,2005, 2007, 200
) Modem (ii) Repeater
(ii) Hub (iv) Routers
Ans.: (i) Modem:
(a) Modem means modulator / demodulator.
(b) It is used to connect computer to internet.
() Modem convert digital data to analog data and vice-a-versa.
ii) Hub
(a) Hub is a connecting device in which cables can be connected to centralize network
traffic through a single connecting point.
(b It manages the cabling in the network and sends signal to the other componentso
the network.
(iii) Repeater:
(a) A repeater reshapes and amplifies the signal from one network to
(iv) Routers another.
(a) Routers are internetwork
similar or dissimilar LANs.connectivity
devices used to connect two
topol cally
(b) Routers use algorithm to determine most
efficient path for sending a
given network. packet any
Q. 42 Explain the following terms
(a) Modem (March 2003
(b) Hub (c) Repeater
Ans.: Please refer Q. 36.
Q.43 Give atleast two
advantages and one
media. disadvantage of wireless media
l aover cable
ov 2014
March
Ans.: Advantages of wireless media:
(1) Communication can reach rural and hilly area.
(2) High data rate transmission by using
large bandwidth.
 Science II
5-26 Networking Technology
TPSComputer
sadvantages
of wireless media
skilled labour require to install. This increases cost of network.
) disturb the signal.
EMI and outside noise
(2
Explain CP/IP protocol in detail. (March 2019)
.44
Ans. :

A protocol is defined as an agreement between communication particle for how

communication should be proceed.
protocols are rules by which computers communicates i.e. protocol is set of rules and
OR
formats for sending and receiving data.

General TCPIIP Transport Protocols

Intransport protocols there are two main forms of address: a node address and a

logical network address.

A node address
is the address of the entity of device on the Logical network
network.
address is the segment on the network to which node is attached.
network
TCP/IP uses numbering scheme. This number is IP address. All devices on
in value
need a unique IP address. An IP address is a set of four numbers, they can range
between 0 to 255. Each number is separated by period.

Forexample: 34.120.66.79 or 107.219.2.34

In class A, the number
There are three classes of address class A, class B and class C.
-

first number represent the network address.

between 1 and 127 appears before first dot. The
In 34.120.66.79, the host number is
The last three numbers represent the node or host number.
in value from 128 to 191. The
120.66.79 on network 34. In class B, the first number can range
forms host ID.
first two numbers forms network address and last two
223. The first three numbers make
In class C, the first number can range in from 192 to
up the network address and last number forms host ID.
Internet Protocol (IP)
protocol. It is packet switching protocolalso performs addressing
- that
P is connectionless
and routeselection. IP routes packets through internet
works. It performs disassembly
andreassembly. IP also performs errorchecking_
Q.45 Select the correct alternative and rewrite the following.
1. between two buildings.
cable type is ideal for connecting Co-axial (iv) Fibre optic
(i) UTP i ) STP (ii)
Ans. (iv) Fibre optic Hub.
made from centre point of
server or
2.
n topology connections are
) Bus (i) STAR (iii) RING iv) All of these
Ans. (i) STAR
3. is done by device namely
-

The process of modulation and demodulation

Router (iv) Modem
G) Hub (i) Repeater (iii)
Ans,:
4.
(iv) Modem cable l i m i t - i s used.
t h e network is to be extended beyond predefined
(March 2002)
(iv) Router
4) Modem (ii) Repeater (ii) Hub
Ans. (il) Repeater