2024 09 28 0.8477333466598227

X qhXÿ d AÝ¶ X¡{ZH$m§da AYm[aV
PSIR nëg
g§H$ënZm, g§H$bZ d boIZ
gm{hb gmoZQ>³Ho$
g§nmXH$s¶ ‘§S>i
‘hoe {eamnyaH$a, nr. S>r. MìhmU,
M§nV ~moÈ>odma, à{dU nmQ>rb,
n§H$O ìhÅ>o, ‘ëhma nmQ>rb,
VwH$mam‘ OmYd
‘wIn¥ð>
A‘mob nmQ>rb
Aja OwidUr
gwdUm© ÛJo
‘w{ÐV emoYH$
g§Ü¶m H$mQ>H$a
X ¶w{ZH$ A°H°$S>‘r : nwUo, ‘w§~B©, {X„r
^y{‘H$m
{dÚmWu {‘Ì-‘¡{ÌUtZmo...
"g‘H$mcrZ Am{U Mmcy KS>m‘moS>t'Mm Aä¶mgKQ>H$ hm Ogm gm‘mÝ¶ AÜ¶¶ZmgmR>r
AË¶mdí¶H$ Amho VgmM H$mhr d¡H$pënH$ {df¶m§gmR>rXoIrc ‘hÎdmMm R>aVmo. "amÁ¶emñÌ
Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§~§Y' hm Agm EH$ d¡H$pënH$ {df¶ Amho, Á¶mV g‘H$mcrZ KS>m‘moS>tMm
Aä¶mg {ZVm§V Cn¶wº$ R>aVmo. amÁ¶emñÌ nona-1 ‘Yrc "^maVr¶ emgZ d amOH$maU' Am{U
nona-2 ‘Yrc "^maVr¶ naamï´> YmoaU' ¶m XmoÝhr {d^mJm§g§~§Yr Mmcy KS>m‘moS>tMr V¶mar
H$amdr cmJVo. qH$~hþZm g§nyU© Aä¶mgH«$‘mVrc H$moUË¶mhr KQ>H$mg§~§Yr dV©‘mZ H$mimV H$mhr
‘hÎdnyU© KS>m‘moS>r KS>ë¶mg Ë¶mMm Aä¶mg H$aUo Oê$arMo R>aVo.
AWm©V, WmoS>mgm gImoc {dMma Ho$ë¶mg ho cjmV ¶oVo H$s, amÁ¶emñÌmVrc ‘yc^yV
g§H$ënZm, {dMmaàUmcr Am{U {dMmad§V ¶m g¡Õm§{VH$ àH$aUm§gmR>rXoIrc g‘H$mcrZ
AmH$cZ nm¶m^yV R>aVo. EH$ åhUOo, àíZm§Mr CÎmao {c{hVmZm {Zìdi nwñVH$s-g¡Õm§{VH$
MM}nwaVo ‘¶m©{XV Z amhVm Ë¶mg dV©‘mZ KS>m‘moS>r OmoS>ë¶mg CÎmao A{YH$ g‘n©H$ R>aVrc.
Xþgao, ‘yc^yV g§H$ënZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU XoÊ¶mgmR>r g‘H$mimVrc ¶mo½¶ CXmhaUo, XmIco d
àH$aUo AmYma^yV R>aVmV. åhUOo CÎmamVrc g§H$ënZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU ho "gmoXmhaU CcJSy>Z'
XmIdë¶mg Amncm ¶w{º$dmX {ZpíMVM à^mdr R>aoc. {Vgao, AZoH$ àíZm§À¶m CÎmam‘Ü¶o
‘yë¶‘mnZmË‘H$ ¶w{º$dmX Ano{jV AgVmo, Aemdoir g‘H$mcrZ KS>m‘moS>tMm Vnerc
AmYma^yV gm‘J«r åhUyZ dmnaVm ¶oVmo.
amÁ¶emñÌmVrc g‘H$mcrZ d Mmcy KS>m‘moS>tMo ho ‘hÎd cjmV KoD$Z X ¶w{ZH$ A°H°$S>‘rZo
"X qhXÿ' Am{U BVa X¡{ZH$m§da AmYm[aV "nrEgAm¶Ama nëg' hm amÁ¶emñÌmgmR>r Amdí¶H$
Mmcy KS>m‘moS>tMm A§H$ à{gÕ H$amd¶mMm R>adcm. Xa XmoZ ‘{hÝ¶m§Zr g§nyU©V: {S>OrQ>c
(H$ca) ñdê$nmV à{gÕ hmoUmè¶m ¶m A§H$mV ‘hÎdnyU© dV©‘mZ KS>m‘moS>tMr Aä¶mg KQ>H$mcm
AZwê$n R>aoc Aer ‘m§S>Ur Ho$cr OmUma Amho. g§H$cH$ gm{hc gmoZQ>¸o$ ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m
AZw^dmMm g‘n©H$ dmna H$aV H$moUVr dV©‘mZ KS>m‘moS> amÁ¶emñÌmVrc H$moUË¶m àH$aU -
KQ>H$mgmR>r Am{U Zo‘H$s H$er Cn¶wº$ R>aoc, ho ñnï> Ho$co Amho. Ë¶m‘wio Mmcy KS>m‘moS>tMm
narjm{^‘wI Aä¶mg H$aUo gwc^ R>aUma Amho.
Owc¡ d Am°JñQ> (2024) ¶m XmoZ ‘{hÝ¶m§Mm hm Mm¡Wm A§H$ Amnë¶m hmVr gwnyX© H$aVmZm
AË¶§V AmZ§X hmoV Amho. gm‘mÝ¶ AÜ¶¶ZmÀ¶m "~wco{Q>Z Am°’$ ¶w{ZH$ A°H°$S>‘r' (nyduMm "X
qhXÿ gmam§e') ¶m ‘m{gH$ A§H$m~amo~aM amÁ¶emñÌmdarc "nrEgAm¶Ama nëg' hm Û¡‘m{gH$
A§H$hr dmMH$m§Zm Cn¶wº$ R>aoc Aer Anojm Amho.
VwH$mam‘ OmYd
3 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

àñVmdZm
Z‘ñH$ma {dÚmWu {‘Ì-‘¡{ÌUtZmo....
AmnUmg H$i{dÊ¶mg AmZ§X hmoVmo H$s, UPSC/MPSC ‘w»¶ narjm amÁ¶emñÌ Am{U
Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§~§Y ¶m d¡H$pënH$ {df¶mgmR>r AmnU Am°ZcmB©Z ñdê$nmV ‘m{gH$ à{gÕ H$arV
AmhmoV. CÎmam‘Ü¶o EH$ doJionU ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r "nrEgAm¶Ama nëg' hm Am°ZcmB©Z ZdrZ
CnH«$‘ gwê$ Ho$cm Amho. UPSC ‘w»¶ narjoV ‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ A{YH$m{YH$ {dÚmWu
H$go ¶eñdr hmoVrc hm àm‘m{UH$ hoVy g‘moa R>odyZ ¶m ‘m{gH$mMr aMZm Ho$cocr Amho.
VgoM ‘m{gH$ {c{hVmZm narjm{^‘wIVm {Q>Hy$Z amhrc ¶mH$S>o H$Q>mjmZo cj {Xcoco Amho.
¶m A{^Zd g§H$ënZocm àoaUm XoUmao d Vr àË¶jmV CVa{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m{gH$mÀ¶m aMZo~m~V
nyU©nUo ‘moH$irH$ XoUmao lr. VwH$mam‘ OmYd ga Am{U lr. ‘ëhma nmQ>rc ga ¶m§Mo Am^ma
ì¶º$ H$aVmo.
Q>rn : ‘m{gH$m~m~V Zì¶m gyMZm§Mo Zoh‘rM ñdmJV Agoc.

Amnbm A{^àm¶ d gyMZm Imcrc B©-‘oc da nmR>dm.
~wco{Q>Z g§nmXH$ ‘§S>i : bulletin@theuniqueacademy.com
gm{hc gmoZQ>¸o$ : sahil.sontakke@ theuniqueacademy.com
¶m A§H$mMr d¡{eîQ>ço
¾ ‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘m‘Ü¶o AMyH$ {dícofU.
¾ amÁ¶emñÌ Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§~§Y ¶m d¡H$pënH$ {df¶mgmR>r Mmcy KS>m‘moS>tMr nwadUr
OmoS>Ur.
¾ OodT>o hdo VodT>oM ! AWm©V Less is More ¶m VÎdmMm dmna.
¾ {dÚmÏ¶mªZm CÎmam‘Ü¶o dmna H$aVm ¶oB©c Aer narjm{^‘wI ‘m§S>Ur.
¾ UPSC ‘w»¶ Am{U amÁ¶godm ‘w»¶ (dU©ZmË‘H$) narjocm g‘moa R>odyZ Ho$coco coIZ.
¾ ‘hÎdnyU© KS>m‘moS>r Am{U WmoS>³¶mV ‘hÎdmÀ¶m ~mVå¶m Aer {d^mJUr.
¾ ‘hÎdnyU© KS>m‘moS>r‘Ü¶o Unique Edge Box Mm g‘mdoe, {dÚmÏ¶mªZr ¶mo½¶ {XeoZo
{dMma H$amdm ¶mgmR>r AË¶§V Cn¶wº$.

AZwH«$‘{UH$m
^maVr¶ amÁ¶ì¶dñWm Am{U KQ>ZmË‘H$ à{H«$¶m

1. {ejU {df`mMm g‘mdoe amÁ`gyMrV H$amdm H$m? 11
2. ‘VXmam§À`m AZm{‘H$ËdmMm àíZ 12
3. g§gXr` H$m‘H$mOmVyZ C„oI H$mT>Ê`m~m~VMo {dícofU 13
4. YZ{dYo`H$ d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao àíZ 14
5. H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i 16
6. AmKmS>r emgZ 17
7. e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ> (Shadow Cabinet) 19
8. gmoimì`m {dÎm Am`moJmÀ`m g‘moaMm AO|S>m 20
9 {damoY àXe©Zm§Mo emñÌ 21
10. {Xì`m§JmZm h¸$ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ 23
11. {S>{OQ>b ñnYm© {dYo`H$ ‘gwXm 24
12. hdm‘mZ ~Xcmg§~§Yr H$m¶ÚmMr JaO 26
13. AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ àWoMm {gÕm§V (Essential Religious Doctrine) 27
14. H$mdS> `mÌm d gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb 28
15. amÁ`nmbm§Mr ^y{‘H$m Am{U gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm hñVjon 29
16. ImUr Am{U I{ZOo `m~m~V gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb 31
17. Zì`m JwÝhoJmar g§{hVm 32
18. OmVr` OZJUZm 33
19. ñWm{ZH$ ZmoH$è`m§‘Yrb AmajU : H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMo {dYo`H$ 36
20. Amo~rgr {H«$‘r{bà (CÞV JQ>) d AmajU 38
21. ^maV Am{U ’«$mÝg `m§Mr {ZdS>UyH$ nÕVr - VwbZmË‘H$ Aä`mg 40
22. amÁ`nmbm§Mm A{YH$ma 41
23. amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ d ñWm{ZH$ {ZdS>UwH$m 42
24. doJdmZ IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mMm h¸$ 44
25. {dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ (Right to be Forgotten) 46
26. AZwgy{MV OmVr‘Yrb CndJuH$aU d Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb 47
27. {X„r H|$Ðem{gV àXoem~m~V gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m§Mm {ZU©` 49
28. Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZH$mbm§gmR>r hmoUmam {db§~ 50

29. dŠ’$ XþéñVr {dYo`H$ 2024 51

30. AëH$mohmobg§~§Yr YmoaU 52
31. Q>o{bJ«m‘ Am{U ‘wº$ ñdmV§Í` YmoaU 54
32. AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U AZwgy{MV O‘mVr Am{U A°Q´>m°{gQ>r H$m`Xm 55
33. {Xì`m§Jm§Zm {Xbo OmUmao AmajU 56
34. ~bmËH$ma JwÝømgmR>r ’$merMr {ejm : `w{º$dmX 57
WmoS>³¶mV ‘hÎdmMo 59
Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§§~§Y
1. 22 dr ^maV-a{e`m dm{f©H$ n[afX 62
2. ^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m§Mo g§~§Y 62
3. n§VàYmZm§Mr ‘m°ñH$mo ôQ> Am{U {OAmo H°$ëŠ`wbg 64
4. ^maV Am{U a{e`m g§~§Ym§Mm AmT>mdm 66
5. ^maV-Am°pñQ´>¶m {Ûnjr` g§~§Y 67
6. ^maV-Zonmi g§~§Y : ‘moR>m ^mD$ Vo ^mD$ (Big Brother to Brother) 69
7. ^maV Am{U `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘ ‘Yrb {Ûnjr` g§~§Y 70
8. B§½cS>‘Yrc gÎmm§VamMm AmT>mdm 71
9. {~«Šg Am{U MVwîH$moZ (Quad) `mMo g§VwbZ 72
10. {~‘ñQ>oH$ n[afXoMo àdmh Am{U ZdrZ Am`m‘ 73
11. ìhoZoPwEbmVrc {ZdS>UwH$m 75
12. ^maV Am{U ^maVmMo ApñWa eoOmar 75
13. n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§Mr `wH«o$Z ôQ> 76
14. ^maV Am{U `wH«o$Z g§~§Y 78
15. ^maV-A‘o[aH$m ZmJar AUwH$ama 79
16. ~m§½bmXoemVrc qhgmMma 80
17. ~m§½bmXoemVrc qhgmMmamMm ^maVmdarb n[aUm‘ 82
18. {Zdm©{gVm§Mo h¸$ Am{U qbJ^mdmË‘H$ Am`m‘ 83
19. ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo nmbZ Am{U Z¡{VH$ X~md 85
20. n§VàYmZ ‘moXtZr nmob§S>bm {Xbobr ôQ> 86
21. ^maVmMr ~m§½bmXoemVrb Jw§VdUyH$ d ¿`md`mMr H$miOr 87
22. ~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb noMàg§J 88
23. JmPm nÅ>rdarb `wÕ {dñVmaÊ`mMr ^rVr 90


KS>m‘moS>r
^maVr¶ amÁ¶ì¶dñWm
Am{U
KQ>ZmË‘H$ à{H«$¶m
‘hÎdnyU©

{ejU {df`mMm g‘mdoe amÁ`gyMrV H$amdm H$m?
{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

nXdr àdoemgmR>r KoÊ`mV Amboë`m "ZrQ>' narjo‘Üò
AZoH$ {dÚmÏ`mªZm A{V[aº$ JwU {Xë`m‘wio dmX {Z‘m©U
Pmbm Amho.
`m{edm` {dÚmnrR> AZwXmZ Am`moJmH$Sy>Z (¶yOrgr)
KoÊ`mV Ambocr ZoQ>Mr narjmXoIrb aÔ H$aÊ`mV Ambr
Amho.
Va grEgAmÀma ZoQ> Am{U nXì`wÎma àdoemgmR>r
KoÊ`mV òUmar ZrQ> `m XmoZ narjm gÜ`m ñW{JV
H$aÊ`mV Amë¶m AmhoV.
{ejU {df`mg§X^m©V Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?
{~«{Q>e H$mimV ^maV gaH$ma H$m`Xm 1935 g§‘V H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Á`m H$m`ÚmÛmao g§KamÁ` Mm¡H$Q> àW‘V:
V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ¶mgmR>r ñdV§Ì gyMr V`ma Ho$br hmoVr.
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo {ejU hm {df` àm§V gyMr‘Üò hmoVm.
^maV ñdV§Ì Pmë¶mZ§Va {ejU hm {df` amÁ`gyMr‘Üò H$m`‘ R>odÊ`mV Ambm.
‘mÌ AmUr~mUrXaå¶mZ ¶mV ~Xb H$aÊ`mV Ambm. ñdU© qgJ g{‘VrZo XþéñË`m gwM{dë`mà‘mUo {ejU hm {df`
amÁ`gyMrVyZ H$mTy>Z g‘dVu gyMr‘Üò g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
`mgmR>r 1976 gmcr 42 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
‘mÌ Ë`mZ§Va ‘moamaOr XogmB© `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmV OZVm njmMo gaH$ma ñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va nwÝhm EH$Xm {ejU hm {df`
amÁ`gyMr‘Üò g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm. ‘mÌ amÁ`gô‘Üò ho {dYo`H$ ‘§Oya hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr.
gÜ`m {ejU hm {df` g‘dVu gyMrV g‘m{dï> Amho.
Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda H$m` Ho$bo OmVo?
A‘o[aHo$‘Üò amÁ` Am{U ñWm{ZH$ emgZm§H$S>o gd©gmYmaUnUo e¡j{UH$ ‘mZHo$ Am{U YmoaUo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mMo
A{YH$ma AmhoV.
WmoS>Š`mV, A‘o[aHo$‘Üò amÁ` Am{U ñWm{ZH$ emgZm§H$Sy>Z H$m°boO Am{U {dÚmnrR>o `m§Mo {Z`‘Z Ho$bo OmVo.
A‘o[aHo$‘Üò g§KamÁ` {ejU {d^mJ Ho$di {dÎmr` ‘XVrgmR>r ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~Om{dVmo.
H°$ZS>m‘ÜòXoIrb {ejU hm {df` àm§Vr` emgZmH$Sy>ZM ‘w»`Ëdo hmVmibm OmVmo.
O‘©Zr‘Üò amÁ`KQ>ZoÛmao {ejU{df`H$ A{YH$ma "b±S>g©' AWm©V amÁ¶m§H$S>o XoÊ`mV Amboco AmhoV.
amÁ`gyMr‘Üò {ejU hm {df` g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`m~m~V `w{º$dmX
^maVmgma»`m ‘moR>çm Xoem§‘Üò EH$g‘mZ {ejU YmoaU am~{dUo g`w{º$H$ dmQ>V Zmhr.
gdmªgmR>r EH$M Mm¡H$Q> R>a{dUo AWm©V dZ gmB©O {’$Q²>g ’$m°a Am°b ho Vm{H©$H$Ñï>çmXoIrb `mo½` dmQ>V Zmhr.

EZm{b{gg Am°’$ ~OoQ>oS> EŠgn|{S>Ma Am°Z EÁ`wHo$eZ `m {ejU ‘§Ìmb`mÀ`m gZ 2022 ‘Yrb AhdmbmZwgma
H|$Ð gaH$maH$Sy>Z {ejUmda 15% Va amÁ`m§H$Sy>Z 85% a¸$‘ IM© Ho$br OmVo.
Cnamoº$ IMm©‘Üò à{ejUmMm IM©XoIrb g‘m{dï> Ho$cm VarXoIrb H|$ÐmMm dmQ>m hm 24% hmoVmo Am{U amÁ`m§Mm
dmQ>m 76% hmoVmo.
hm {df` g‘dVu gyMrV g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`m‘mJo ‘hÎdmMo H$maU {Xbo OmV hmoVo H$s `m‘wio narjm KoÊ`m‘Üò
ì`mdgm{`H$Vm òB©b Am{U EH$gwgyÌVm {Q>Hy$Z amhrb. ‘mÌ g‘H$mbrZ g§X^m©Vrb ZrQ> narjoÀ`m KmoQ>mù¶m‘wio hm
XmdmXoIrb ImoSy>Z H$mT>bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
òWyZ nwT>o H$m` H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo?
amÁ`m§Zm {ejU joÌm~m~V YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r ñdm`ÎmVm XoÊ`mMm {dMma Jm§^r`m©Zo Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo d nwÝhm
{ejU `m {df`mMm g‘mdoe amÁ`gyMrV Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
‘mÌ Ë`mMdoir H|$ÐnmVirdarc Á`m {Z`‘ZmË‘H$ g§ñWm AmhoV CXmhaUmW© amï´>r` Amamo½` Am`moJ, {dÚmnrR>
AZwXmZ Am`moJ `m§Zr {Z`‘ZmË‘H$ H$m‘ H$m`‘ R>odmdo.
Unique Edge Box
hh 1935 Mm ^maV gaH$ma H$m`Xm
hh amÁ`m§À`m ñdm`ÎmVoMm àíZ
hh H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` ¶m§Mo ñdV§Ì Ago H$m`©joÌ
hh H|$Ð gyMr, amÁ`gyMr Am{U g‘dVu gyMr
hh gaH$m[a¶m Am`moJ, n§N>r Am`moJ `m§À¶m {e’$maer.
‘VXmam§À`m AZm{‘H$ËdmMm àíZ

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
AR>amì`m bmoH$gôÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va {ZH$mb Omhra Pmbo. `m {ZH$mbm§À`m AmYmao {d{eï> àXoemV H$moUË`m
njmbm qH$dm H$moUË`m C‘oXdmambm {H$Vr ‘VXmZ Pmbo Amho, H$moUË`m g‘mOmZo H$moUmbm ‘VXmZ Ho$bo Amho,
`m~m~V A§XmO dV©{dUo ghO eŠ` Agë¶mMo {XgyZ òV Amho.
{ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmÀ`m {e’$magr H$m` AmhoV?
‘VXmamZo H$moUVohr ^` Z ~miJVm ‘VXmZ H$amdo VgoM à{VemoYmÀ¶m ^mdZoMr ^rVr Ë`m§À`m ‘Zm‘Üò {Z‘m©U hmoD$
Zò `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMr JaO {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo `m AmYrhr ì¶º$ Ho$cr hmoVr.
‘VXmZmVrb n°Q>Z© Oa g‘moa òV Agob Va ZmJ[aH$m§À`m ‘Zm‘Üò
^rVrMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo.
gÜ`m CnbãY Agboë`m VaVwXtn¡H$s {Z`‘ H«$‘m§H$ 56, H§$S>ŠQ>
Am°’$ BboŠeZ éëg 1961 `mZwgma ‘VXmZmÀ`m JwáVo~m~V
{deof VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
‘ybV: 1961 À`m VaVwXr‘Üò ~°boQ> nona~m~V JwáVm
nmiÊ`mgmR>r VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m.

`m 1961 ‘Yrb VaVwXrZwgma doJdoJù`m ~°boQ> ~m°Šg‘Yrb ~°boQ> nona EH$Ì Ho$bo OmV Ago OoUoH$ê$Z ‘VXmZm‘Yrb
n°Q>Z© AmoiIVm òUma Zmhr.
‘mÌ OoìhmnmgyZ B©ìhrE‘ ‘erZMm dmna hmoD$ bmJbm Voìhm ‘mÌ Aem àH$mao ~°boQ> nona EH$Ì H$aÊ`mMm n`m©`
am{hbm Zmhr.
Ë`mZ§Va 2007 ‘Üò {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo Q>moQ>bmB©Pa ‘erZMm n`m©` nwT>o R>odbm hmoVm.
2009 ‘Üò ‘oKmb` Am{U CÎma àXoeÀ`m {dYmZgôÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s‘Üò Q>moQ>bmB©Pa ‘erZMm àm`mo{JH$ VÎdmda
dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
2014 ‘Üò `moJoe Jwám{déÕ {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò `m{MH$mH$Ë`mªZr ‘VXmag§KmMm EHy$U {ZH$mb
Omhra H$aÊ`m~m~V `m{MH$m XmIc Ho$bobr hmoVr OoUoH$ê$Z ZmJ[aH$m§Mm JwáVoMm h¸$ H$m`‘ amhrb.
`mdoir {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mV Oo à{VkmnÌ gmXa Ho$bo Ë`m‘Üò Q>moQ>bmB©Pa ‘erZMm dmna
H$aÊ`m~m~V gH$mamË‘H$ ^y{‘H$m KoVbobr hmoVr.
‘mÌ Agm dmna H$aÊ`mnydu {Z`‘m§‘Üò XþéñVr H$aÊ`mMr JaO {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo ì`º$ Ho$br.
BVa ~m~r
{dYr Am`moJmÀ`m 255 ì`m Ahdmbm‘Üò {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmÀ`m ^y{‘Ho$Mo g‘W©Z Ho$bobo hmoVo.
Va `moJoe Jwám IQ>ë`m‘Üò gaH$maZo Q>moQ>bmB©Pa ‘erZ~m~V H$moUVmhr gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmMm àíZ CnpñWV hmoV
Zmhr Aer ^y{‘H$m KoVbr hmoVr.
‘mÌ {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo Q>moQ>bmB©Pa ‘erZ dmnaÊ`m~m~V Amnbo gH$mamË‘H$ ‘V ì`º$ Ho$bo hmoVo.
òWyZ nwT>o
{ZdS>UwH$m `m ‘wº$ Am{U Ý`mæ¶ dmVmdaUmV hmoÊ`mgmR>r ZmJ[aH$m§À`m JwáVoÀ`m h¸$mMo g§ajU hmoUo AË`§V
‘hÎdmMo Amho OoUoH$ê$Z ZmJ[aH$ {Z^©`nUo ‘VXmZ à{H«$òV gh^mJr hmoD$ eH$Vrb.
Unique Edge Box
hh AZwÀN>oX 324 A§VJ©V ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobm {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ, EH$
KQ>ZmË‘H$ Am`moJ
hh ‘wº$ Am{U Ý`mæ` dmVmdaUmVrb {ZdS>UwH$m
hh JwánUo ‘VXmZ H$aÊ`mMm ZmJ[aH$m§Mm h¸$- JwáVoMm h¸$
hh Om°Z ñQw>AQ>© {‘b `mMo Jwá ‘VXmZm{df`r H$m` ‘V hmoVo?
g§gXr` H$m‘H$mOmVyZ C„oI H$mT>Ê`m~m~VMo {dícofU
{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r
AR>amì`m bmoH$gôMo n{hbo A{YdoeZ gwê$ AgVmZm {damoYr
njZoVo amhþb Jm§Yr `m§À`m ^mfUmVrb H$mhr ^mJ H$mTy>Z
Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm.
VgoM amÁ`gô‘ÜòXoIrb {damoYr njZoVo ‘{„H$mOw©Z IaJo
`m§À`m ^mfUmVrb H$mhr ^mJXoIrb H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambm.

`m nmíd©^y‘rda bmoH$gôMo g^mnVr Am{U amÁ`gôMo AÜ¶j `m§À`m A{YH$mam§~m~V MMm© hmoV Amho.
{díbofU
g§gXo‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m àËòH$ ^mfUmMo aoH$m°S>© qH$dm Zm|XUr R>odbr OmVo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 105 Zwgma g§gXoVrb ImgXmam§Zm {deof A{YH$ma Am{U ^mfUñdmV§Í` Agë`mMm
C„oI Amho.
ho {deof A{YH$ma ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb BVa VaVwXr Am{U g^mJ¥hmVrb BVa {Z`‘ `m AZwf§JmZo bmJy hmoVmV.
amÁ`gôMo AÜ¶j Am{U bmoH$gôMo g^mnVr `m§Zm Oa EImÚm gXñ`m§Zr Ho$bobo dº$ì` ho An‘mZH$maH$, MwH$sMo,
Ag§gXr` d Aà{Vð>mnyU© Aem ñdê$nmMo dmQ>bo Va Ago dº$ì` qH$dm ^mfU ho H$m‘H$mOmVyZ H$mT>bo OmVo.
`mg§X^m©V bmoH$gôÀ`m g{Mdmc¶mH$Sy>Z Aem Ag§gXr` eãXm§Mr `mXr Ho$cr OmVo.
bmoH$gôMo g^mnVr qH$dm amÁ`gôMo AÜ¶j `m§À`mH$Sy>Z Omhra Ho$bo OmVo H$s, {d{eï> ^mfU qH$dm dº$ì`
ho Ag§gXr` ñdê$nmMo Amho qH$dm Aem ^mfUm‘wio g^mJ¥hmÀ`m {Z`‘m§Mo C„§KZ Pmbo Amho Am{U g^mJ¥hmMo
nm{dÍ¶ Zï> Pmbo Amho. Voìhm Ago {df` Am{U dº$ì` H$mT>co OmVmV.
amï´>r¶ {hVg§~§Ym§Zm YmoH$m {Z‘m©U hmoUo, BVa amï´>m§er g§~§Y {~KS>Uo, à{V{ð>V ì¶º$s¨Mm An‘mZ, Ym{‘©H$ ^mdZm
XþImdUo, {d{eï> g‘wXm¶m§à{V dº$ì¶, g^mnVr-AÜ¶j ¶m§Mo ñWmZ, ^maVr¶ goZm ¶mg§~§Yr Ag§gXr¶ ^mfoMm
dmna dm dº$ì¶ Ho$ë¶mg Vo H$m‘H$mOmVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$co OmVo.
BVa {Z`‘{df`H$ VaVwXr
g§gXoVrb H$m‘H$mO {Z`‘ H«$‘m§H$ 353 Zwgma Ooìhm EImXm gXñ` BVa gXñ`m§{déÕ EImXm Amamon H$aVmo Voìhm
H$moUVr à{H«$`m am~{dbr OmVo, `m{df`r VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
Va amÁ`gôVrb H$m‘H$mO {Z`‘ H«$‘m§H$ 261 Am{U bmoH$gôVrb {Z`‘ H«$‘m§H$ 380 Am{U 381 `mÛmao
gXñ`m§Mo dº$ì` Am{U ^mfU H$mT>Ê`m~m~V VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.
Aer H$mT>bobr dº$ìò àgma‘mÜ`‘m§Zm XoIrb H$i{dbr OmVmV d hr dº$ìò Omhra H$ê$ ZòV Aer Anojm
`m‘Üò ì`º$ Ho$bobr AgVo.
‘mÌ gÜ`mÀ`m {S>{OQ>b `wJmV Aem àH$mao H$mT>bobr dº$ìò àgm[aV hmoD$ ZòV ho {H$VnV eŠ` Amho `mda
XoIrb e§H$m CnpñWV Ho$br OmVo.
Unique Edge Box
hh g§gXoÀ`m nm{dÍ`mMr g§H$ënZm
hh g§gXo‘Üò Amdí`H$ Agbobo ‘wº$ ^mfUñdmV§Í` Am{U A{^ì`º$s ñdmV§Í`
hh g^mnVtZm AgUmao ñdoÀN>mA{YH$ma d Ë`mMm à^md
hh g^mJ¥hmVrb H$m‘H$mOmgmR>r Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambobo {Z`‘ Am{U H$mhr g§Ho$V `m§Mo ‘hÎd
YZ{dYo`H$ d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao àíZ

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
^maVmÀ`m ga Ý`m`mYrem§Zr YZ{dYo`H$g§~§Yr IQ>ë`m~m~V ì`mnH$ KQ>ZmË‘H$ nrR>mMr (~|MMr) ñWmnZm
H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` ZwH$VmM KoVbm Amho, Ë¶m‘wio hm {df` nwÝhm EH$Xm M{M©bm OmV Amho.

{dícofU
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m AZwÀN>oX 110(1)(a) Vo (f) `m
A§VJ©V Ago Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, Ho$di
Z‘yX Ho$boë`m ghm {df`m§n¡H$s EH$m qH$dm A{YH$
{df`m§da AmYm[aV {dYo`H$ ‘m§S>bo Jobo Agob Va Ë`mg
YZ{dYo`H$ åhQ>bo OmB©b.
H$a emgZmZo ~mOmamVyZ CMbbobo H$O©, g§{MV {ZYr
qH$dm AmH$pñ‘H$ {ZYr `m§‘YyZ n¡go H$mT>Uo, g§{MV
{ZYrMo {d{Z`moOZ H$aUo, g§{MV {ZYr‘Üò a¸$‘ O‘m
H$aUo, gmd©O{ZH$ ImË`m‘Üò a¸$‘ O‘m H$aUo H|$Ð qH$dm amÁ`m§À`m ImË`m§Mo Am°{S>Q> d AH$mC§Q> H$aUo BË`mXr
{df¶m§g§~§Yr {dYo¶H$ Agoc Va Vo YZ{dYo`H$ R>aVo.
Va AZwÀN>oX 110(1)(g) Zwgma Cnamoº$ Z‘yX Ho$boë`m {df`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mer g§b¾ Oo {df`
AgVrb Vo XoIrb YZ{dYo`H$m‘Üò dJuH¥$V hmoVrb. `mMr à‘wI CXmhaUo åhUOo {dÎm H$m`Xm AWm©V ’$m`ZmÝg
A°ŠQ> Am{U {d{Z`moOZ H$m`Xm hmo`.
Va AZwÀN>oX 117 ‘Üò XmoZ àH$maMo {dÎm {dYo`Ho$ Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. Vr åhUOo {dÎm {dYo`H$ dJ©dmar
EH$ Am{U {dÎm {dYo`H$ dJ©dmar XmoZ.
`mn¡H$s {dÎm {dYo`H$ dJ©dmar EH$ A§VJ©V Cnamoº$ Z‘yX Ho$boë`m ghm {df`m§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo Va dJ©dmar XmoZ
A§VJ©V Cnamoº$ ghm {df¶ dJiyZ VgoM g§{MV {ZYr‘YyZ IM© hmoV Agob Va Ë`mMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo.
YZ{dYo`H$mgmR>r à{H«$`m H$m` Amho?
YZ{dYo`H$ ho AZwÀN>oX 109 AZwgma Ho$di bmoH$gô‘Üò ‘m§S>Vm òVo.
amÁ`gô‘Üò {dYo`H$ ‘m§S>ë`mZ§Va 14 {Xdgm§À`m AmV amÁ`g^m Ë¶mV ~Xb gwMdy eH$Vo. Ago ~Xb bmoH$g^m
ñdrH$maVo qH$dm ñdrH$maV Zmhr.
Aem àH$maMr à{H«$`m hr AmnU `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘‘Yrb g§Ho$VmZwgma ñdrH$mabobr Amho.
dmXmMm {df` H$m` Amho?
2016 ‘Üò AmYma H$m`Xm g§‘V H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. hm H$m`Xm YZ{dYo`H$ åhUyZ g^mJ¥hmV ‘m§S>bm hmoVm.
Aem àH$mao YZ{dYo`H$ ‘m§S>VmZm hm Xmdm Ho$bm hmoVm H$s, `m {dYo`H$m§VJ©V Z‘yX Ho$bobo {df` ho Cnamoº$ Z‘yX
Ho$boë`m ghm {df`m§n¡H$s qH$dm Ë`mÀ`mer g§b¾ AmhoV.
Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò Cnamoº$ IQ>bm XmIb Pmë`mZ§Va gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo ho {dYo`H$ YZ{dYo`H$ Agë¶mMo 4-1 `m
{ZU©`mZo ‘mÝ` Ho$bo hmoVo.
Xþgao CXmhaU åhUOo ’$m`ZmÝg A°ŠQ> 2017 Ooìhm g§‘V H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm Voìhm `mA§VJ©V amï´>r` h[aV
bdmXm‘Üò XoIrb gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.
‘mÌ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo am°Oa ‘°Ï`y {déÕ gmCW B§{S>`Z ~±H$ `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò amï´>r` h[aV bdmXm‘Üò H$aÊ`mV
Amboë`m gwYmaUm aÔ~mVb Ho$ë`m.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo `m {R>H$mUr AZwÀN>oX 110(1)(a) Vo (f) ‘Yrb "Ho$di' `m eãXmH$S>o bj doYbo.

Unique Edge Box

hh bo{Oñbo{Q>ìh ‘bmB©g qH$dm H$m`ÚmMm CÔoe nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mMr Ý`m`mb`mMr O~m~Xmar
hh {d{YdV dmñVddmXmMr g§H$ënZm
hh AZwÀN>oX 110 Am{U AZwÀN>oX 117 `m§‘Yrb ’$aH$
hh Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`VoMo VÎd (Judicial activism)
hh `mo½` doir Ý`m`mb`rZ hñVjonmMr JaO
H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i

H|$Ð gaH$mabm EImXm YmoaUmË‘H$ {ZU©` KoVmZm qH$dm EImÚm YmoaUmË‘H$ {ZU©`mMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aVmZm
Ë`mbm H$m`Xoera nmR>~i XoÊ`mgmR>r Z¸$s H$moUVm H$m`Xm Ho$bm Omdm qH$dm Ë`mVrb ‘OHy$a H$m` Agmdm, `mgmR>r
EH$m H$m¶Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>imMr JaO Agë`mMm `w{º$dmX ZmJar g‘mOm‘YyZ gÜ`m Ho$bm OmV Amho.
{dícofU
gaH$mabm H$m`Xoera g„m XoÊ`mgmR>r EImÚm {dMma JQ>mMr (qWH$ Q>±H$Mr) ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr, Agm `w{º$dmX
gÜ`m Ho$bm OmV Amho.
Ooìhm g§gXo‘Üò gaH$mar njmH$Sy>Z EImXo {dYo`H$ ‘m§S>bo OmVo Voìhm Ë`m {dYo`H$m‘Üò H$m`ÚmMm CÔoe Am{U
‘m§S>Ur ñnï>nUo g‘moa òUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.
VgoM gmXa Ho$bo Jobobo {dYo`H$ KQ>ZmË‘H$ÑîQ>çm d¡Y Amho ho XoIrb ñnï> Pmco nm{hOo `mgmR>r Cnamoº$ H$m`Xoera
g„mJma ‘§S>i ‘XV H$ê$ eH$Vo.
Á`mà‘mUo gÜ`m n§VàYmZm§Zm Am{W©H$ ~m~tda g„m XoÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ g„mJma ‘§S>i Amho Ë`mM YVuda n§VàYmZm§Zm
H$m¶Xo{df¶H$ g„m XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV `mdr Aer ‘mJUr hmoV Amho.
H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>imMo ‘hÎd g‘OyZ KoVmZm AbrH$S>o H$aÊ`mV Ambobo H$m`Xo, YmoaUo d gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo
{Xbobo AmXoe `m§Mo {dícofU H$amdo bmJob. CXmhaUmW©, AbrH$S>o {ZdS>UyH$ amo»`mg§~§Yr gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo
{ZU©` XoVmZm à‘mUeraVm MmMUr KoV {ZdS>UyH$ amoIo H$m`Xm aÔ Ho$bm. `mg§~§Yr Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, H$m`Xoera
g„mJma ‘§S>im§Zr `mo½` Vo g„o `mg§~§Yr {Xbo AgVo Va H$Xm{MV n[apñWVr doJir Agy eH$br AgVr.
hrM ~m~ Amnë`mbm AmYma Q>maJoQ> {S>{bìhar H$m`Xm 2016 g§~§Yr åhUVm òVo, Á`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo
ImOJrnUmMm qH$dm JwáVoMm h¸$ ‘hÎdmMm ‘mZbm hmoVm
¶oWo XoIrb H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m
~Omdy eH$bo AgVo.
^maVr` Ý`m` g§{hVm A§VJ©V Q´H$ S´m`ìhg©Zm Xhm dfmªMr
{ejm H$aÊ`m~m~V VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr Or
gaH$maZo Z§Va ‘mJo KoVbr. ‘mÌ, Ë¶mdoir Oa H$m`Xoera
g„mJma ‘§S>i AgVo Va H$Xm{MV Aer VaVyXM Ho$br
Jobr ZgVr.

H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i H$moUVo ‘wÔo AYmoaopIV H$aob?

EImÚm H$m`Úm‘wio g‘mOmda hmoUmè¶m n[aUm‘mMo ‘moO‘mn Ho$bo OmB©b, Á`mbm gm‘m{OH$ n[aUm‘ ‘yë`m§H$Z Ago
åhUVm òB©b.
VQ>ñW g„mJma ‘§S>imH$Sy>Z `mo½` Vmo g„m {Xbm OmB©b, Á`m‘wio Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò `w{º$dmX H$aUo gmo`rñH$a d gmono hmoB©b.
H$aÊ`mV Ambobm H$m`Xm KQ>ZoÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r‘Üò Amho H$m, VgoM gm‘m{OH$ÑîQ>çm ñdrH$mamh© Amho H$m, `m~m~V
XoIrb `m {Z{‘ÎmmZo MMm© hmoB©b.
Ë`m‘wio gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò XmIb hmoUmao IQ>bo H$‘r hmoVrb d KQ>ZmnrR>o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMo àg§JXoIrb H$‘r
à‘mUmV hmoVrb, Á`m‘wio Ý`m`mb`mdaMm VmUXoIrb H$‘r hmoB©b.
H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i Am{U {dYr Am`moJ `m§‘Yrb ’$aH$
gÜ`m {dYr Am`moJ hm {dYr Am{U Ý`m` ‘§Ìmb` ¶m§À¶m A§VJ©V H$m‘ H$aVmo. AZw^dOÝ¶ Am{U VwbZmË‘H$
Aä`mgmZwgma ho g‘moa òVo H$s, {dYr Am`moJmZo OodT>çm {e’$magr Ho$boë¶m AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s AË`§V H$‘r {e’$magr
gaH$maH$Sy>Z ñdrH$maë`m OmVmV.
{dYr Am`moJmH$Sy>Z gd©gmYmaUnUo H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m 50 Q>³³¶m§nojm H$‘r {e’$magr gaH$maH$Sy>Z ñdrH$maë`m
OmVmV d Ë`mMr A§‘b~OmdUr Ho$br OmVo, Ago Aä`mgm§Vr {XgyZ Ambo Amho.
{dYr Am`moJmH$Sy>Z à{Vdfu Ho$di 4.19 `m XamZo Ahdmb à{gÕ Ho$bo OmVmV.
`m nmíd©^y‘rda H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i ho {dMma JQ> åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aob d WoQ> n§VàYmZm§Zm `m{df`r g„m XoB©b
Agm Xmdm d `w{º$dmX ¶m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMo g‘W©Z H$aVmV.
Unique Edge Box
hh qWH$ Q>±H$Mm amOH$s` ì`dñWodarb n[aUm‘ Am{U Ë`mMr JaO

hh qWH$ Q>±H$Mm g§gXr` emgZàUmbrda Am{U AÜ`jr` emgZ àUmbrda hmoUmam n[aUm‘
`m§Mm VwbZmË‘H$ Aä`mg- VwbZmË‘H$ amÁèmñÌ
hh H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i Am{U Ý`m`mb`mVrb àb§{~V IQ>bo `m§Mm H$m` g§~§Y Amho?
AmKmS>r emgZ

ZwH$Ë`mM AR>amì`m bmoH$gôÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m nma nS>ë`m d {ZH$mb Kmo{fV Pmbo. ^maVmV nwÝhm EH$Xm AmKmS>r
gaH$maMo ‘hÎd AYmoaopIV hmoV Amho.
{dícofU
AmKmS>r emgZ åhUOo AZoH$ njm§Zr EH$Ì òD$Z ñWmnZ Ho$bobo emgZ hmo`.
gaH$ma‘Üò H$moUË`mhr EH$m njmMo dM©ñd Z amhVm BVa njm§Zm gaH$ma‘Üò ñWmZ àmá hmoVo Á`mbm ~hþnjr`
gaH$ma AgoXoIrb åhQ>bo OmVo.
AmKmS>r emgZm‘Üò {H$‘mZ XmoZ njm§Mm g‘mdoe AgUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV {H$‘mZ XmoZ nj Am{U
A{YH$m-A{YH$ nj `m§Mr `wVr Pmbr Va Ë`mbm AmKmS>rMo emgZ Ago åhUVm òD$ eH$Vo.

Aem àH$maMr AmKmS>r {ZdS>UwH$snydu qH$dm {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va XoIrb Ho$br OmVo.

AmKmS>r Ho$ë`m‘wio gÎmo‘Üò Amnë`m ghH$mar njm§Zm dmQ>m Úmdm bmJVmo. Á`m‘Üò ‘§{Ì‘§S>imVrb ‘§Í`m§Mr nXo,
{d{dY àm{YH$aUm§da {Z`w³Ë¶m Aem ‘hÎdnyU© nXm§da ghH$mar njm§Mr dUu bmJVo.
AmKmS>r emgZ {H$‘mZ AmYma^yV H$m`©H«$‘m§da AmYmacoco AgVo.
dmñVddmX qH$dm ’${bV àm‘mÊ`dmX ho AmKmS>rÀ`m amOH$maUmMo ‘hÎdnyU© d¡{eï>ç AgVo. `m AmKmS>r
amOH$maUmÀ`m g§H$ënZo‘Üò {dMmaàUmbrbm VwbZoZo {VVHo$ ‘hÎdmMo ñWmZ ZgVo.
AmKmS>rÀ`m amOH$maUmMr g§H$ënZm J{Verb g§H$ënZm Amho åhUOoM AmKmS>çm ~ZVmV g§nwï>mV ¶oVmV Am{U
nwÝhm XoIrb ~ZVmV. WmoS>Š`mV hr g§H$ënZm pñW{Verb Zmhr.
AmKmS>rÀ`m amOH$maUm‘Üò gÎmogmR>r Ho$bobr EH$ àH$mao VS>OmoS> AgVo Á`m‘Üò {d{eï> CÔoe g‘moa R>odyZ AZoH$
nj EH$Ì Ambobo AgVmV.
AmKmS>r emgZmMo ’$m`Xo H$m` AmhoV?
H|$Ð Am{U amÁ`mMo g§~§Y gwYmaVrb d ghH$mar g§KamÁ` VÎdmbm MmbZm {‘iob.
EH$ nj dM©ñdembr ì`dñWonmgyZ gwQ>H$m hmoB©b.
gd© g‘mdoeH$ gaH$maMr ñWmnZm hmoÊ¶mg àmoËgmhZ {‘iob.
YmoaUo Am{U H$m`Xo{Z{‘©Vr H$aVmZm g§Vw{cV Ñ{ï>H$moZ Adc§{~cm OmB©c.
O~m~Xmar Am{U CÎmaXm{`Ëd `m VÎdm§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo OmB©b.
g‘mOmVrb {hVg§~§Yr JQ> Am{U X~md JQ> `m§À`m ‘mJÊ`m ‘mÝ` Ho$ë`m OmVrb.
AmKmS>r emgZmMo VmoQ>o H$m` AmhoV?
Ho$di gÎmmàmár `m CÔoemZo EH$Ì Amcoë¶m njm§Mm g‘mdoe
EImXm YmS>gr Am{U H$R>moa {ZU©` KoÊ`mg AS>Wim {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.
ApñWa emgZ nÕVr.
{ZU©`m§‘Üò {e{WbVm Am{U {dc§~.
^maVm‘Üò AmKmS>rÀ`m emgZmMm B{Vhmg H$m` Amho?
1960 Am{U 1970 ¶m XeH$m§‘Üò H$m±J«ogMr EH$ nj
dM©ñdembr ì`dñWm b`mbm OmD$ bmJbr d AZoH$
amOH$s` njm§Mm Am{U AmKmS>çm§À`m amOH$maUmMm CX`
Pmcm.
AZoH$ amÁ`m§V àmXo{eH$ njm§Mm CX` hm amï´>r` njm§Mo
{d^mOZ H$aÊ`mg XoIrb H$maUr^yV R>abm.
^maVmV ^mfm, àXoe, g§ñH¥$Vr, d§e, gm§ñH¥${VH$Vm `m
AmYmam§da AZoH$ àmXo{eH$ njm§Mr ñWmnZm Pmbr, Á`m‘wio
AmKmS>rÀ`m amOH$maUmbm àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo.
^maVmV 1975 Vo 77 À`m AmUr~mUrÀ¶m n[aUm‘r AZoH$
àmXo{eH$ njm§Zr EH$Ì òÊ`mMo YmoaU Adb§{~bo. Ë¶mZ§Va

BVa amï´>r` njm§er `wVr d AmKmS>r H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b dmT>bm.

^maVmVrc gdm©{YH$ ‘Vo {‘i{dUmam C‘oXdma {dO¶r ("’$ñQ>© nmñQ> X nmoñQ>') ¶m {ZdS>UyH$ ì¶dñWo‘wio XoIrb
AmKmS>r amOH$maUmbm MmcZm {‘iVo.
Unique Edge Box
hh EH$ nj dM©ñdembr ì`dñWm Am{U EH$ nj ì`dñWm `m§‘Yrb ’$aH$ H$m` Amho-
VwbZmË‘H$ Aä`mg.
hh ghH$mar g§KamÁ` VÎdmMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh H|$Ð gaH$ma Am{U amÁ` gaH$ma `m§À¶m ñdm`Îm H$m`©joÌmg§~§Yr Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm
{ZH$mb
hh ñWm{ZH$ qH$dm àmXo{eH$ njm§Mr ^y{‘H$m- gH$mamË‘H$ Am{U ZH$mamË‘H$
e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ> (Shadow Cabinet)

Amo{S>em‘Yrb {damoYr nj ZoË`m§Zr {dYmZgô‘Üò gaH$maÀ`m H$m‘m§da bj R>odÊ`mgmR>r "e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>'Mr
ñWmnZm Ho$br Amho, `m‘wio hm {df` MM}V Amho.
{dícofU
e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ> g§H$ënZoMo CJ‘ñWmZ {~«{Q>e H°${~ZoQ> ì`dñWo‘Üò AmT>iVo.
e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>Mr ñWmnZm gd©gmYmaUnUo {damoYr njmH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmVo. EH$ àH$mao ^{dî`mVrb ‘§{ÌnXo ^yf{dÊ`mgmR>r
Ho$bobr hr V`mar AgVo. VgoM gaH$maÀ`m H$m‘m§da bj R>odÊ`mMr EH$ nÕVr AgVo.
gaH$ma‘Üò AgUmè`m àËòH$ ‘§Í`mÀ`m nmR>r‘mJo EH$ e°S>mo åhUyZ {damoYr njmVrb EH$m ì`º$sMr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br
OmVo, Vr ì`º$s g§~§{YV ‘§Í`mÀ`m H$ma^mamda bj R>odob.
e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>bm n`m©`r H°${~ZoQ> åhUyZXoIrb AmoiIco OmVo. CXmhaUmW©, Aä`mgH$ Am¶da OoqZJ `m§Zr {damoYr
nj ZoË`mbm Va "n`m©`r àYmZ‘§Ìr' Ago g§~moYV Jm¡ad Ho$bm Amho.
gÚ:pñWVr‘Üò `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘, Am°ñQó{b`m, H°$ZS>m Am{U Ý`yPrb§S> `m Xoem§‘Üò e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>Mr nÕV
ApñVËdmV Amho.
^maVmV Am¡nMm[aH$arË`m e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>gmaIr g§gXo‘Üò H$moUVrhr ì`dñWm Zmhr qH$dm H$m`ÚmÝdò Aer H$moUVrhr
VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Zmhr.
`mnydu XoIrb ‘hmamï´,> Ho$ai, ‘Ü`àXoe, Jmodm `m
amÁ`m§‘Üò e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mMo à`moJ
AZm¡nMm[aH$arË`m Pmbo hmoVo.
e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>Mm AOyZ EH$ ’$m`Xm åhUOo {damoYr
njmVrb ZoË`m§Zm kmZ, Vm§{ÌH$ ‘m{hVr, H$ma^mamV
‘m{hVrnyU© gh^mJ Zm|X{dÊ¶mg àmoËgmhZ {‘iVo.

Unique Edge Box

hh ^maVr` g§gXr` emgZì`dñWm Am{U {~«Q>Z‘Yrb g§gXr` emgZì`dñWm `m§À`mVrb
’$aH$ qH$dm VwbZmË‘H$ Aä`mg
hh e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ>g§~§Yr ^maVmVrb à{H«$`m Am{U g§Ho$V
gmoimì`m {dÎm Am`moJmÀ`m g‘moaMm AO|S>m

gmoimì`m {dÎm Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m AZwÀN>oX 280 AÝdò H$aÊ`mV ¶oVo.
gmoimì`m {dÎm Am`moJmZo Amnbo H$m‘ ZwH$VoM gwê$ Ho$bo Amho.
g§{MV {ZYrMo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`m~m~V ‘hÎdnyU© {e’$magr `m Am`moJmH$Sy>Z Ho$ë`m OmVmV.
73 dr Am{U 74 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$aVmZm AZwÀN>oX 280 (3),(bb),(c) Aer XoIrb XþéñVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
ehamMo Am{W©H$ d¥Õr‘Yrb ‘hÎd
Z°eZb H${‘eZ Am°Z A~©Zm`PoeZZo 1980 À`m XeH$mVM eham§Zm Am{W©H$ d¥ÕrMo B§{OZ Ago g§~moYbo hmoVo.
^maVmVrb eham§Mo EHy$U OrS>rnr‘Üò 66% EdT>o `moJXmZ Amho Va EHy$U ‘hgwbmn¡H$s 90% `moJXmZ ho
eham§H$Sy>Z òVo.
`m AZwf§JmZo eham§Mo {dH$mg à{H«$òVrb ‘hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ bjmV KoVm ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Mo ‘hÎd A~m{YV
Amho.
OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$À`m AhdmbmZwgma òUmè`m nwT>À`m XeH$m§‘Üò 840 AãO S>m°ba EdT>r a¸$‘ ehar nm`m^yV
gw{dYm§gmR>r bmJUma Amho.
H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$ma `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§H$S>o hmoUmao hñVm§VaU ho Ho$di OrS>rnrÀ`m 0.5%
EdT>oM Amho.
BVa {dH$gZerb amï´>m§Mr `m~m~V Oa VwbZm Ho$br Va X{jU Am{’«$Ho$‘Üò hoM à‘mU 2.6%, ‘opŠgH$mo‘Üò
1.6%, {’${bnmB©Ýg‘Üò 2.5% Va ~«mPrb‘Üò 5.1% EdT>o Amho.
H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$mam§H$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m hñVm§VaUmdaM ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Mm ‘hgyb Adb§~yZ Amho. Vmo
gd©gmYmaUnUo 40% EdT>m Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
H$aàUmbrVrb ~Xb Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm
dñVy Am{U godm H$aàUmbr bmJy Pmë`mZ§Va ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m CËnÞmda ~amMgm n[aUm‘ Pmbobm
{XgyZ òVmo.
AWm©V ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§H$S>o AOyZhr ‘mb‘Îmm H$am§Mo A{YH$ma H$m`‘ AmhoV.
BVa ~m~tMo {díbofU
Voamì`m {dÎm Am`moJmZo `mnydu åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Zm H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$mam§H$Sy>Z àemgH$s`
A{YH$mè`m§Mr ‘XV, Vm§{ÌH$ ‘XV Am{U {ZYr (functionaries, technical aid, funds) `m§Mr JaO Amho.
`m{edm` ‘|~a Am°’$ nmb©‘|Q> bmoH$b E[a`m S>oìhbn‘|Q> ñH$s‘ `m§gma»`m `moOZm§‘wio VgoM g‘m§Va g§ñWm§À`m

H$m‘H$mOm‘wio ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m H$m‘m§‘Üò AS>Wio {Z‘m©U hmoV Agë`mMo XoIrb {XgyZ òVo.
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Mo H$m‘ d Ë`mMo ‘mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zì`m OZJUZoMr XoIrb {ZVm§V Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
gÜ¶m ^maVmV 23 hOma IoS>r 4 hOma d¡Ym{ZH$ ehao AmhoV.
òWyZ nwT>o
‘°Ho$Ýgr ½bmo~b BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>À`m [anmoQ>©Zwgma gÜ`mÀ`m H$‘r XamZo nm`m^yV gw{dYm§‘Üò Oa Jw§VdUyH$ hmoV am{hbr
Va ‘mÌ hr Jw§VdUyH$ Anwar nS>ob.
`m AZwf§JmZo H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$mam§H$Sy>Z A{YH$Mo hñVm§VaU VgoM BVa {ZYr C^maÊ`mMo ‘mJ© CXmhaUmW©,
å¶w{Z{gnb H$O©amoIo, J«rZ ~m°ÊS> BË`mXtMm XoIrb AmYma KoVbm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
Unique Edge Box
hh D$Üd©Jm‘r (Vertical) ‘hgyb {dVaUmMr g§H$ënZm
hh {j{VO g‘m§Va ‘hgyb {dVaUmMr g§H$ënZm
hh àmXo{eH$ g‘Vmob, {dH$mgmMr g§H$ënZm
hh AZwÀN>oX 280 A§VJ©V ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV òUmam KQ>ZmË‘H$ Am`moJ - {dÎm Am¶moJ
{damoY àXe©Zm§Mo emñÌ

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
OJâmVrb AZoH$ emgZm§À`m {damoYmV g‘H$mbrZ n[apñWVrV {damoY àXe©Z Ho$bo OmV AmhoV. `m AZwf§JmZo
Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{U g‘H$mbrZ {damoY àXe©Z Am{U Ë`m§Mo emñÌ g‘OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
{díbofU
{damoY àXe©Z åhUOo {d{eï> H$mbmdYrgmR>r {d{eï> àXoemV gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr ì`º$ Ho$bobo Amnbo ‘V qH$dm
‘VôX hmo`.
{damoY àXe©ZmMm CÔoe hm YmoaU Am{U H$m`Úmg§X^m©V Amnbr Agh‘Vr gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr ì`º$ H$aUo Am{U
gaH$mada YmoaUo ~XbÊ`mg§X^m©V X~md Q>mH$Uo hm XoIrb AgVmo.
{damoY àXe©Z {Z‘m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr amOH$s` {ZU©`, gm‘m{OH$ AÝ`m`, hdm‘mZ ~Xb `m§gmaIo AZoH$ H$maH$
H$maUr^yV R>ê$ eH$VmV.
{damoY àXe©ZmÀ¶m n[aUm‘r àgma ‘mÜ`‘m§H$Sy>Z XIb KoVbr OmVo, OZ‘V V`ma hmoVo VgoM gaH$maH$Sy>Z
YmoaUmË‘H$ ~XbXoIrb Ho$bo OmVmV.
AZoH$Xm {damoY àXe©ZmÀ`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ OZ‘V ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmda ~Xbbo OmVo d ‘VXmZmÀ`m à{H«$¶oda XoIrb
n[aUm‘ hmoVmo Am{U {ZdS>UyH$ XoIrb à^m{dV hmoVo.
CXmhaUmW© 1960 ‘Yrb ZmJar h¸$ Midi Va
2020 ‘Yrb H¥$îUdUu`m§Mo ãb°H$ {bìhO ‘°Q>a ho
Am§XmobZ.

{nàgZ `m g§ñWoZo Ho$bobm Aä`mg

ì`mnH$arË`m d XrK©H$mbrZ Am`mo{OV Ho$bobr {damoY àXe©Zo èñdr R>aVmV.
AqhgmË‘H$ ‘mJm©Zo Ho$bobr Am§XmobZo A{YH$ èñdr R>aVmZm {XgVmV. CXmhaUmW© 1986 ‘Yrb {’${bnmB©ÝgMo
nrnëg nm°da [aìhmoë¶weZ Á`m‘Üò ‘mH$m}g `m hþHy$‘ehmbm nXmdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Ambo.
EH$M Am{U g‘mZ CÔoe Agbobr Am§XmobZo A{YH$ èñdr hmoVmV.
Or Am§XmobZo nmobrg H$madmB©Zo {MaSy>Z Q>mH$br OmVmV Aem Am§XmobZm§Zm g‘mOmVyZ nmqR>~m dmT>Vmo.
CXmhaUmW© JmPm nÅ>rdarb H$madmB©{damoYmV A‘o[aHo$Vrb {dÚmnrR>m§‘Üò hmoV Agbobr Am§XmobZo, Á`m‘Üò nmobrg
H$madmB© Ho$ë`m‘wio Am§XmobZmbm nmqR>~m dmT>bm.
OJmVrb BVa H$mhr CXmhaUo
1900 Vo 2006 `m H$mbI§S>mV OJâm‘Üò 300 {damoY àXe©Zo Am{U H«$m§{VH$mar Am§XmobZo KSy>Z Ambr.
Á`m Am§XmobZm‘Üò EImÚm àXoemVrb qH$dm XoemVrb 3.5% bmoH$m§Zr gh^mJ Zm|X{dbm Aer Am§XmobZo èñdr
Pmbobr {XgyZ òVmV.
CXmhaUmW© 2010 ‘Yrb `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘‘Yrb Q>oH$ ~°H$ nmc©‘|Q> Am§XmobZ Á`m‘Üò {ZdS>UyH$ gwYmaUog§~§Yr
OZ‘V MmMUr KoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
AZoH$Xm bmoH$ àË`j Am§XmobZmV gh^mJr hmoV Zgbo Var Am§XmobZmbm Ë`m§Mm AàË`j nmqR>~m AgVmo Ë`m‘wio
Aer AmH$S>odmar ~è`mMXm `mo½` AgobM Ago Zmhr.
AqhgmË‘H$ Am§XmobZm§Zm g‘mOmVyZ nmqR>~m {‘iV Agbm Var Or AqhgmË‘H$ Am§XmobZo g‘mOm‘Üò AS>Wio
(disruptions) {Z‘m©U H$aVmV Aem Am§XmobZm§~m~V ZH$mamË‘H$ OZ‘V V`ma hmoVo.
2010 ‘Yrb Aa~ pñà§JMo Am§XmobZ 2020 ‘Yrb ãb°H$ cmBìhO ‘°Q>a ho Am§XmobZ BË¶mXr H$mhr g‘H$mbrZ
g§X^m©Vrb Am§XmobZmMr à‘wI CXmhaUo AmhoV.
^maVmVrc Am§XmobZo
^maVmÀ`m ñdmV§Í`bT>çmbm g{dZ` H$m`Xo^§JmÀ`m Am§XmobZmMm B{Vhmg Amho.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zo‘Üò AZwÀN>oX 19 A§VJ©V em§VVmnyU© ‘mJm©Zo EH$Ì O‘Ê`mMm h¸$ g‘m{dï> H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
Va ‘yb^yV H$V©ì`m‘Üò gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmrMo g§ajU H$aÊ`m~m~V VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
ñdmV§Í`mda KmbÊ`mV Amboë`m ‘`m©Xo‘Üò ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd Am{U AI§S>Ëd, ^maVmMr gwajm, BVa amï´>m§~amo~a
‘¡ÌrnyU© g§~§Y, gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dñWm, Z¡{VH$Vm Am{U Ý`m`mb`mMm Ad‘mZ `m§Mm g‘mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
am‘brbm ‘¡XmZ {déÕ J¥hg{Md 2012 `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ZmJ[aH$m§Zm EH$Ì
O‘Ê`mMm Am{U em§VVmnyU© {damoY, àXe©Z H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho Á`mda H$m`©H$mar ‘§S>i Am{U H$m`Xo‘§S>i
‘Z‘mZrnUo {Z`§ÌU AmUy eH$V Zmhr.
{ZîH$f©
H$moUË`mhr bmoH$emhr g‘mOm‘Üò {damoY, àXe©Zo ho bmoH$emhr {Od§V Agë`mMo bjU Amho.
‘mÌ {damoY àXe©Zo H$aVmZm ZmJ[aH$m§Zr Amnbr ‘yb^yV H$V©ì`XoIrb bjmV R>odUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

Unique Edge Box

hh S>opìhS> BñQZ `mZo ‘m§S>bobm ì`dñWm {gÕm§V
hh AmXmZo, àXmZo Am{U àË`mXmZo BË`mXr g§H$ënZm
hh X~md JQ>m§Mr g§H$ënZm, OrZ ãbm°S>|b `mZo ‘m§S>bobo àmê$n
hh {hVg§~§Yr JQ>mMr g§H$ënZm
{Xì`m§JmZm h¸$ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ

amBQ²g Am°’$ ng©Ýg {dW {S>gA°{~{bQ>r 2016
`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>r‘Üò {Xì`m§Jm§gmR>r "n`m©á
gmo`rgw{dYm' (reasonable accomodations) CnbãY
H$ê$Z XoUo Amdí`H$ Agë`mMo åhQ>bo Amho.
n`m©á gmo`rgw{dYm CXmhaUmW© a°ånMr ~m§YUr H$aUo
VgoM H$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Amdí`H$ gmYZm§Mm nwadR>m
H$aUo qH$dm YmoaUmË‘H$ nmVirda ~Xb H$aUo BË`mXtMm
g‘mdoe Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
Cnamoº$ H$m`Úm‘Üò ‘mÌ EH$ gyQ> {Xbr Amho, Á`m‘Üò
åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Oa gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U ImOJr g§ñWm§Zm Aem àH$maÀ`m gmo`rgw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo A{V[aº$
^ma (Am{W©H$) dmQ>V Agob Va ‘mÌ Ë`m§Zm `m VaVwXr bmJy hmoUma ZmhrV.
`m‘wio {Xì`m§Jm§gmR>r Vi nmVirda à`ËZ H$‘r hmoVmZm {XgV AmhoV.
Ñ{ï>H$moZ H$m` Agbm nm{hOo?
¶mVrb àW‘ ‘wÔm åhUOo A{V[aº$ ^ma Z¸$s H$embm åhUm`Mo, `mMr ñnï> VaVyX Zmhr. Ë`m‘wio ì`{º${Zð>
AWm©Ýd`ZmgmR>r `m {R>H$mUr OmJm Amho.
VgoM Am{W©H$ ~m~rMm àíZ g‘moa òVmo Voìhm ImOJr g§ñWm `m A{V[aº$ ^ma CMbm`bm V`ma ZmhrV hr ~m~
ñnï> Amho.
`m {R>H$mUr ImOJr g§ñWm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWm§Zr Cn`wº$VmdmXr {dMmagaUrMm qH$dm Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm AmYma
KoVbobm {XgyZ òVmo.
‘mÌ `m H$m`ÚmMr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ë`mUH$mar Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr XoIrc VodT>rM JaO Amho.
`mVrb Xþgar ~m~ åhUOo gmoB©gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`m~m~V Oa ImOJr Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmZo nwT>mH$ma
¿`mdm Aer Anojm Agob Va Aem ~m~r Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm Ë¶m§Zm nadS>Vrc Agm YmoaUmË‘H$ ~Xb H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
`mgmR>r amÁ`g§ñWoZo gH$mamË‘H$ Am{U g{H«$` ^y{‘H$m KoUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
amÁ`g§ñWoH$Sy>Z YmoaUmË‘H$ nmVirda H$am§‘Üò gyQ> XoUo VgoM AZwXmZmÀ`m ñdê$nmV H$mhr ‘XV H$aUo qH$dm amï´>r`
{ZYrMr KmofUm H$aUo BË`mXr ‘mJ© Adb§{~co OmD$ eH$VmV.

CXmhaUmW© {Xì`m§Jm§gmR>r gÚpñWVrV ApñVËdmV Agbobm amï´>r` {ZYr hm nyU©nUo dmnabm OmV Zmhr, `m
AZwf§JmZo XoIrb g{H«$` à`ËZm§Mr JaO Amho.
Aem àH$maÀ¶m gmoB©gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m‘wio Amnë`mda H$moUVmhr Am{W©H$ ^ma òUma Zmhr Aer ImOJr
g§ñWm§Mr ImÌr nQ>ob Voìhm `m g§ñWm§H$Sy>Z à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVrb.
‘mÌ Ago Agbo Var `m g§ñWm§Zr nyU©nUo Cn`wº$VmdmXr ^y{‘H$m ñdrH$maUo g‘mO åhUyZ `mo½` R>aUma Zmhr. åhUyZM
H$ë`mUH$mar Ñ{ï>H$moZ bjmV KoVm gm‘m{OH$ O~m~XmarMr ^mdZmXoIrb OmJ¥V R>odUo VodT>oM Amdí`H$ Amho.
nwT>rc {Xem
X§S> Am{U {ejoMr VaVyX `m XmoZM ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$ê$Z g‘mOmVrb àíZ gmoS>{dbo OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV hr ~m~
ñnï> Amho.
Ë¶m~amo~aM YmoaUmË‘H$ nmVirda ZmdrÝ`Vm Am{U YmoaUmË‘H$ ZO AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
amÁ`g§ñWoZo KoVbobr gH$mamË‘H$ ^y{‘H$m {Xì`m§Jm§Mo h¸$ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mV ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ~Omdob `mV e§H$m Zmhr.
amÁ`g§ñWoMm nwT>mH$ma ImOJr g§ñWm§ZmXoIrb `mo½` Vo ~Xb H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ XoB©b Aer Anojm Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm
hh Sw>Im©BZ `mZo ‘m§S>bobm g‘mZVoMm {gÕm§V
hh Om°Z am°ëgZo `mZo ‘m§S>bobm Ý`m`mMm {gÕm§V
hh AkmZmÀ`m nS>ÚmMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
{S>{OQ>b ñnYm© {dYo`H$ ‘gwXm

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
H$m°nm}aoQ> ‘§Ìmb`mZo ZwH$VrM EH$m g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Ho$bobr Amho Á`m A§VJ©V {S>{OQ>b ~mOma Am{U ñnYm© `m
AZwf§JmZo Zì`m H$m`ÚmMr JaO nS>VmiyZ nm{hbr OmB©b.
gÜ`mMr ñnYm©Ë‘H$ Mm¡H$Q> H$m` Amho?
nma§n[aH$ ñnYm© {Z`‘ZmgmR>r H$m°pån{Q>eZ A°ŠQ> 2002 hr H$m`Xoera Mm¡H$Q> Amho.
Á`mA§VJ©V à{VñnYm© Am`moJmÛmao ñnY}{damoYr dV©ZmMo {Z`‘Z Ho$bo OmVo.
OJâmVrc BVa Xoem§‘Üò XoIrb Aem àH$maMr ñnYm©Ë‘H$ {Z`‘mMr Mm¡H$Q> H$m`ÚmÛmao ñWm{nV Ho$bobr {XgVo.
{S>{OQ>b ~mOma Am{U ñnYm© `mgmR>r àñVm{dV Mm¡H$Q> H$m` Amho?
`mg§X^m©Vrb ‘gwXm "H${‘Q>r Am°Z {S>{OQ>b H$m°pån{Q>eZ
bm°' `m A§VJ©V V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
gd©gmYmaUnUo hm ‘gwXm `wamonr` `w{Z`ZÀ`m {S>{OQ>b
‘mH}$Q> A°ŠQ> `m H$m`ÚmÀ`m AmYmamda V`ma H$aÊ`mV
Ambm Amho.
{S>{OQ>b ‘mH}$Q> ho gd©gmYmaUnUo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
dmT>V AgyZ `mgmR>r BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg Am°’$ ñHo$b Am{U

BH$m°Zm°{‘Šg Am°’$ ñH$mon `m§gma»`m Am{W©H$ H$maH$m§Zm O~m~Xma Yabo OmV Amho.
‘gwÚm‘Yrb H$mhr ‘hÎdmÀ`m Am{U ì`mnH$ VaVwXr H$m` AmhoV?
{S>{OQ>b ~mOmamVrb dM©ñdembr (Dominant) {S>{OQ>b H§$nÝ`m d Ë`m§Mo {Z`‘Z `mÀ`mda ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda bj
H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
`m A§VJ©V ‘w»` Jmä`mVrb {S>{OQ>b godmnwadR>m H$aUmè`m H§$nÝ`m CXmhaUmW© gM© B§{OZ, gmoeb ZoQ>d{Hª$J Am{U
pìh{S>Amo eoA[a¨J Aem àH$maÀ`m H§$nÝ`m§~m~V {deof H$miOr KoVbr OmUma Amho.
`mgmR>r {gpñQ>‘oQ>°H$br {g{¾{’$H±$Q>> {S>{OQ>b E§Q>aàmBOog (SSDE) `m ZmdmImbr {deof VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë¶m
AmhoV.
EImÚm {S>{OQ>b H§$nZrbm Cnamoº$ XOm© XoVmZm g§»`mË‘H$ Am{U JwUmË‘H$ ‘mZHo$ bjmV KoVbr OmUma AmhoV.
SSDE H§$nÝ`m§gmR>r H$mhr {Z`‘Zo
ñdV…À`m CËnmXZm§Zm PwH$Vo ‘mn Z XoÊ`m~m~V VaVyX.
ñdV…À`m CËnmXZm§Zm PwH$Vo ‘mn XoD$Z BVa {Vgè`m njmÀ`m CËnmXZm§Zm Xþb©{jV H$aUo `mgmR>r {Z`‘Zo.
dmnaH$Ë`mªZm BVam§er qH$dm BVa ì`mnmar AmñWmnZm§er g§nH©$ gmYÊ`mnmgyZ amoIUmè`m H§$nÝ`m§Zm amoIÊ`mgmR>r
VaVwXr.
dmnaH$Ë`mªZm EImXr godm dmnaÊ`mgmR>r AàË`jarË`m gº$s H$aÊ`mnmgyZ amoIUmè`m VaVwXr.
dmnaH$Ë`mªMm S>mQ>m qH$dm ‘m{hVr `m§À`m gwajo~m~V VaVwXr.
d¡`{º$H$ Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ ‘m{hVr Am{U S>mQ>mMm dmna ñdV…À`m ’$m`ÚmgmR>r A`mo½àrË`m Z H$aÊ`m~m~V
VaVwXr.
‘gwÚmda KoÊ`mV Ambobo H$mhr Amjon
`wamonr` `w{Z`ZMo àmê$n Amho Ago ñdrH$maUo `mo½` R>aUma Zmhr.
AZoH$ ñQ>mQ>©AßgZr `m Zì`m ‘gwÚmda Amjon KoVbm Amho. H$maU Jw§VdUwH$sda n[aUm‘ hmoB©b Agm Ë`m§Mm Xmdm
Amho.
bKw d ‘Ü`‘ AmH$mamÀ`m CÚmoJm§da {dnarV n[aUm‘ hmoB©b AgmXoIrb AZoH$m§Mm Xmdm Amho.
`m ‘gwÚmbm nmqR>~m XoUmao Xmdo
‘moR>çm H§$nÝ`m§À`m ‘moZmonmo{bpñQ>H$ dV©Zmda {Z`§ÌU òB©b Agm Xmdm AZoH$ ñQ>mQ>©AnÛmao Ho$bm OmV Amho Ë`m§Mm
`m ‘gwÚmbm nmqR>~m Amho.
{deofV: Xoem§VJ©V ñQ>mQ>©AßgZo `m Zì`m ‘gwÚmbm nmqR>~m Omhra Ho$bm.
Unique Edge Box
hh CXma‘VdmXr bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh ‘wº$ ~mOmaì`dñWoMo ñdê$n åhUOo H$m`?
hh CXma‘VdmXr ì`dñWoV amÁ`g§ñWoMr AgUmar ^y{‘H$m
hh à{VñnYm© Am`moJ Am{U H$m`Xm 2002

hdm‘mZ ~Xcmg§~§Yr H$m¶ÚmMr JaO
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo ZwH$VmM E‘. Ho$. aUOrV qgh {déÕ `w{Z`Z
Am°’$ B§{S>`m `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b‘m§Mo {díbofU
H$aVmZm hdm‘mZ ~XcmÀ¶m ZH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘m§nmgyZ ‘wº$ amhÊ`mMm
qH$dm OrdZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$ Agë`mMo {díbofU Ho$bo Amho.
{díbofU
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo hdm‘mZ ~Xbm{déÕMm h¸$ hm amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb
AZwÀN>oX 14 AWm©V g‘mZVoMm h¸$ Am{U AZwÀN>oX 21 AWm©V
à{Vð>mnyU© OrdZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$ `m‘Üò AW©Ýd`rV Ho$bm Amho.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Aem àH$mao KoVboë`m ^y{‘Ho$bm Ý`m`mb`rZ
g{H«$`Vm Ago åhUVm òB©b.
gd©gmYmaUnUo H$m`Xo‘§S>imH$Sy>Z `mo½` Vr nmdbo CMbbr OmV
ZmhrV Voìhm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mbm Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`Vm XmIdmdr bmJVo.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Ho$bobm Cnamoº$ hñVjon hm gH$mamË‘H$ Agbm Var H$m`ÚmÀ`m nmVirda à`ËZ H$aUogwÕm
AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV, Ho$di gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xboë`m {ZU©`mda Adb§~yZ Z amhVm H$m`Xo‘§S>imZo XoIrb H$m`Xm H$aUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
^maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V H$em àH$maMm H$m`Xm Ho$bm Omdm?
Ñ{ï>H$moZ EH$ -
`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmZwgma hdm‘mZ ~Xbmbm gm‘moao OmÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì H$m`Xm H|$ÐnmVirda H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Omo ZwH$VmM {ZU©` {Xbm Ë`m {ZU©`mVXoIrb åhQ>bo Amho H$s, gÚpñWVr‘Üò Aå~«obm
bo{OgboeZMm A^md Agë`m‘wio amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXtMm AmYma KoV {ZU©` Úmdm bmJV Amho.
‘mÌ hdm‘mZ ~Xbm g§X^m©V H$m`Xm hm gd©gmYmaUnUo H$m~©Z CËgO©Z amoIUo, amï´>r` H$m~©Z ~OoQ> {ZpíMV H$aUo,
CËgO©ZmMr ‘`m©Xm R>a{dUo, nwZZ©{dH$aUr` Üò` R>a{dUo BË`mXr g§X^m©VM ‘`m©{XV am{hbobm gd©gmYmaUnUo {XgyZ
òVmo.
`m AZwf§JmZo `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘‘Yrc `m amï´>m§Zr Cnamoº$ VaVwXtMm g‘mdoe Amnë`m hdm‘mZ ~Xb H$m`Úm‘Üò
Ho$bm Amho.
‘mÌ Aem àH$maMm EH$M H$m`Xm hm {dH${gV Xoem§gmR>r `mo½` Agbm Var {dH$gZerb Xoem§gmR>r doJio àmê$n
AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Ñ{ï>H$moZ XmoZ
Ho$di EH$M hdm‘mZ ~XbmMm H$m`Xm Z H$aVm Oo {d{dY joÌo AmhoV. CXmhaUmW© ZmJar joÌ, eoVrjoÌ, nmUr,
D$Om©, {nHo$ `m§Zm nmqR>~m XoUmè`m VaVwXr VgoM A°S>nQ>oeZ Am{U {‘Q>rJoeZbm AZwgê$Z gaH$maH$Sy>Z ‘XV {Z`‘Zo

`m AZwf§JmZo Mm¡H$Q> V`ma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

Aer V`ma Ho$bobr Mm¡H$Q> hr g‘VoÀ`m AmYmamdarb Mm¡H$Q> Agob. VgoM ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm`mbm `m‘Üò gh^mJr>
H$ê$Z KoVbo Va Ago Cnamoº$ KS>m‘moS>rbm "EZo~qbJ bo{OñboeZ' Ago g§~moYVm òB©b.
Unique Edge Box
hh AZwÀN>oX 14 Am{U AZwÀN>oX 21 A§VJ©V AW©Ýd`rV H$aÊ`mV Ambobm ‘yb^yV h¸$
hh amÁ`KQ>ZoMo Ho$bobo gO©Zerb AW©Ýd`Z
hh {d{YdV dmñVddmXmMr g§H$ënZm
hh Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`VoMo ‘hÎd
hh gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` : ‘yb^yV h¸$mMm g§ajUH$Vm©
AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ àWoMm {gÕm§V (Essential Religious Doctrine)

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
nr. ZdrZ Hw$‘ma 2024 `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò ‘Ðmg Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mMo Ý`m`‘yVu Or.Ama. ñdm‘rZmWZ `m§Zr "A§JàX{jUm‘'
`m Ym{‘©H$ àWobm nwÝhm EH$Xm gwê$ H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V {ZU©` {Xbm.
`mnydu 2015 ‘Üò A§JàX{jUm‘ `m Ym{‘©H$ àWoda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mMm {ZU©` XoÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
`m àWo‘Üò Ho$irÀ`m nmZmda Imbr PmonyZ Caboë`m AÞmdê$Z àX{jUm Kmbm`Mr nÕV hmoVr.
gd©gmYmaUnUo Aer àX{jUm X{bV Am{U ~«m÷UoÎma bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z KmVbr OmV Ago.
OmVrÀ`m AmYmamda ôX^md Am{U à{Vð>mnyU© OrdZ `m XmoZ H$maUmñVd 2015 ‘Üò `m àWoda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr.
‘mÌ 2024 ‘Yrb `m {ZU©`mZ§Va nwÝhm hr àWm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m‘wio AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ àWoMm
{gÕm§V nwÝhm EH$Xm M{M©bm OmV Amho.
nr. ZdrZ Hw$‘ma IQ>ë`m‘Üò Ý`m`‘yVvZr H$moUVm AmYma KoVbm?
AZwÀN>oX 21 Mo AW©Ýd`Z H$aVmZm JwáVoÀ`m qH$dm ImOJrnUmÀ`m h¸$m§‘Üò b¢{JH$ H$coà‘mUo AÜ`mpË‘H$
H$coMoXoIrb AW©Ýd` Ho$co OmVo, `m Ame`mMm {ZU©` {Xbm Amho.
`m{edm` Ho$irÀ`m nmZmda PmonyZ àX{jUm KmbUo ho amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 19 (1) (D) A§VJ©V ì`º$sÀ`m
g§Mma ñdmV§Í¶m§VJ©V Am{U AZwÀN>oX 25 À`m Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m h¸$m§‘Üò òVo Agm ¶w{º$dmX H$aÊ¶mV Amcm.
VgoM Cnamoº$ H¥$Vr‘wio à{Vð>mnyU© OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m h¸$mMm åhUOoM AZwÀN>oX 21 Mm ^§J hmoV Zgë`mMr
{Q>ßnUrXoIrb Ho$br Amho.
`mnyduÀ`m IQ>ë`m§Mm AmT>mdm
lr {eê$a ‘R> (1954) `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ
Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo H$s, Y‘m©Mm AË¶mdí`H$ ^mJ H$m`
Amho, ho Ë`m Y‘m©À`m {gÕm§VmÀ`m AmYmaoM R>a{dbo
OmD$ eH$Vo.
‘mÌ Z§VaÀ`m IQ>ë¶m‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Amnbr

^y{‘H$m ~Xbbobr {XgVo. CXmhaUmW©, XþJm© H${‘Q>r, AO‘oa (1961) `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo
H$s, Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m h¸$m§‘Üò Ho$di AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ àWoMm g‘mdoe Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo Am{U Aem
àWm A§YlÕobm IVnmUr KmbUmè`m AgVrb Va Ë`m AË¶mdí¶H$ àWoMm ^mJ hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
32 {eamim J«m‘g^m (2014) `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò {Od§V ZmJmÀ`m nyOoMm àíZ CnpñWV Pmbm Voìhm `w{º$dmX H$aVmZm
lrZmW brbm‘¥V J«§Wm‘Üò ¶m àWoMm C„oI hmoVm; Va Y‘©emñÌ J«§Wm‘Üò ¶m àWoMm C„oI ZìhVm Ago åhQ>co
Joco. `mda gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Y‘©emñÌ `m J«§WmMm AmYma KoD$Z ¶m àWoda ~§Xr AmUbr Am{U {Od§V ZmJmÀ¶m
nyOocm AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ àWoMm ^mJ ‘mZbo Zmhr.
gZ 1985 À`m ‘whå‘X ’$mgr `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò Ho$ai nmobrg Xbm‘Üò H$m`©aV AgUmè`m ‘wñcr‘ ì`º$sZo XmT>r
R>odÊ`mgmR>r nadmZJr XoÊ`mg§X^m©V `m{MH$m XmIb Ho$bobr hmoVr. `m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Ym{‘©H$ J«§Wm§Mm
AmYma Z KoVm BVa H$maUo XoV XmT>r R>odÊ`mg nadmZJr ZmH$mabr hmoVr.
Z§VaÀ`m EH$m IQ>ë`mV Vm§S>d Z¥Ë` ho AmZ§X ‘mJu n§WmÀ`m AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ {gÕm§Vm‘Üò òVo H$m, `m
g§X^m©V gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo H$s, Cnamoº$ n§W hm Vm§S>d Z¥Ë` `m Ym{‘©H$ àWoÀ`m AmYrnmgyZM ApñVËdmV
Agë`m‘wio hr àWm ¶m n§WmMr Amdí¶H$ ~m~ ‘mZVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
1995 ‘Yrb E‘. Bñ‘mB©b ’$méH$s IQ>ë`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo H$s Z‘mO nS>Uo hr àWm Amdí`H$
Amho ‘mÌ ‘{eXr‘Üò OmD$Z Z‘mO nS>Uo `mbm AË¶mdí¶H$ àWm åhUVm òUma Zmhr.
WmoS>Š`mV Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Am{U gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` `m§Zr {Xboë`m Cnamoº$ {ZU©`m§‘Üò EH$gyÌVm Am{U EH$g§YVm
Zgë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
{ZîH$f©
H$moUË`mhr Ym{‘©H$ àWobm qH$dm H$m`m©bm nadmZJr XoVmZm Oa Aer nÕV qH$dm ì`dñWm hr amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXr
Am{U ‘yëò ¶m§À¶m {dnarV Agob Va Ë`mbm nadmZJr ZmH$mabr Jobr nm{hOo Am{U Ë`mda ~§Xr AmUbr nm{hOo.
‘J `m‘Üò EImXr àWm hr AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ àWm Agob qH$dm Zgob hm àíZM `m {R>H$mUr CnpñWV hmoV
Zmhr. H$maU Oa àWm amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m ‘yë`m§À`m {dn[aV Agob Va Vr aÔ H$aUoM g`w{º$H$ R>aVo.
Unique Edge Box
hh ^maVr` Y‘©{ZanojVoMo àmê$n H$m` Amho?
hh nmümÎ` Y‘©{ZanojVoMo àmê$n H$m` Amho?
hh gm§ñH¥${VH$ gmnojVoMo VÎd åhUOo H$m`?
hh AZwÀN>oX 21 {déÕ AZwÀN>oX 25 d 19
hh AZwÀN>oX 21 A§VJ©V òUmam AmÜ`mpË‘H$ PwH$md `mMo AW©Ýd`Z
H$mdS> `mÌm d gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb

H$mdS>`mÌm hr qhXÿ Y‘m©Mm EH$ gU d na§nam åhUyZ gmOar Ho$br OmVo.
H$mdS>`mÌm hr qhXÿ Y‘m©Zwgma H°$b|S>a‘Yrc lmdU ‘{hÝ`m‘Üò gmOar Ho$br OmVo.
`m `mÌ|VJ©V {ed `m XodmMr nyOm Ho$br OmVo. Á`mgmR>r bmoH$ J§JmOb `wº$ h§S>m KoD$Z àdmg H$aVmV.
hr ¶mÌm X{bV g‘wXm` Am{U BVa ‘mJmg dJ© `m§À`m‘Üò àm‘w»`mZo bmoH${à` Amho.

{df` dmXJ«ñV H$m Pmbm?

CÎma àXoe Am{U CÎmamI§S> `m amÁ` gaH$mam§Zr Ago AmXoe
{Xbo H$s, `m `mÌoÀ`m ‘mJm©da AgUmao Oo H$moUVo AÞnXmWmªMo
ñQ>m°b AgVrb, `m ñQ>m°ëgZr Amnë`m ‘mbH$m§Mr AmoiI d
H$m‘ H$arV AgUmao H$‘©Mmar ¶m§Mr AmoiI Omhra H$amdr.
`m {damoYmV gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò IQ>bm XmIb H$aÊ`mV
Ambm hmoVm. `m{MH$mH$Ë`mªZr åhQ>bo H$s, Aem àH$maMo
XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmXoe ho ñnï>nUo ôX^md H$aUmao AmhoV.
`mda {ZH$mb XoVmZm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo Amho H$s,
Aem àH$maMo AmXoe CÎma àXoe Am{U CÎmamI§S> gaH$mabm XoVm òUma ZmhrV.
EH$m ‘VàdmhmÀ`m ‘Vo, Aem àH$maMo AmXoe åhUOo BVa Y‘u` ì`º$s¨Zm `m H$mdS> `mÌo‘Üò gh^mJr hmoÊ`mnmgyZ
amoIÊ`mMm à`ËZ Amho.
Xþgè¶m ‘VàdmhmÀ¶m ‘Vo, Aem àH$maMm AmXoe hm ôX^md H$aUmam Va AmhoM; nU `mM~amo~a `m gm§ñH¥${VH$
CËgdm‘Üò gh^mJr hmoÊ`mnmgyZ amoIUmamXoIrc Amho. VgoM amoOJmamÀ`m h¸$mdaXoIrb n[aUm‘ H$aUmam Amho.
H$mdS>> `mÌoMo ho d¡{eîQ>ç am{hbo Amho H$s, {Za{Zamir Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ nmíd©^y‘r Agbobo
{d{dY Y‘mªMo d n§Wm§Mo bmoH$ `m‘Üò gh^mJr hmoVmV d `m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ amoOJma àmá H$aVmV.
amÁ` gaH$mam§Zr `mda ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, `mÌoXaå`mZ H$moUVmhr MwH$sMm Am{U A{à` àg§J KSy
Zò `mgmR>r Aem àH$maMo AmXoe emgZmZo {Xbo hmoVo. ‘mÌ AmVm Vo aÔ~mVb H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
òWyZ nwT>o
^maVmMr AmoiI {d{dYVoV EH$Vm Agbobm Xoe Aer Amho. åhUOoM ^maVmZo Zoh‘r ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$VoMo VÎd Onbo
Amho Am{U nmbZ Ho$bo Amho. `mMo ^mZ òWyZ nwT>o AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
YmoaUm§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ H$moUVmhr gm‘m{OH$ VmU Am{U VUmd {Z‘m©U hmoD$ Zò qH$dm Vgm g§Xoe OmD$ Zò `mMr
H$miOrXoIrb KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
`m AZwf§JmZo H$m`©H$mar‘§S>i Am{U H$m`Xo‘§S>i `m nmVirda ho ^mZ H$m`‘ am{hbo nm{hOo.
¶m ‘§S>im§H$Sy>Z Ago ^mZ amIco Joco Zmhr Va Ý`m`mb`mZo `mo½` doir Ý`m`mb`rZ hñVjon H$aV gm‘m{OH$
g§ñWmZH$ àdmh H$m`‘ R>odUo H$mimMr JaO Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh amÁ`g§ñWoMr {Zînj ^y{‘H$m
hh ^maVmMr AgUmar {d{dYVoV EH$Vm Aer AmoiI
hh ^maV EH$ Y‘©{Zanoj amï´>-amÁ` åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVo
hh ^maVmVrb ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$VoMo VÎd
amÁ`nmbm§Mr ^y{‘H$m Am{U gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm hñVjon

amÁ`nmb AZoH$Xm amÁ` {dYmZgôZo nm[aV Ho$boë`m {dYo`H$m§da H$moUVmhr {ZU©` Z KoVm Ho$di Vo {dYo`H$

àb§{~V R>odVmV.
`m AZwf§JmZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò Ho$ai
gaH$maZo `m{MH$m XmIb Ho$br, Ë`m‘wio hm {df`
MM}V Amho.
{dícofU
`m àH$aUm‘Üò Ho$aiÀ`m amÁ`nmbm§Zr amÁ`
{dYmZgôZo nm[aV Ho$bobo {dYo`H$ Odinmg XmoZ dfmªnojm A{YH$ H$mbmdYrn`ªV àb§{~V R>odbo.
àb§{~V R>odbo `mMm AW© Ho$aiÀ`m amÁ`nmbm§Zr `m {dYo`H$mda H$moUVmhr {ZU©` KoVbm Zmhr. Z§Va Ho$aiÀ`m
amÁ`nmbm§Zr Cnamoº$ {df`m§n¡H$s gmV {dYo`Ho$ amï´>nVtgmR>r amIyZ R>odbr.
amï´>nVtH$S>o Amboë`m {dYo`H$m§da A§{V‘V: {ZU©` hm H|$ÐmMmM AgVmo hr ~m~ ñnï> Amho. H$maU `m g§X^m©V
amï´>nVtZm H$moUVohr EopÀN>H$ A{YH$ma ZgVmV Va Ë`m§Zm H|$ÐmÀ`m gëë¶mZwgmaM H$m‘H$mO H$amdo bmJVo.
Cnamoº$ àH$aUm‘Ü¶o amï´>nVtH$S>o Amboë`m gmV {dYo`H$m§n¡H$s Mma {dYo`Ho$ nwÝhm amoIyZ Yabr. Aer hr Mma
{dYo`Ho$ H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` g§~§Ym§~m~V ZgyZgwÕm amï´>nVtZr Aem àH$mao {ZU©` KoVbm.
Ho$ai gaH$maZo Ho$bobm `w{º$dmX
Aem àH$mao amÁ`nmbm§Zr {dYo`Ho$ amoIyZ YaUo åhUOo Ho$ai {dYmZgôZo H$ë`mUH$maH$ ~m~tgmR>r Ho$bobo à`ËZ
amoIyZ YaUo hmo`, Á`mMm n[aUm‘ A§{V‘V… OZVoda hmoV Amho.
H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` g§~§Ym§~m~VM Ago {dYo`Ho$ amoIyZ YaÊ`mMo A{YH$ma amÁ`nmbm§Zm AgVmZm Odinmg BVa gd©
{df`m§~m~V amÁ`nmb {dYo`Ho$ amoIyZ YaV AmhoV, Oo KQ>ZmË‘H$ Z¡{VH$VoÀ`m {damoYr Amho.
BVa Aer H$mhr {dYo`Ho$ AmhoV Or nyU©nUo amÁ`mÀ`m A{YH$ma H$jo‘Üò qH$dm amÁ`gyMrVrb {df`m§~m~V
{dYo`Ho$ AgVmZmXoIrb amÁ`nmbm§Zr Vr amoIyZ Yabobr AmhoV.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 213 Zwgma amÁ`nmb ho H$moUH$moUË¶m àH$maMr {dYo`Ho$ amï´>nVtÀ¶m g§‘VrgmR>r amoIyZ R>ody
eH$VmV `mgmR>r {d{eï> VaVwXr amÁ`KQ>Zo‘Üò Ho$boë`m AmhoV.
Aem àH$mao amÁ`nmbm§Zr KoVboë`m {ZU©`m‘wio amÁ`g§ñWoMr Or VrZ A§Jo AmhoV Ë¶m§À`m‘Yrb g§VwbZ T>mgiVo.
amÁ`nmbm§À`m Aem {ZU©`m‘wio amÁ`KQ>Zo‘Üò Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Amboë¶m g§KamÁ` VÎdmbm hmZr nmohmoMVo.
Ho$ai gaH$maà‘mUoM npíM‘ ~§Jmb gaH$maZoXoIrb amÁ`nmbm§À`m {ZU©`m§~m~V `m{MH$m XmIb Ho$boë¶m AmhoV.
npíM‘ ~§JmbZo XmIc Ho$coë¶m ¶m{MHo$‘Ü¶o Agm ¶w{º$dmX Ho$cm Amho H$s, amÁ`nmbm§À`m {ZU©`m‘wio bmoH$emhr
Mm¡H$Q>rVrb Mm§Jë`m àemgZmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo `m g§X^m©V ZwH$VrM `m{MH$m XmIb H$arV KQ>ZmË‘H$ nrR>mMr ñWmnZm Ho$ë`mMr KmofUm Ho$br
Amho.
òWyZ nwT>o
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z AZwÀN>oX 200 Am{U 201 Mo AW©Ýd`Z {d{YdV dmñVddmXmÀ`m nmVirda Ho$bo OmUo
Ano{jV Amho.
Ë`mMà‘mUo KQ>ZmË‘H$ Z¡{VH$VoMo nmbZ KQ>ZmË‘H$ nXmdarb ì`º$s¨Zr H$amdo, `m AZwf§JmZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm
{ZH$mb Ano{jV Amho.

Unique Edge Box

hh KQ>ZmË‘H$ Z¡{VH$Vm åhUOo H$m`?
hh AZwÀN>oX 200 Am{U 201 ‘Yrb VaVwXr H$m` AmhoV?
hh amÁ`nmbm§Mo {ddoH$mYrZ$(ñdoÀN>m) A{YH$ma H$m` Amho?
hh amÁ`nmb ho Zm‘Ymar nX Amho H$m?
hh AZwÀN>oX 361 A§VJ©V amÁ`nmbm§Zm H$moUVo g§ajU Amho?
ImUr Am{U I{ZOo `m~m~V gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
I{ZO g§nÞ O{‘Zrda qH$dm ^y‘rda H$a bmXÊ`mMm A{YH$ma hm amÁ` gaH$mabm Amho qH$dm Zmhr `mg§X^m©Vrb
IQ>bm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m§‘Üò XmIb H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Ë¶mMm {ZH$mb Omhra Pmbm Amho.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m KQ>ZmnrR>mZo 8:1 `m ~hþ‘VmZo {ZU©` {Xbobm Amho.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo ‘w»` ‘wÚm§da Ho$bobo ^mî`
I{ZO g§nÞ Agboë`m ^y‘r~m~V qH$dm O{‘Zr~m~V H$a bmXÊ`mMo amÁ` {dYmZgôMo A{YH$ma ho g§gXoÛmao
‘`m©{XV Ho$bo OmD$ eH$V ZmhrV.
H|$ÐmÛmao amÁ`m§da Aem àH$mao I{ZO g§nÞ ^y‘r~m~V H$a bmXÊ¶mda H$moUVohr ~§YZ bmXbo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
Aem àH$mao amÁ` {dYmZgôÀ`m A{YH$mam§da ~§YZ bmXUo åhUOo amÁ`m§À`m ‘hgyb CËnÞmÀ`m A{YH$mam§daXoIrb
~§YZ AmUë`mgmaIo Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV EH$Xm H$m Oa ‘hgyb CËnÞmÀ`m A{YH$mam§da ~§YZ Ambo Va ^{dî`mV amÁ`m§Zm H$ë`mUH$maH$ `moOZm
Am{U godm nwa{dÊ`mda XoIrb AàË`jnUo ~§YZo òVrb.
åhUOoM A§{V‘V… H$ë`mUH$maH$ godm§Mm A^md {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z bmoH$m§Zm godmnwadR>m H$aÊ`mda ~§YZo òVrb.
¶m‘wio amÁ` gaH$maMr nm`m^yV gw{dYm, Amamo½`, {ejU Am{U ‘mZdr j‘Vm VgoM g§emoYZ Am{U {dH$mg
BË`mXtda `m‘wio IM© H$aÊ`mMr j‘Vm H$‘r hmoB©b.
amOH$mofr` qH$dm {dÎmr` g§KamÁ` VÎdm§‘Üò amÁ`mbm Ë`m§À`m A{YH$ma H$joV òUmè`m {df`m§~m~V H$a bmXÊ`mMo
A{YH$ma amÁ`KQ>ZoÛmao àmá Pmbobo AmhoV.
{ZU©`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo N>ÎmrgJS>, PmaI§S> Am{U Amo{S>em `m amÁ`m§Mm XmIbm XoV `m amÁ`m§Mo XaS>moB©
CËnÞ amï´>r` gamgarnojm H$‘r H$m Amho, `mMoXoIrb {ddoMZ Ho$bo d amÁ`m§Zm A{YH$ma AgUo {H$Vr ‘hÎdmMo
Amho `m~m~V `w{º$dmXXoIrb Ho$bm.
WmoS>Š`mV ‘mB©Ýg A±S> {‘Zaëg S>oìhbn‘|Q> A±S> ao½`wboeZ
A°ŠQ> 1957 `m H$m`ÚmÛmao g§gX amÁ`m§Mo I{ZO g§nÞ
^y‘rdarc A{YH$ma {hamdyZ KoD$ eH$V Zmhr, Agm ñnï>
{ZH$mb gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbm Amho.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo Amho H$s, amÁ` {dYmZgôbm
H$a bmXÊ`mMm Omo Cnamoº$ A{YH$ma Amho. Vmo ^y‘r Am{U
~m§YH$m‘m§da bmXbm OmUmam H$a `m AmYmao {Xbobm Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo ImUrg§nÞ ^y‘r hr XoIrb ^y‘r `m ì`m»ò‘Üò ¶oVo, Agm {ZU©¶ {Xcm.
H|$Ð gaH$maZo `mda à{VdmX H$aVmZm åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, I{ZO {dH$mgmgmR>r amÁ¶mda ~§YZo bmXÊ`mMm H|$Ðmcm
A{YH$ma Amho. ‘mÌ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo hm Xmdm ‘mÝ` Ho$bm Zmhr d åhQ>bo H$s E§Q´r H«$‘m§H$ 49 Am{U 50 `m
EH$‘oH$m§er g§b¾ ZgyZ doJdoJù`m H$m`©joÌm‘Üò H$m`m©pÝdV AmhoV.
EH$m Ý`m`‘yVvMo doJio ‘V
Cnamoº$ {ZU©` hm 8:1 Agm {Xbm Jobm Amho.
doJio ‘V XoUmè¶m Ý¶m¶mYrem§À¶m ‘Vo, Ooìhm Aem àH$mao g§gXoZo Ho$boë`m H$m`ÚmÛmao amÁ`m§da ~§YZo bmXÊ¶mMm
A{YH$ma ZmH$mabm OmVmo Voìhm Aer n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoB©b H$s Á`m‘Üò amÁ¶o A{V[aº$ ‘hgyc {Z‘m©U
H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H|$Ðmer ñnYm© H$aVrc.
WmoS>Š`mV, amÁò Agm {dMma H$aVrb H$s, H|$Ðmnojm A{YH$Mm ‘hgyb H$am§À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bm Jobm
nm{hOo.
Á`mMm {dnarV n[aUm‘ ImU CÚmoJm§da hmoB©b d I{ZOm§Mr qH$‘V dmT>Ê`m‘Üò Ë`mMo n`m©dgZ hmoB©b d eodQ>r
¶mMm n[aUm‘ CÚmoJm§da hmoD$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZm§Mr qH$‘V dmT>ob.
Cnamoº$ IQ>ë`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo BVa ‘wÔo
EImXr ImU hr Ooìhm ^mS>o (brO) VÎdmda EH$m CÚmoJ qH$dm g§ñWoH$S>o AgVo Voìhm Ë`m CÚmoJ qH$dm g§ñWoH$Sy>Z
Or a¸$‘ amÁ`m§Zm {Xbr OmVo Ë`mbm am°`ëQ>r Ago g§~moYVm òVo, Ë¶mbm H$a Ago g§~moYVm òUma Zmhr.
{ZîH$f©
AZoH$ VÁkm§À`m ‘Vo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm Cnamoº$ {ZU©` hm g§KamÁ` VÎd OnUmam Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$mam§À¶m A{YH$mam§Mo ñdV§Ì Ago H$m`©joÌ
hh ghH$mar g§KamÁ` VÎdmMo nmbZ
hh amOH$mofr` qH$dm {dÎmr` g§KamÁ` hr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
Zì`m JwÝhoJmar g§{hVm

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
^maVr` Ý`m` g§{hVm, ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ gwajm g§{hVm Am{U
^maVr` gmj A{Y{Z`‘ ho AZwH«$‘o B§{S>`Z {nZb H$moS>, {H«${‘Zb
àmo{gOa H$moS> Am{U B§{S>`Z BpìhS>Ýg A°ŠQ> `m§Mr OmJm 1 Owb¡
2024 nmgyZ KoVrb.
gÜ`m ApñVËdmV Agboë`m g§{hVm§Mo {Zd©gmhVrH$aU H$aUo hm
EH$ ‘hÎdmMm CÔoe `m nmR>r‘mJo Amho. ‘mÌ gd©gmYmaUnUo
75% VaVwXr Amho VemM R>odÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV.

{dícofU d H$mhr ZdrZ VaVwXr

^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ gwajm g§{hVo‘Yrb goŠeZ 187 Zwgma nmobrg H$moR>S>rMm H$mbmdYr n§Yam {Xdgm§dê$Z 60 {Xdg
qH$dm 90 {Xdg Agm H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ gwajm g§{hVo‘Yrb goŠeZ 197 ‘Üò ImoQ>r Am{U MwH$sÀ¶m ‘m{hVr~m~V VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë¶m
AmhoV; Va goŠeZ 152 ‘Üò ^maVmMo gmd©^m¡‘Ëd, EH$Vm Am{U AI§S>Ëd YmoŠ`mV AmUUo `mg§X^m©V VaVwXr
H$aÊ`mV Amë¶m AmhoV.
^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ gwajm g§{hVo‘Üò Xoe gmoSy>Z niyZ Joboë`m ì`º$s¨da IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mg§~§Yr VaVyX Ho$br Amho.
EH$ Owb¡ nydu XmIb Pmbobo IQ>bo Am{U JwÝøm§g§~§Yr nyduÀ`m g§{hVm H$m`‘ amhVrb ‘mÌ 1 Owb¡nmgyZ XmIb
hmoUmao JwÝho Zì`m g§{hVoZwgma XmIb hmoVrb.
nmobrg ñQ>oeZ Ý`m{`H$ dJ©, A{YH$mar dJ©, H$moQ>© ñQ>m’$ Am{U Vwé§JmVrb A{YH$mar `m§À`m à{ejUm~m~V `wÕ
nmVirda à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoV.
JwÝhm KS>ë`mZ§VaÀ`m à{H«$ò‘Üò nmo{bgm§Zr aoH$m°{Sª>J, nwamì`m§Mr gwa{jVVm, nwamdo Jmoim H$aÊ`m~m~V A{YH$ ñnï>
VaVwXr Zì`m g§{hVo‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Amë¶m AmhoV.
g§{hVoda KoÊ`mV Ambobo H$mhr Amjon
nmo{bgm§Mo A{YH$ma A{V[aº$ dmT>{dbo Agë`mMm Xmdm Q>rH$mH$mam§H$Sy>Z Ho$bm OmVmo.
AZoH$ g§H$ënZm§Mr ì`m»`m ñnï>nUo H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Zmhr, Ë`m‘wio AWm©À`m ~m~VrV `§ÌU|H$Sy>Z J¡admna Ho$bm
OmD$ eH$Vmo.
`§ÌUm§Zm nyU©nUo à{ejU XoÊ`mV Ambobo Zmhr.
Odinmg 75 Vo 80% VaVwXr Amho VemM AmhoV. Ë`m‘wio {Zd©gmhVrH$aUmMm Xmdm ’$mob R>aVmo Ago Q>rH$mH$mam§Mo
åhUUo Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh OwÝ`m JwÝhoJmar g§{hVm `m {Zd©gmhVrH$aUmÀ`m XoU½`m AmhoV H$m?
hh OwÝ`m JwÝhoJmar g§{hVobm AgUmam {~«{Q>eH$mbrZ Am`m‘
hh ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma g§{hVm ~XbÊ`mMr JaO
hh Zì`m g§{hVm åhUOo ^maVr`rH$aUmMm à`ËZ?
OmVr` OZJUZm
{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
^maVm‘Üò gÜ`m OmVr` OZJUZm H$aÊ`m~m~V XmoZ ‘Vàdmh AmhoV.
gÜ`m H|$Ð gaH$maMr ^y{‘H$m OmVr` OZJUZm Z H$aÊ`mMr Amho.
‘mÌ AZoH$ amÁ` gaH$mao OmVr` OZJUZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~mOyZo AmhoV.
^maVmV OmVr` OZJUZm H$m Amdí`H$ Amho?
^maVmV OmV hm gm‘m{OH$ aMZo‘Yrb ‘hÎdnyU© KQ>H$ Amho.
2011-12 ‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m gd}jUmZwgma ^maVmV Ho$di 5% Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh hmoVmV.

^maVmV Om{VAmYm[aV AmS>Zmd Am{U {deofUo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda dmnacr OmVmV.

OmVrÀ`m AmYmamda a{hdmernUmMr dñVr H$aUo d {d^mOrH$aU H$aUo `m ~m~r ^maVmV gm‘mÝ`nUo {XgyZ òVmV.
`mVrb Xþgar ~m~ åhUOo ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoV Z‘yX Ho$ë`mà‘mUo gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r amOH$s`
AmajU, {ejUm‘Yrb AmajU Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ godoVrb AmajU XoÊ`mV òVo.
åhUyZM Ago AmajU XoÊ`mgmR>r OmV{Zhm` ‘m{hVr qH$dm S>mQ>m CncãY AgUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
Amnë`mH$S>o `mo½` ‘m{hVr CnbãY Zgob Va `mo½` YmoaUo Am{U Cnm``moOZm H$em am~{dë`m OmVrb hm `m
{Z{‘ÎmmZo CnpñWV hmoUmam àíZ Amho.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zo‘Üò dJ© hm eãXà`moJ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Agbm Var gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>ë`mà‘mUo OmV `m
H$maH$mMm Cn`moJ BVa ‘mJmg dJ© {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. qH$~hþZm OmV `mM H$maH$mMm ‘w»`Ëdo `m
AZwf§JmZo dmna hmoVmo.
AmVm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo XoIrb AmajU VÎd {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r OmV{Zhm` ‘m{hVrMm qH$dm S>mQ>mMm AmYma KoVbm
Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
`mVrb {Vgar ~m~ åhUOo Ooìhm OmV{Zhm` ‘m{hVr Jmoim Ho$br OmVo Voìhm OmVrÀ`m `mXr‘Yrb MwH$sMr OmV
g‘m{dï> Ho$br Agob qH$dm Ë`m‘Üò ~Xb H$am`Mm Agob qH$dm EImXr OmV Ë`m `mXr‘YyZ H$mT>m`Mr Agob Va
Ë`mgmR>r AmYr {dídgZr` S>mQ>mMr JaO ‘hÎdnyU© Amho.
Mm¡Wr ~m~ åhUOo Ooìhm CndJuH$aU H$aÊ`mMm àíZ CnpñWV hmoVmo Voìhm XoIrb H$moUË`m OmVrbm {H$Vr ’$m`Xm
{‘imbm d H$moUË`m OmVrbm ’$m`Xm {‘imbm Zmhr hr ~m~ ‘mhrV AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
AmnU {H«$‘rboà hr g§H$ënZm am~dm`Mr åhUVmo Voìhm XoIrb OmV{Zhm` CËnÞ Am{U g§nÎmr {H$Vr Amho, `mMr
‘m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo.
OmV{Zhm` OZJUZoMo ‘mJ©H«$‘U
^maVmV 1881 Am{U 1931 `m XmoZ dfu OmV{Zhm` OZJUZm Pmbr.
ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va 1951 gmcr n{hbr OZJUZm Pmbr Voìhm ^maV gaH$maÀ¶m gwMZoZwgma OZJUZoV OmVrMr Zm|X
H$aÊ¶mV Amcr Zmhr. ‘mÌ AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVr ¶m§À¶m Zm|Xr H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m.
nwT>rc gd© OZJUZm ¶mMà‘mUo hmoV am{hë¶m.
amÁ`m§Zr doimodoir Ë`m§Mo gd}jU hdo Va nma nmS>mdo Am{U Ë`mZwgma Amnbr BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§Mr `mXr ~Zdmdr
Agm g„m H|$Ð gaH$maZo {Xbm hmoVm.
OmV{Zhm` OZJUZm {damoYr H$mhr ‘wÔo
Aer OmV{Zhm` OZJUZm Ho$br Va gm‘m{OH$
{d^mJrH$aU hmoB©b.
àemgH$s`ÑîQ>çm Aer OmV{Zhm` OZJUZm
H$aUo AË`§V H$ï>mMo d {O{H$arMo Amho d Aer
OZJUZm `mo½` {MÌ Cô H$aob `mMr ImÌr Zmhr.
OmV{Zhm` OZJUZo‘wio AmajUmMr ‘mJUr ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmda dmT>ob.

OmV{Zhm` OZJUZm {damoYr ‘wÔo ImoSy>Z H$mT>Umao H$mhr `w{º$dmX

1951 nmgyZ ^maVmV AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U AZwgy{MV O‘mVrMo gd}jU hmoV Amho ‘mÌ `m‘wio g§Kfm©Mr
H$moUVrhr n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr Zmhr.
{edm` ^maVmV Y‘©, ^mfm, àXoe `m§Mr Zm|XUr Ho$br OmVo Ë¶mdoir ‘mÌ {d^mJrH$aUmMm àíZ CnpñWV hmoV Zmhr.
‘mÌ Vmo OmVZm|XUr H$aVmZm H$gm H$m` hmoVmo, Agm àíZ CnpñWV Ho$cm OmVmo.
A‘o[aHo$gma»`m Xoem§‘Üò d§egm§ñH¥${VH$Vm `m KQ>H$mÀ`m AmYmamda OZJUZm Ho$br OmVo. Aer OZJUZm H$aUo
A{YH$ AdKS> d pŠbï> g‘Obo OmVo ‘mÌ VarXoIrb Vr nyU© Ho$br OmVo. Aemdoir ^maVmV OmVr` OZJUZm
H$am`bm H$m` haH$V Amho, Agm àíZ CnpñWV hmoVmo.
OmV{Zhm` OZJUZm Ho$ë`m‘wio H$moUË`m g‘wXm`mMr pñWVr H$m` Amho, `m{df`r ñnï> {MÌ g‘moa ¶oB©c Am{U
Ë¶mAmYmao g§nÞ JQ>mMm Xmdm ImoSy>Z H$mT>Vm òB©b.
BVa ‘mJmg dJ© AWm©V Amo~rgr d OmVr` OZJUZm
‘§S>b Am`moJmÀ`m {e’$maerZwgma BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§Zm AmajU XoÊ`mV Ambo.
BVa ‘mJmgdJu¶m§Mr `mXr 1931 À`m OZJUZoÀ`m AmYmamda V`ma Ho$bobr Amho.
1992 gmcÀ¶m B§{Xam ñdm°Zr IQ>ë¶m‘Ü¶o gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§À`m `mXr‘Üò
doimodoir `mo½` Vmo ~Xb H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho Am{U Agm ~Xb Oa H$am`Mm Agob Va OmV{Zhm` gd}jUmÛmao
‘m{hVr CnbãY AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§Zm ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m AZwÀN>oX 15 Am{U 16 A§VJ©V AmajU {Xbo OmVo.
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm Am{U AmajU
73 dr Am{U 74 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$ê$Z AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVtZm ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§‘Üò AmajU
{Xbo Jobo Amho. `mgmR>r XoIrb OmV{Zhm` ‘m{hVrMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.
`m{edm` AZoH$ amÁ`m§Zr A{YH$Mr VaVyX H$arV BVa ‘mJmgdJu` AmajUXoIrb nwa{dbobo Amho Am{U åhUyZ
XoIrb OmV{Zhm` ‘m{hVr Amdí¶H$ R>aVo.
Am{W©H$ {ZH$fmdarc AmajU d Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ‘mJmg bmoH$m§gmR>r 10% AmajU d¡Y ‘mZbo Amho.
{deof åhUOo `mgmR>r {d{eï> Agm H$moUVmhr AZw^dOÝ` S>mQ>m (Empirical data) nwa{dbobm ZìhVm.
åhUyZ Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ‘mJmgboë`m bmoH$m§Mo `mo½` ‘mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb AmVm OmV{Zhm` OZJUZm Amdí`H$
Amho.
H$m`Xoera pñWVr H$m` Amho?
OZJUZm hm H|$Ð gyMrVrb {df` Amho.
‘mÌ Ago Agbo Var H$boŠeZ Am°’$ ñQ>°{Q>pñQ>Šg A°ŠQ> 2008 A§VJ©V amÁ` Am{U ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§Zm
XoIrb `mo½` Vr ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
åhUyZM H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`mZo 2015 ‘Üò Am{U {~hma amÁ`mZo 2023 ‘Üò `m ñdê$nmMo gd}jU Ho$bobo hmoVo.

gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ gd}jU H$m Cn`moJr òV Zmhr?

1931 ‘Üò gd}jU Pmbo Ë`mdoir ^maVmV 4147 OmVr Zm|X{dÊ`mV Amë`m.
‘mÌ 2011 ‘Üò Oo gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ gd}jU Ho$bo Jobo Ë`m‘Üò 46 bmI OmVr Zm|X{dÊ`mV Amë`m.
`mMmM AW© gd}jUm‘Üò àíZ {dMmaVmZm `mo½` Vr H$miOr KoVbr Jobr Zmhr Am{U à{H«$`mË‘H$ MwH$m `m
{Z{‘ÎmmZo KSy>Z Amë`m.
Ë`m‘wio OmVr~amo~aM Zmdo, AmS>Zmdo, JmoÌmMr Zmdo, BVa OmVrMr Q>monU Zmdo `m§MmXoIrb g‘mdoe Ho$bm Jobm Oo
`mo½` hmoVo Ago åhUVm òUma Zmhr.
H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo?
nwT>o Or OZJUZm Am{U gd}jU Ho$bo OmB©b Ë`m‘Üò àíZm§À`m ñdê$nmVrb gwYmaUm H$aUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
`m AZwf§JmZo VÁk ì`º$s, g‘mOemñÌk, ‘mZdd§e emñÌk `m§Mr ‘XV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
OZJUZm H$aVmZm OmV `m H$maH$mMm g‘mdoe Ho$bm Omdm.
OZJUZm H$aVmZm {S>{OQ>b `§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm Omdm Á`m‘wio AMyH$Vm {Q>Hy$Z amhrb.
Unique Edge Box
hh OmVr` OZJUZm Am{U ‘yb^yV h¸$ `m§Mm g§~§Y
hh OmVr` OZJUZm Am{U ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo `m§Mm ghg§~§Y
hh OmVr` OZJUZm Am{U gm‘m{OH$ Am{U H$ë`mUH$mar H$m`©H«$‘ `m§Mm g§~§Y
hh OmVr` OZJUZm Am{U {‘l AW©ì`dñWm `m§Mm ghg§~§Y
hh OmVr` OZJUZm Am{U gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`, g‘Vm, ârd Ý`m` `m§Mm ghg§~§Y
ñWm{ZH$ ZmoH$è`m§‘Yrb AmajU : H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maMo {dYo`H$

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo X H$Zm©Q>H$m ñQ>oQ> Eåßbm°`‘|Q> Am°’$ bmoH$b H±${S>S>oQ²g BZ B§S>ñQ´rO ’°$ŠQ>arO A±S> AXa EñQ>°pãbe‘|Q>
ho {dYo`H$ ‘m§S>Ê`mMo {ZpíMV Ho$bo hmoVo. ‘mÌ ¶m {dYo¶H$mcm Pmcoë¶m {damoYm‘wio gÜ`m ho {dYo`H$ Z ‘m§S>Ê`mMm
{ZU©` KoVbm Jobm Amho.
`m {dYo`H$mÛmao H$Zm©Q>H$mVrb H$ÞS>r (H$mZS>r) åhUOoM ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm`mbm ImOJr joÌm‘Üò AmajUmMr VaVyX
H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
{dYo`H$m‘Üò H$aÊ¶mV Amcoë¶m VaVwXr
amÁ`m‘Üò AgUmao H$maImZo, CÚmoJ d BVa àm{YH$aUm§Zr Amnë`m ì`dñWmnH$s` ZmoH$è`m§‘Yrb amoOJmam§VJ©V
50% OmJm§da ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm`mMr âVr H$amdr.
VgoM {~Ja ì`dñWmnH$s` ZmoH$è`m§‘Yrb dJ©dmarV 70% ñWm{ZH$ g‘wXm`mMr âVr H$amdr.
Or ì`º$s H$Zm©Q>H$‘Üò OÝ‘br Amho VgoM Joë`m n§Yam dfmªnmgyZ H$Zm©Q>H$‘Üò amhV Amho Aem ì`º$sbm ñWm{ZH$
C‘oXdma Ago åhQ>bo OmB©b.
`mM~amo~a ñWm{ZH$ C‘oXdma Agboë`m ì`º$sbm H$ÞS> ^mfoMo kmZ (`m‘Üò dmMVm, {b{hVm Am{U ~mobVm òUo)
Amdí`H$ Amho.

Á`m ñWm{ZH$ C‘oXdmamH$S>o ‘mÜ`{‘H$ ñVamdaMo H$ÞS> ^mfoMo à‘mUnÌ Zgob Ë`mbm H$ÞS> ^mfoMr MmMUr Úmdr
bmJob.
Ooìhm CÚmoJmbm qH$dm EImÚm ImOJr g§ñWobm Amdí`H$ Aem nmÌVoMm C‘oXdma gmnS>Uma Zmhr Voìhm Ë`m
g§ñWobm qH$dm CÚmoJmbm VrZ dfmª‘Üò g§~§{YV ì`º$sbm à{ejU Úmdo bmJob AerXoIrb VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr
Amho.
Cnamoº$ VaVwXtnmgyZ ‘wº$Vm {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r EImXm CÚmoJ, EImXr AmñWmnZm qH$dm EImXr ImOJr g§ñWm
gaH$maH$S>o AO© H$ê$ eHo$b. ‘mÌ `mgmR>r ì`dñWmnZ dJ©dmarV 25% Am{U {~Ja ì`dñWmnH$s` dJ©dmarV
50% ñWm{ZH$m§Zm amoOJma Úmdm Aer ‘`m©Xm KmVbr Amho.
ImOJr CÚmoJm§Zr `mbm {damoY H$m Ho$bm Amho?
naH$s` Jw§VdUwH$sda `m‘wio n[aUm‘ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho Agm Amjon KoVbm OmV Amho.
CÚmoJ Am{U godm joÌmÀ`m d¥{ÕXam‘Üò AS>Wim {Z‘m©U hmoB©b.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda amÁ`mMr à{V‘m Iam~ hmoD$ eH$Vo.
gÜ`m H$Zm©Q>H$ ho V§ÌkmZm‘Üò AJ«ñWmZr Agbobo amÁ` Amho. ‘mÌ Aem {Z`‘Zm§‘wio ¶m à{V‘ocm Y¸$m nmohmoMob
AgmXoIrb Amjon KoVbm OmVmo.
gm°âQ>doAa CÚmoJmÀ`m ZmñH$mo‘ `m ‘hÎdnyU© g§ñWoZoXoIrb `m {Z`‘m§da Amjon KoVbm Amho.
`mnydu amÁ`m§Zr Ho$coco à`ËZ
Am§Y« àXoe Eåßbm°`‘|Q> Am°’$ bmoH$b H±${S>S>oQ²g BZ B§S>ñQ´rO ’°$ŠQ>ar A°³Q>> 2019 hm H$m`Xm Am§Y« àXoe gaH$maZo
nm[aV Ho$bm hmoVm.
Cnamoº$ H$m`Úm‘Üò ñWm{ZH$ C‘oXdmam§gmR>r ImOJr CÚmoJ Am{U g§`wº$ ^mJrXmarMo CÚmoJ `m‘Üò 75%$ AmajU
XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
ha`mUm ñQ>oQ> Eåßbm°`‘|Q> Am°’$ bmoH$b H±${S>S>oQ> 2020 hm XoIrb H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm, Á`m‘Üò ñWm{ZH$
C‘oXdmam§gmR>r 75% AmajU {Xbobo hmoVo.
PmaI§S> gaH$maZo 2022 ‘Üò {dYo`H$ ‘§Oya Ho$bo ‘mÌ amÁ`nmbm§Zr Vo naV nmR>{dbo hmoVo.
Aem àH$maÀ`m H$m`Úm‘Üò H$m` g‘ñ`m AmhoV?
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 16 (3) Zwgma g§gX EImÚm amÁ`mg§X^m©V a{hdmer AgÊ¶mMr AQ> gmd©O{ZH$
godogmR>r bmdy eH$Vo.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 35(A) ‘Üò A{YH$ ñnï>nUo Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho H$s, Ho$di g§gX hrM a{hdmgrnUmMr
(domicile) AQ> Kmby eH$Vo Aer AQ> H$moUË`mhr {dYmZgôH$Sy>Z bmdbr OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
`m{edm` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb 19(f) `m H$b‘mZwgma ^maVr` ^yàXoem‘Üò ‘wº$nUo g§Mma H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í¶ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm
Amho. ‘mÌ a{hdmgrnUmÀ`m AQ>r‘wio AàË`jnUo `m ‘wº$ g§Mmamda A{VH«$‘U Ho$bo OmV Amho.
`m{edm` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b‘ 19(1)(e) Zwgma ^maVmVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm H$moUVmhr ì`dgm`, CÚmoJ amoOJma ì`mnma
H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ Amho, `mda XoIrb `m AQ>r‘wio n[aUm‘ hmoV Amho.
Aem àH$maÀ`m H$m`Úm‘wio H$moUVo ’$m`Xo hmoVrb?
gm‘m{OH$ pñWaVm dmT>Ê¶mg ‘XV hmoB©b.

ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY hmoB©b Ë`m‘wio ñWbm§Va H$‘r hmoB©b.

Am{W©H$ {df‘Vm H$‘r hmoB©b.
ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À`m H$m¡eë` {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {‘iob.
amÁ`m‘Üò gm§ñH¥${VH$ KQ>H$m§Mo OVZ hmoB©b.
Unique Edge Box
hh ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 19 Mo VÎd H$m` Amho?
hh ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 16 Mo VÎd
hh ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 35 Mo VÎd
Amo~rgr {H«$‘r{bà (CÞV JQ>) d AmajU
AmajUmÀ`m B{VhmgmMm gd©g‘mdoeH$ AmT>mdm

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m AZwÀN>oX 15 Am{U 16 A§VJ©V ZmJ[aH$m§Zm g‘mZVoMr h‘r hr AZwH«$‘o emgZmÀ`m YmoaUm§VJ©V
Am{U gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§‘Üò XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
Cnamoº$ VaVyX hr gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m` àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cocr Amho.
^maVm‘Üò AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U AZwgy{MV O‘mVr `m§À`mgmR>r AZwH«$‘o 15% Am{U 7.5% EdT>o AmajU
gmd©O{ZH$ godm Am{U e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§‘Üò VgoM gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$‘ qH$dm npãbH$ goŠQ>a A§S>aQ>oqH$J `m A§VJ©V
XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
Ë`mZ§Va 1990 ‘Üò ìhr. nr. qgJ gaH$maZo BVa ‘mJmgdJu¶m§Zm 27% AmajU Omhra Ho$co.
ìhr. nr. qgJ gaH$maZo Kmo{fV Ho$bobo ho BVa ‘mJmgdJu` AmajU ‘§S>b Am`moJmÀ`m {e’$maetda AmYm[aV hmoVo.
`m {e’$magr 1980 ‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m.
Ë`mZ§Va 2005 ‘Üò AZwgy{MV OmVr, AZwgy{MV O‘mVr Am{U BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§gmR>r ImgJr {ejU g§ñWm§‘Üò
AmajU XoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Ambm.
2019 ‘Üò Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ‘mJmg g‘wXm`mgmR>r (EWS) 10% AmajU XoÊ`mV Ambo.
{H«$‘r{c¶a åhUOo H$m`?
1992 À`m B§{Xam ñdm°Zr IQ>ë`m‘Üò BVa ‘mJmgdJu¶m§gmR>r XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmajU d¡Y ‘mZbo Jobo.
`m {ZU©`m‘Üò OmV hm KQ>H$ ^maVm‘Üò dJ© {ZpíMV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ~Om{dVmo ho ‘mÝ` H$aÊ`mV
Ambo.
g‘mZVoMo VÎd {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo
AmajUmda 50 Q>³³¶m§Mr ‘`m©Xm KmVcr. Aer ‘`m©Xm
Ho$di Agm‘mÝ` n[apñWVr‘Üò Amobm§S>br OmD$ eH$Vo,
Ago ^mî`XoIrb Ho$bo hmoVo.
`mM IQ>ë`mV gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {H«$‘rboà hr g§H$ënZm
Kmo{fV Ho$br hmoVr.

{H«$‘rboà `m g§H$ënZ|VJ©V H$moUmMm g‘mdoe H$am`Mm, ho 1993 ‘Üò Zo‘boë`m am‘ Z§XZ àgmX g{‘VrZo {ZpíMV
Ho$bo.
{H«$‘rboà `m g§H$ënZ|VJ©V Ho$di AO© H$aUmè¶m nmbH$m§À`mM CËnÞmMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
Joë`m VrZ dfmª‘Üò à{Vdfu Oa CËnÞ AmR> bmIm§nojm OmñV Agob Va Aer ì`º$s {H«$‘rboà `m g§H$ënZo‘Üò
‘moS>Vo d Ë`m g§~§{YV ì`º$sbm AmajUmMm bm^ KoVm òV Zmhr.
‘mÌ `m {R>H$mUr hr ~m~ ‘hÎdnyU© Amho. {H«$‘rboà A§VJ©V CËnÞ ‘moOVmZm nJmam‘YyZ {‘imbobo CËnÞ VgoM
eoVr‘YyZ {‘imbobo CËnÞ ñdV§ÌnUo {dMmamV KoVco OmV Zmhr.
AO©H$Ë`mªMo nmbH$, AmB©dS>rb XmoÝhr qH$dm XmoZn¡H$s EH$ Oa dJ© "A' qH$dm Šbmg "dZ' A{YH$mar AgVrb
VgoM AmB© Am{U dS>rb XmoKohr dJ© "~' qH$dm Šbmg "Qy>' A{YH$mar AgVrb VgoM AO© H$aUmè¶mMo dS>rb
dJ© XmoZ‘Üò ZmoH$arbm AgVrb Am{U Z§Va ~T>Vr {‘iyZ dJ© EH$‘Üò Jobo AgVrb Va Aem n[apñWVr‘Üò
AmajUmMm bm^ KoVm òV Zmhr.
Ë`mMà‘mUo gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$‘ qH$dm nr. Eg. `w. ‘Üò AmB©-dS>rb XmoKohr qH$dm XmoKm§n¡H$s EH$ H$moUrhr ZmoH$arbm
Agob VarXoIrb AmajUmMm bm^ KoVm òV Zmhr.
`m {Z{‘ÎmmZo H$moUVo àíZ CnpñWV hmoV AmhoV?
AmajUmMm bm^ KoVmZm Zm°Z-{H«$‘rboà VgoM Am{W©H$ÑîQ>çm ‘mJmg à‘mUnÌ ghOnUo Am{U MwH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo
{‘iUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
AZoH$Xm {Z`‘m§Zm ~Jb XoÊ`mgmR>r nmbH$m§H$Sy>Z Amnbr g§nÎmr d ‘mb‘Îmm BVam§Zm XoUo qH$dm KQ>ñ’$moQ> Pmbm
Amho Ago XmI{dUo Aem àH$maMr nidmQ> Adb§~cr OmVo, `mda XoIrb MMm© hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
AO©XmamÀ`m OmoS>rXmamÀ`m CËnÞmMm g‘mdoe H$amdm H$m, `m~m~V XoIrb nwZ{d©Mma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
H|$Ð gaH$maZo Zo‘boë`m amo{hUr Am`moJmÀ`m AhdmbmZwgma BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§‘Üò AmajUmMo bm^ g‘g‘mZ
nmVirda nmohmoMbobo ZmhrV.
amo{hUr Am`moJmZo åhQ>ë`mà‘mUo 97% Ama{jV ZmoH$ar `m Ho$di 25% OmVtZm {‘imë`m AmhoV.
AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVtgmR>r {H«$‘rboà g§H$ënZm gÜ`m bmJy Zmhr ‘mÌ Vr bmJy H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr ZmJar
g‘mOmV MMm© KSy>Z òUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
nwT>o H$m` H$aVm òD$ eH$Vo?
à‘mUnÌo XoVmZm A{YH$ H$R>moa Aer VnmgUr`§ÌUm {Z‘m©U H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
BVa ‘mJmgdJu`m§À`m AZwf§JmZo CndJuH$aUmÀ¶m {ZU©`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo H$mimMr JaO Amho.
AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVtgmR>r {H$‘mZ nmVirda åhUOoM CXmhaUmW© AO©XmamMo AmB©-dS>rb Oa Šbmg dZ
qH$dm Šbmg Qy> A{YH$mar AgVrb Va Ë`m§Zm {H«$‘rboàMr g§H$ënZm bmJy H$aÊ`m~m~V {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh ârd Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh g‘VoMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh gH$mamË‘H$ qH$dm ôX^md åhUOo H$m`?

^maV Am{U ’«$mÝg `m§Mr {ZdS>UyH$ nÕVr - VwbZmË‘H$ Aä`mg

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
’«$mÝg‘Üò S>mì`m {dMmagaUrÀ`m AmKmS>rZo {ZdS>UwH$s‘Üò bjUr` è {‘i{dbobo Amho. ‘mÌ H$moUË`mhr
{d{eï> njmbm ~hþ‘V Z {‘imë`m‘wio ’«$mÝg‘Üò {Ìe§Hy$ n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho.
`m nmíd©^y‘rda ^maV Am{U ’«$mÝg `m§À`m {ZdS>UyH$ nÕVrMm VwbZmË‘H$ Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí¶H$ R>aVo.
^maV Am{U ’«$mÝg `m§À`m ì`dñWo‘Üò H$m` ’$aH$ Amho?
emgZì`dñWm - ^maVm‘Üò g§gXr` àH$maMr Va ’«$mÝg‘Üò {Z‘-AÜ¶jr¶ (go‘r ào{gS>opÝe`b) àH$maMr
emgZì`dñWm Amho.
H$m`©H$mar à‘wI - ^maVmMo amï´>nVr ho Zm‘Ymar à‘wI AgVmV, Va Iar gÎmm hr n§VàYmZ Am{U Ë`m§À`m
‘§{Ì‘§S>imH$S>o AgVo; Va ’«$mÝg‘Üò ‘hÎdnyU© A{YH$mam§Mo H|$ÐrH$aU amï´>nVtH$S>o Pmbobo AgVo. ‘mÌ Ago Agbo
Var n§VàYmZm§H$S>oXoIrb gÎmmg§~§{YV A{YH$ma AgVmV.
amï´>nVtMr {ZdS>UyH $- ^maVmV g§gX gXñ` Am{U amÁ` {dYmZgôMo gXñ` `m§À`mH$Sy>Z AàË`jnUo {ZdS> hmoVo.
Va ’«$mÝg‘Üò amï´>nVtMr {ZdS> bmoH$m§‘YyZ àË¶jnUo hmoVo.
n§VàYmZ - ^maVmV bmoH$gôV ~hþ‘V àmá njmMm à‘wI ZoVm Oo gaH$maMo dmñV{dH$ à‘wI åhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmV;
Va ’«$mÝg‘Üò n§VàYmZm§Mr Zo‘UyH$ amï´>nVtÛmao Ho$br OmVo; ‘mÌ n§VàYmZm§Zm VoWrb g§gXoMm nmqR>~m AgVmo.
g^mJ¥hmMr aMZm - ^maVmVmV bmoH$g^m Am{U amÁ`g^m Aer XmoZ g^mJ¥ho AmhoV; Va ’«$mÝg‘ÜòXoIrc Z°eZb
Ag|~br Am{U {gZoQ> `m ZmdmMr XmoZ g^mJ¥ho AmhoV.
d[að> g^mJ¥hmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$m - ^maVmV amÁ`gôgmR>r amÁ¶ {dYmZg^m gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z {ZdS> hmoVo Va H$mhr
gXñ`m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ amï´>nVt‘m’©$V Ho$br OmVo; Va ’«$mÝg‘Üò ñWm{ZH$ {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z d[að>
g^mJ¥hmVrb gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> hmoVo.
H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmMo {dgO©Z - ^maVmV n§VàYmZm§Zr {Xboë`m gëë¶mZwgma amï´>nVt‘m’©$V H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmMo {dgO©Z
Ho$bo OmVo Va ’«$mÝg‘Üò amï´>nVtÛmao H${Zð> g^mJ¥hmMo {dgO©Z Ho$bo OmVo.
KQ>ZmXþéñVrMr à{H«$`m - ^maVmV KQ>ZmXþéñVrgmR>r {deof ~hþ‘V qH$dm {deof ~hþ‘V Am{U {Zåå`m amÁ`m§À`m
{dYmZgôMr ‘mÝ`Vm bmJVo; Va ’«$mÝg‘Üò Ho$di gmÜ`m ~hþ‘VmZo KQ>ZmXþéñVr H$aVm òVo qH$dm OZ‘VmÛmao
XoIrb hr XþéñVr H$aUo eŠ` Amho.
^maV Am{U ’«$mÝg `m§À`m ì`dñWo‘Üò gmå` H$m` Amho?
XmoÝhr Xoem§À`m amï´>nVr nXmMm H$m`©H$mi nmM dfmªMm Amho.
amï´>nVr nXmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r BboŠQ´mob H$m°boOMr ñWmnZm
Ho$br OmVo.
{ZdS>UwH$s‘Üò Jwá ‘VXmZ nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
~hþ‘V åhUOo 50%+1 Ago {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
’«$mÝg‘Yrb {ZdS>UwH$sMr nÕV H$m` Amho?
’«$mÝg‘Üò amï´>nVr nXmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r VgoM g^mJ¥hmVrb

gXñ`m§À`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r Qy> amD$§S> {gñQ>r‘ nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

`m ì`dñWo§VJ©V n{hë`m amC§S>‘Üò {ZdS>UwH$sbm Cä`m am{hboë`m C‘oXdmam§n¡H$s Á`m C‘oXdmambm ~hþ‘V àmá hmoVo
Ë`mg {dO`r Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV òVo.
‘mÌ H$moUVmhr C‘oXdma ~hþ‘V àmá H$ê$ eH$bm Zmhr Va Á`m XmoZ C‘oXdmam§Zm n{hë`m XmoZ H«$‘m§H$m§Mr ‘Vo
{‘imbr AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m‘Üò nwÝhm {ZdS>UyH$ KoVbr OmVo. ‘mÌ hr {‘imbobr ‘Vo Zm|XUrH¥$V C‘oXdmam§À`m {H$‘mZ
12.5% AgUo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
~hþ‘V åhUOo 50%+1 Ago {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh {dH$gZerb Am{U {dH${gV amï´>o `m§À`m ì`dñWm§Mm VwbZmË‘H$ Aä`mg- VwbZmË‘H$
amÁèmñÌ
hh g§gXr` emgZì`dñWm Am{U {Z‘-AÜ¶jr¶ emgZì`dñWm `m§‘Yrb ’$aH$
amÁ`nmbm§Mm A{YH$ma
H$Zm©Q>H$Mo amÁ`nmb WmdaM§X JhbmoV `m§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$Mo ‘w»`‘§Ìr `m§Mr Vnmg H$aÊ`mMr Am{U IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mMr
nadmZJr ZwH$VrM Vnmg`§ÌUm§Zm {Xbobr Amho.
H$Zm©Q>H$À`m ‘w»`‘§Í`m§À`m nËZrda O{‘Zr A{YJ«hU H$ê$Z J¡aì`dhma Ho$ë`mMm Amamon H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.
`m nmíd©^y‘rda amÁ`nmbm§Zr Cnamoº$ {ZU©` KoVbobm Amho.
H$m`Xoera ~m~r H$m` gm§JVmV?
nyduÀ`m {H«${‘Zb àmo{gOa H$moS>À`m goŠeZ 197 Zwgma H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ godH$mda IQ>bm âÊ`mAmYr
g§~§{YV `§ÌUoMr nadmZJr KoUo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
goŠeZ 197 Mr hr VaVyX gmd©O{ZH$ godH$mbm H$moUË`mhr jw„H$ H$maUmgmR>r Ìmg {Xbm OmD$ Zò `mgmR>r
H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
Ë`mMà‘mUo goŠeZ 197 Zwgma H$moUË`mhr gmd©O{ZH$ godH$mda g§~§{YV A{YgÎmoZo nyd©nadmZJr {Xë¶m{edm¶
Ý`m`mb`mV IQ>bm XmIb Ho$bm OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
`m {R>H$mUr goŠeZ 197 ho gÜ`m ZmoH$arbm Agbobm gmd©O{ZH$ godH$ d {Zd¥Îm Pmbobm gmd©O{ZH$ godH$ `m
Xmohm|Zm g‘mZ g§ajU nwa{dVo.
Zì`m ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$ gwajm g§{hVoÀ`m goŠeZ 218
Zwgma Cnamoº$ Ame`mÀ`m VaVwXr H$m`‘ R>odÊ`mV
Amboë`m AmhoV.
^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1947 À`m goŠeZ 6
À`m VaVwXrZwgma nyd©nadmZJr{edm` gmd©O{ZH$
godoVrb ì`º$sda IQ>bm XmIb Ho$bm OmD$ eH$V
Zmhr.

Aer nyd©nadmZJr XoUmar `mo½` A{YgÎmm åhUOoM H|$Ð gaH$ma qH$dm amÁ` gaH$ma Agob AgoXoIrb Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV
Ambo Amho.
^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1988 ‘Yrb goŠeZ 19 Zwgma 1947 À`m H$m`ÚmVrb Cnamoº$ VaVyX H$m`‘ R>odÊ`mV
Ambr.
^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 2018 ‘Yrc Zì`mZo H$aÊ¶mV Amcoë¶m `m XþéñVrZwgma Ho$di IQ>bm XmIb H$aVmZmM
Zìho; Va Vnmg H$aVmZmgwÕm gj‘$ A{YgÎmoMr nadmZJr KoUo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. hr VaVyX gÜ`m
godoV AgUmè`m d {Zd¥Îm Pmboë`m gmd©O{ZH$ godH$m§gmR>r bmJy Agob.
amÁ`nmbm§Mr `m Ho$g g§X^m©V ^y{‘H$m d H$m`Xoera Am`m‘
^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1988 Mm AmYma KoV gmd©O{ZH$ godH$mZo EImXo nX ^yf{dbo Agë`mg Ë`mÀ`m{déÕ
IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Ë`m A{YgÎmoMr nadmZJr KoÊ`mV `mdr Ago åhQ>bobo Amho; ‘mÌ H$moUVr A{YgÎmm
Agmdr `mMr ñnï>Vm Ho$bobr Zmhr.
`mCbQ> H$moS> Am°’$ {H«${‘Zb àmo{gO‘Üò gm‘mÝ`V… H|$Ð gaH$ma qH$dm amÁ` gaH$ma hrM `mo½` Vr nadmZJr XoUmar
A{YgÎmm ‘mZbr OmVo.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXrZwgma ‘w»`‘§Í`m§Zm nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma amÁ`nmbm§H$S>o Amho. ¶m VH$m©Zo
‘w»`‘§Í`m§{déÕ IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgUmar gj‘ A{YgÎmm åhUyZ amÁ`nmbm§H$S>o nm{hbo OmD$
eH$Vo.
amÁ¶nmcm§Zm ñdV:hÿZ ñd-{ddoH$m{YH$mamMm dmna H$aVm ¶oVmo H$m, hm àíZ Amho. H$maU amÁ¶KQ>ZoVrc VaVwXrZwgma
amÁ¶nmcm§Zm Amncm ñd{ddoH$m{YH$ma ‘w»¶‘§Ìr Am{U Ë¶mÀ¶m ‘§{Ì‘§S>imÀ¶m gëë¶mZoM dmnaÊ¶mMo ~§YZ Amho.
`mnydu Ý`m`mb`mZo H$m` ^mî` Ho$bo Amho?
E. Ama. A§Vwbo IQ>ë`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, Ooìhm amñVnUmMm àíZ {Z‘m©U hmoVmo Voìhm
amÁ`nmbm§Zm ñd{ddoH$m{YH$mamZwgma {ZU©` KoUo eŠ` Amho.
‘Ü`àXoe ñnoeb nmobrg EñQ>°pãbe‘|Q> {déÕ ñQ>oQ> Am°’$ ‘Ü`àXoe (2004) `m IQ>ë`mV gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo
amÁ`nmbm§Mm IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mMm {ZU©` `mo½` ‘mZbm hmoVm. amÁ`nmbm§Zr `m {df`m§‘Üò bmoH$m`wº$mZo {Xbobm
Ahdmb `mo½` ‘mZV IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbm hmoVm.
Unique Edge Box
hh ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1988 Mo ‘hÎd
hh H$moS> Am°’$ {H«${‘Zb àmo{gOa {déÕ ^«ï>mMma à{V~§YH$ H$m`Úm‘Yrb VaVwXr
hh amÁ`nmbm§Mr Amdí`H$ Aer VQ>ñW ^y{‘H$m
hh amÁ`nmbm§~Ôb gaH$m[a¶m Am`moJ Am{U n§N>r Am`moJ `m§Mr ‘Vo H$m` AmhoV?
hh amñV Am{U dmOdrnUmMo VÎd åhUOo H$m`?
amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ d ñWm{ZH$ {ZdS>UwH$m

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
AZoH$ amÁ`m§‘Üò amÁ` gaH$mam§Zr ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m {ZdS>UwH$m `mo½` doioV Z KoVm nwT>o T>H$bÊ`mMo

YmoaU Adb§{~bo Amho.

amÁ` gaH$mam§À`m `m ‘Z‘mZr H$ma^mam‘wio EH$
àH$mao ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarc bmoH$emhrda {dnarV
n[aUm‘ hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo Amho.
KQ>ZmË‘H$ VaVwXr H$m` AmhoV?
1993 gmcr H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m 73 ì`m Am{U
74 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVtZwgma AZwÀN>oX 243 K Am{U
243 ZA ‘Üò Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s,
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm åhUOoM n§Mm`V Am{U
ehar ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m {ZdS>UwH$m§Mo {Z`§ÌU d XoIaoI `mMr O~m~Xmar amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmda
Agob.
‘mÌ AbrH$S>o amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmÀ`m A{YH$mam§Mo hZZ Pmë`mMo {ZXe©Zmg Amco Amho.
AZoH$ amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJm§Zr g§~§{YV amÁ` gaH$mam§{damoYmVM gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mV IQ>bo XmIb Ho$bo AmhoV.
WmoS>Š`mV, AZoH$ amÁ`m§‘Üò amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJ {déÕ amÁ` gaH$ma Agm g§Kf© gwê$ Pmcm Amho.
H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ`m‘Üò ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m {ZdS>UwH$m H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo nwT>o T>H$bë¶m AmhoV. `mda Amjon
KoV amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò `m{MH$m XmIb Ho$br Amho.
VgoM H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$maZo n[a{g‘Zmg§~§Yr ‘m{hVr Omhra Z Ho$ë`m‘wio amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmbm {ZdS>UwH$m KoUo
AdKS> Pmco Amho. `mg§~§Yr XoIrb Ý`m`mb`mV `m{MH$m XmIb Ho$cr Amho.
hrM n[apñWVr Am§Y« àXoe‘Üò {XgyZ òVo. H$maU Am§Y« àXoe gaH$maZoXoIrb ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§À`m
{ZdS>UwH$m dma§dma nwT>o T>H$bë¶m AmhoV. `m~m~VMm AÜ`mXoe gZ 2020 ‘Üò H$mT>Ê`mV Ambm hmoVm, Vmo gdm}
ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo ZwH$VmM aÔ~mVb Ho$bobm Amho.
‘hmboImnarjH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m 18 amÁ`m§Vrb gd}jUmZwgma 2240 ZmJar ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§n¡H$s 1566
ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm§‘Üò {Zdm©{MV gXñ` Am{U g^mJ¥h ApñVËdmV Zmhr.
OZJ«h A°Ý`wAb gd} Am°’$ B§{S>`m {gQ>r {gñQ>r‘ 2023 `m Aä`mgmZwgma 34 amÁ` Am{U H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§n¡H$s
Ho$di 11 amÁ`m§ZrM amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmbm n[a{g‘Zmg§~§YrMo A{YH$ma {Xë`mMo Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho. CXmhaUmW©,
A§X‘mZ-{ZH$mo~ma, AéUmMb àXoe, {~hma, XmXam ZJa hdobr, X‘U Am{U Xrd, JwOamV, {h‘mMb àXoe, Oå‘y
Am{U H$mí‘ra, Ho$ai, bS>mI, ‘hmamï´> Am{U npíM‘ ~§Jmb `m amÁ`m§ZrM Ho$di n[a{g‘Zmg§~§YrMo A{YH$ma
amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmH$S>o hñVm§V[aV Ho$bo AmhoV.
H$moUË`m gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho?
{H$eZ qgJ Vmo‘a {déÕ å`w{Z{gnb H$m°nm}aoeZ Am°’$ {gQ>r Am°’$ Ah‘Xm~mX 2006 `m IQ>ë`mV Ý`m`mb`mZo
gwM{dbobm Cnm` åhUOo amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmbm H|$Ðr` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmÀ`m g‘H$j ‘mZco Omdo. åhUOoM
H|$Ðr` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmà‘mUo ârd ñdê$nmMo A{YH$ma amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmbm {‘imdoV.
Xþgao åhUOo dm°S>©À`m gr‘m R>a{dÊ`mMo åhUOoM n[a{g‘Zm~m~VMo A{YH$ma amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmH$S>o AgmdoV
d R>amdrH$ H$mbmdYrZ§Va Ago n[agr‘Z Ho$bo Omdo Á`m‘Üò amÁ` gaH$maMm hñVjon Zgmdm.

{Vgar ~m~ åhUOo AZoH$Xm ‘hmnm¡a, AÜ`j Am{U ñWm`r g{‘VrÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s‘Üò nrR>mgrZ A{YH$mè¶mH$Sy>Z
MwH$sÀ`m nÕVrZo {ZU©`à{H«$`m am~{dbr OmVo. åhUyZ `mg§~§YrMo A{YH$ma amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmH$S>o hñVm§V[aV
H$aÊ`mV `mdoV. CXmhaUmW©, M§XrJS> ‘hmZJanm{bH$m 2024 ‘Üò ‘hmnm¡amMr Or {ZdS>UyH$ KoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr,
Ë`m‘Üò nrR>mgrZ A{YH$mè¶mMr ^y{‘H$m dmXJ«ñV R>abr hmoVr.
eodQ>r
ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarc cmoH$emhr VgoM gh^mJàYmZ bmoH$emhr Am{U {d‘em©Ë‘H$ bmoH$emhr gÑT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r
amÁ` {ZdS>UyH$ Am`moJmMo A{YH$ma A{YH$ gj‘nUo dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh 73 dr d 74 dr KQ>ZmXþéñVr
hh {dH|${ÐV bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh gh^mJàYmZ bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm- A°[añQ>m°Q>b, égmo, ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr, A°Zm Ama|Q>,
hm~a‘mg
hh {d‘em©Ë‘H$ bmoH$emhrMr g§H$ënZm- Omoedm H$mohoZ
hh nm¶Wm Vo ‘mWm (~m°Q>‘ Qy> Q>m°n) Ñ{ï>H$moZ åhUOo H$m`?
doJdmZ IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mMm h¸$

ZwH$VoM gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {X„r EŠgmB©O IQ>ë`m‘Üò ^mî` Ho$bo Amho H$s, AZwÀN>oX 21 A§VJ©V doJdmZ IQ>bm
Mmb{dÊ`mMm h¸$ A§V^y©V Amho. `m nmíd©^y‘rda hm {df` MM}V Amho.
{díbofU
^maVmV A§S>a Q´m`ëgMr g§»`m Iyn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Amho. A§S>a Q´m`ëg åhUOo Á`m§À`mda IQ>bm gwê$ AgyZ
g§~§{YV ì`º$s AOyZhr Vwé§JmV Amho.
Vwé§JmV AgUmar ì`º$s Vmon`ªV {ZXm}f ‘mZbr OmVo. Omon`ªV Ë`m ì`º$sda JwÝhm {gÕ hmoV Zmhr.
Z°eZb H«$mB©‘ aoH$m°S>© ã`wamo 2022 À`m AmH$S>odmarZwgma ^maVmV 4,34,302 EdT>o A§S>a Q´m`b AmhoV. åhUOoM
hr g§»`m EHy$U H¡$Úm§À`m 76% EdT>r Amho. gÜ`m Vwé§JmVrb EHy$U H¡$Úm§Mr g§»`m hr 5,73,220 EdT>r Amho.
`mdê$Z IQ>bm Mmb{dÊ`mMm g§W doJ Amnë`m bjmV òVmo.
IQ>bm g§W hmoÊ`m‘mJo Am{U Om‘rZ ZmH$maÊ`m‘mJo H$moUVr
H$maUo AmhoV?
gmjrXma Am{U nwamì¶m§Mr g§»¶m A{YH$ Agoc Va IQ>cm nyU©
hmoÊ¶mg doi cmJVmo.
AZoH$Xm {ZåZñVar` Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z ~MmdmË‘H$ ^y{‘H$m
KoVbr OmVo, Á`m‘Üò ì`º$sbm Om‘rZ XoÊ`mg Q>mimQ>mi Ho$br
OmVo.
Ý`m`ì`dñWo‘Üò XmIb Pmboë`m IQ>ë`m§Mr g§»`m Am{U

CnbãY Ý`m`mYre ho JwUmoÎma `mo½` Zgë`mMo XoIrb {XgyZ òVo.

Ý`m`mb`m§H$Sy>Z IQ>ë`mg§X^m©V dma§dma nwT>Mr VmarI {Xbr OmVo.
Om‘rZ XoÊ`mgmR>r ~m°ÊS>Mr a¸$‘ OmñV Agë`m‘wio Om‘rZ Z KoUo.
Ë`mMà‘mUo H$mhr ‘Zr bm±S>[a¨J à{V~§YmË‘H$ H$m`Xm, AZbm°’y$b E°pŠQ>pìh{Q>O {àìhoÝeZ H$m`Xm Am{U ZmH$m}{Q>Šg
g§~§{YV H$m`Xm `m H$m`Úm§‘Yrb VaVwXt‘wio Om‘rZ {‘i{dUo AË`§V H$R>rU hmoD$Z ~gVo.
Vnmg`§ÌUm§H$Sy>Z Vnmg H$aÊ`m‘Üò Ho$boë`m {Xa§JmB©‘wio VgoM doi H$mTy>nUm‘wio Ý`m`ì`dñWm hV~b hmoVo.
Ý¶m{¶H$ àemgZm‘Yrb AH$m`©j‘Vm CXmhaUmW©, IQ>ë`mMo ì`dñWmnZ, IQ>bm nQ>bmda KoD$Z H$m‘H$mO H$aUo,
IQ>ë`mMr VmarI {ZpíMV H$aUo BË`mXt~m~V AH$m`©j‘Vm {XgyZ òVo.
AZoH$Xm Vwé§Jm‘Üò AgUmè`m ì`º$sMr gm‘m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ nmíd©^y‘r ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ~Om{dVo. åhUOoM
Aem ì`º$s¨H$S>o H$m`Xoera ‘XV Am{U Om{‘ZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr Am{W©H$ g§gmYZo Zgë`m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm Vwé§JmV
amhmdo bmJVo.
Om‘rZ{df`H$ à{H«$`m H$m` Amho?
Om‘rZ XoVmZm AZoH$Xm Om‘rZ Úm`Mm qH$dm Zmhr ho Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m ñd{ddoH$mda (discretion) Adb§~yZ AgVo.
‘mÌ Ý`m¶ ì`dñWoMm ñd{ddoH$ Ý`mæ¶ Am{U amñVnUmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.
Ë`mMà‘mUo H$mhr {d{eï> H$m`ÚmÝdò Ý`m`‘yVvZm Om‘rZ XoUo AdKS> hmoD$Z ~gVo. CXmhaUmW©, ‘Zr bm±S>[a¨J
{damoYr H$m`Xm Am{U AZbm°’y$b E°pŠQ>pìh{Q>O {àìhoÝeZ H$m`Xm.
VgoM H$moS> Am°’$ {H«${‘Zb àmo{gOa 1973 À`m VÎdmZwgma XoIrb Ý`m`mb` Om{‘ZmMr à{H«$`m am~{dV AgVmV.
Om‘rZ XoÊ`mÀ`m àH$mam§‘Üò gd©gm‘mÝ` Om‘rZ, VmËnwaVm Om‘rZ d A±Q>rgonoQ>ar Om‘rZ Ago àH$ma AmhoV.
IQ>bm doJdmZarË`m Mmb{dÊ`mMm h¸$
amñV Am{U dmOdr à{H«$¶m Adc§{~ë¶m{edm¶ EImÚm ì`º$sbm Ë`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mnmgyZ Xÿa Ho$bo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
gZ 1978 À`m ‘ZoH$m Jm§Yr IQ>ë`m‘Üò ì`º$sbm Ë`mÀ`m ñdmV§Í`mnmgyZ Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r amñV Am{U dmOdr
à{H«$`m `mda â {Xbm Jobm Amho.
AZwÀN>oX 21 ‘Yrc VaVwXrZwgma, H$moUË`mhr ì`º$sbm Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmnmgyZ Am{U d¡`{º$H$ ñdmV§Í`mnmgyZ H$m`ÚmZo
àñWm{nV Ho$boë`m H$m`©nÕVr{edm` AbJ Ho$bo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$m`ÚmZo àñWm{nV Ho$bobr H$m`©nÕVr `m
VÎdmMo AW©Ýd`Z gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo amñV d dmOdr nÕVr Ago Ho$bo Amho.
`m{edm` H$moS> Am°’$ {H«${‘Zb àmo{gOa‘Yrb goŠeZ 436 A Zwgma Vwé§JmVrb H¡$Úm§Zr IQ>bm nyU© hmoÊ`mnydu
{d{eï> H$mbmdYrn`ªV Vwé§JmV doi Kmb{dbm Agob Va Ë`m§Zm Om‘rZ KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
nwT>o H$m` H$am`bm hdo?
Om‘rZ XoUo hm {Z`‘ Am{U Om‘rZ ZmH$maUo hm AndmX `m VÎdmMo nmbZ {ZåZñVar` Ý`m`mb`mnmgyZ CƒñVar`
Ý`m`mb`mn`ªV hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Vnmg`§ÌUo‘Üò JVr AmUÊ`mgmR>r à{ejU Am{U V§ÌkmZm‘Üò gwYmaUm hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Vnmg`§ÌUm Am{U Ý`m`ì`dñWm `m XmoÝht‘Üò Am{Q©>{’${e`b B§Q>o{bOÝgMm dmna Ho$bm Jobm Va nyU© à{H«$òbm
doJ àmá hmoD$ eHo$b.
Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWo‘Üò XmIb Pmboë`m IQ>ë`m§Mr g§»`m Am{U CnbãY Ý`m`‘yVu `m§Mo JwUmoÎma gwYmaUo

H$mimMr JaO Amho.

Unique Edge Box
hh AZwÀN>oX 21 A§VJ©V à{Vð>mnyU© OrdZ OJÊ`mMm h¸$
hh ‘yb^yV h¸$mMr g§H$ënZm
hh ‘mZdr h¸$mMr g§H$ënZm
hh amñV Am{U dmOdrnUm
hh H$m`ÚmÀ`m A{YamÁ`mMr g§H$ënZm
{dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ (Right to be Forgotten)

g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
EImXr ì`º$s Aer {dZ§Vr H$ê$ eH$Vo H$s, Ë`mÀ`m d¡`{º$H$
Am`wî`m{df`r AgUmar ‘m{hVr B§Q>aZoQ>dê$Z {S>brQ> Ho$br
Omdr qH$dm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$cr Omdr. H$maU Aer ‘m{hVr
AZmdí¶H$ Am{U A`mo½` ñdê$nmMr Agy eH$Vo.
^maVm‘Üò Aem ñdê$nmMm h¸$ Amho H$m?
hm h¸$ ñnï>arË`m Z‘yX H$aUmam H$m`Xm ^maVm‘Üò ApñVËdmV
Zmhr.
‘mÌ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m AZoH$ {ZU©`m§‘Üò BVa h¸$m§Mo AW©Ýd`Z H$aVmZm hm h¸$ A§V^y©V H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV hm h¸$ Aì¶º$ (Implicit) ñdê$nmV ‘mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. CXmhaUmW©, Ho$. Eg. nwÅ>mñdm‘r {déÕ
`w{Z`Z Am°’$ B§{S>`mÀ`m gZ 2017 À`m IQ>ë`m‘Üò JwáVoMm qH$dm ImOJrnUmMm h¸$ ‘mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m
h¸$m§VJ©VM {dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ AW©Ýd`rV Am{U A§V^y©V Ho$bm OmVmo.
Ë`mMà‘mUo "‘r Qy>' `m Am§XmobZmg§X^m©V XmIb Pmboë`m EH$m IQ>ë`m‘Üò XoIrb {dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ {X„r Cƒ
Ý`m`mb`mZo ‘mÝ` Ho$cm.
g‘W©Zr¶ ‘wÔo
ì`º$sMr d¡`{º$H$ ‘m{hVr g§a{jV amhVo d gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmV Aer g§doXZerb ‘m{hVr KoD$ Zò `mMr H$miOr
KoVbr OmVo.
{dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ hm ImOJrnUmÀ`m h¸$mbm nyaH$ Agm h¸$ Amho.
EImÚm ì`º$s~amo~a OmoS>br OmUmar EImXr KQ>Zm nyd©J«h `mnmgyZ hmoUmè`m ÌmgmnmgyZ ‘wº$Vm {‘i{dÊ`mMm hm
EH$ ‘mJ© Amho.
g‘mOm‘Üò ^`‘wº$, bmO‘wº$, A{^‘mZmZo OJÊ`mgmR>r {dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ~Omdoc.
{damoYr ‘wÔo
¶m‘wio AZoH$Xm {dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ {déÕ ‘m{hVrMm h¸$ Agm g§Kf© {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 19 ‘Üò ‘m{hVrMm h¸$ A§V^y©V H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho; Va AZwÀN>oX 21 A§VJ©V
ImOJrnUmÀ`m h¸$m§‘Üò {dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ A§V^y©V H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ¶m XmoÝhr h¸$m§‘Ü¶o {damoYm^mg {Z‘m©U

hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
àgma‘mÜ`‘o, d¥ÎmnÌ à{V{ZYr Am{U nÌH$ma `m§À`m H$m`m©da `m‘wio ~§YZo òD$ eH$VmV.
Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm EImXm {ZU©` gmd©O{ZH$ ‘§Mmdê$Z aÔ H$aUo qH$dm dOm H$aUo ho {H$VnV g`w{º$H$ R>aob hm
XoIrb àíZ Amho.
OmJ{VH$ pñWVr
VwH$r©, ñnoZ, B§½b§S> Am{U a{e`m `m Xoem§‘Üò {dgaÊ`mMm h¸$ ‘mÝ¶ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
Va `wamonr` g§KmÀ`m OZab S>mQ>m àmoQ>oŠeZ ao½¶wboeZ 2018 A§VJ©V d¡`{º$H$ ‘m{hVr {S>brQ> qH$dm aÔ H$aÊ`mMm
h¸$ Agë`mMo Zm|X{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
H$m` H$am`bm hdo?
d¡`{º$H$ ‘m{hVr Z¸$s H$embm åhUmdo, `mMr ì`m»`m ñnï> H$aUo JaOoMo Amho, OoUoH$ê$Z Aer g§doXZerc
d¡`{º$H$ ‘m{hVr {S>brQ> H$aÊ`mMm h¸$ {dgaÊ`mÀ`m h¸$m§‘Üò g‘m{dï> Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
`mgmR>r S>mQ>m àmoQ>oŠeZ {dYo`H$ g§gXo‘Üò ‘§Oya hmoUo ‘hÎdmMo Amho.
2018 ‘Üò ñWmnZ Pmboë`m lrH¥$îU g{‘VrZo åhQ>ë`mà‘mUo ImOJrnUmMm h¸$ Am{U A{^-ì`{º$ñdmV§Í`mMm
h¸$ `m‘Üò g§VwbZ gmYUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh ImOJr nUmMm h¸$ qH$dm JwáVoMm h¸$ ¶mcm nyaH$ Agm {dgaÊ¶mMm h¸$.
hh ‘m{hVrMm h¸$ {déÕ JwáVoMm h¸$
hh lrH¥$îU g{‘VrZo JwáVoÀ¶m h¸$m~m~V Ho$coë¶m {e’$magr
hh ì¶º$scm Amnco OrdZ nwÝhm EH$Xm Zì¶mZo gwê$ H$aÊ¶mMm h¸$-ì¶º$sÀ¶m ñd¶§ào[aV
Aem gwYmaUmdmXr àoaUm.
AZwgy{MV OmVr‘Yrb CndJuH$aU d Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb

gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m gmV gXñ¶r¶ KQ>ZmnrR>mZo ZwH$VmM {ZU©` {Xbm Amho H$s, amÁ`m§Zm AZwgy{MV OmVtMo
CndJuH$aU H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.
`mnydu 2004 ‘Üò nmM gXñ¶r¶ KQ>ZmnrR>mZo Aem àH$maMo CndJuH$aU
H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoUmam {ZH$mb {Xbm hmoVm. `m {ZH$mbmda ‘mV H$aUmam Cnamoº$
{ZH$mb XoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m‘wio 2004 {ZH$mb aÔ~mVb R>aVmo.
2004 ‘Üò XoÊ`mV Amboë`m {ZH$mbmMo {díbofU
1999 gmcr Am§Y« àXoe gaH$maZo AZwgy{MV OmVtMo CndJuH$aU H$aUmam
AÜ`mXoe Omar Ho$bm hmoVm.
`m AÜ`mXoem‘Üò AZwgy{MV OmVtMo A, ~, H$, S> Aem àH$maMo CndJuH$aU
H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo d àËòH$ dJ©dmarV {d{eï> AZwgy{MV OmVtMm g‘mdoe
Ho$bobm hmoVm.

`m àËòH$ dJ©dmarV AmajUmMr Q>¸o$dmar hr doJdoJir R>odÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.

gZ 1999 À`m Am§Y« àXoe gaH$maÀ`m `m {ZU©`mbm Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò AmìhmZ {Xbobo hmoVo.
`mda {ZH$mb XoVmZm 2004 ‘Üò B.ìhr. {MZ¡æ¶m {déÕ Am§Y« àXoe `m IQ>ë`m‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Z‘yX
Ho$bo H$s, amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb AZwÀN>oX 341 Zwgma AZwgy{MV OmVr A{Ygy{MV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amï´>nVtH$S>o Amho.
Ë`m‘wio Aem A{Ygy{MV Ho$boë`m ¶mXr‘Üò ~Xb H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amÁ` gaH$mabm XoVm òUma Zmhr.
`m {ZH$mbm‘Üò gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo AZwgy{MV OmVr `m dJm©bm EH$g§Y dm EH${OZgr JQ>/dJ© Ago g§~moYbo
hmoVo.
Z§Va KS>boë`m KS>m‘moS>r
2006 gmcr n§Om~À`m {dYmZgôZo H$m`Xm H$arV AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U BVa ‘mJmg dJ© `m§À`mgmR>r {deof
VaVwXr Ho$ë`m.
`m VaVwXtVJ©V AZwgy{MV OmVtÀ`m AmajUm‘Üò ‘hO~r erI Am{U dmpë‘H$s `m OmVtgmR>r 50% AmajUmMr
VaVyX Ho$bobr hmoVr, Á`mbm n§Om~ Cƒ Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò AmìhmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo.
2009 gmcr V{‘iZmSy> {dYmZgôZo Aê$UW{Wdg© (Arunthathivars) `m OmVrgmR>r e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm§‘Üò Am{U
godm§‘Üò AmajUmgmR>r CndJuH$aU H$aUmam H$m`Xm g§‘V Ho$bm.
`m gd© nmíd©^y‘rda gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo gmV gXñ¶r¶ KQ>ZmnrR>mMr ñWmnZm CndJuH$aUmg§~§Yr A{YH$ gImob
{dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cr.
gdm}ƒ Ý¶m¶mc¶mÀ¶m {ZdmS>çmMm VH©$ewÕ AmYma
KQ>ZmnrR>mVrb ~hþg§»` Ý`m`‘yVvÀ`m ‘Vo, AZwgy{MV OmVr hm EH${OZgr dm EH$g§Y dJ© Zmhr.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m ‘Vo, hr ~m~ ñnï> Amho H$s ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZo AZwgy{MV OmVr `m dJm©bm Añn¥í¶VoÀ`m
Am{U ôX^mdmÀ`m AmYmamda EH$ {d{eï> AmoiI {Xbobr Amho. ‘mÌ `mMm Agm AW© hmoV Zmhr H$s, AZwgy{MV
OmVr `m dJm©‘Üò H$moUVrhr {df‘Vm dm d¡{dÜ¶ (hoQ´moOo{ZQ>r) Zmhr.
`m{edm` AZwgy{MV OmVt‘Üò XoIrb EH$m AZwgy{MV OmVrZo Xþgè`m AZwgy{MV OmVr ~amo~a ôX^md Ho$ë`mMo
AZoH$ àg§J nwT>o Ambo AmhoV.
åhUyZM AZwgy{MV OmVtMo CndJuH$aU ho Intelligible Differentia `m VÎdmÀ`m AmYmao `mo½` R>a{dbo OmD$ eH$Vo.
Ý`m`mb`mZo ho XoIrb ñnï> Ho$bo Amho H$s, amÁ`m§Zr KoVbobm CndJuH$aUmMm H$moUVmhr {ZU©` hm Ý`m`mb`rZ
nwZ{d©bmoH$ZmÀ¶m `m H$joV òVmo. VgoM KoVbobm {ZU©` hm nyU© AZw^dOÝ` ‘m{hVrÀ`m AmYmamda KoVbobm
Agmdm.
KQ>ZmnrR>mVrb EH$‘od gXñ`mZo ‘mÌ gZ 2004 À`m {ZU©`mbm `mo½` d AZwgy{MV OmVrbm EH$g§Y JQ> ‘mZco.
VgoM amï´>nVr H$c‘ 341 A§VJ©V A{Ygy{MV H$arV Agboë`m `m `mXr‘Üò CndJuH$aU Ho$bo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr
Ago åhQ>bo Amho.
{H«$‘rboà g§X^m©V Ho$bobo ^mî`
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {H«$‘rboà g§X^m©VXoIrb `m {ZH$mbmV Ho$di {Q>nUr Ho$br Amho. ‘mÌ H$moUVohr AmXoe {Xbobo
ZmhrV.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo CXmhaU XoVmZm åhQ>bo H$s, ^maVr` àemgH$s` godm Am{U ^maVr` nmobrg godm `m godog

AgUmè`m ‘wbm-‘wbtMr Am{U EImÚm J«m‘rU ^mJmVyZ {eH$V Agboë`m ‘wbm-‘wbtMr VwcZm H$aVm ¶oV Zmhr.
WmoS>Š`mV g‘mZVoÀ`m VÎdmMm {dMma H$aVmZm Amnë`mbm ârd g‘mZVm qH$dm g‘Vm (Substantial equity) `m
VÎdmMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.
‘mÌ AZwgy{MV OmVtZm {H«$‘rboà (CÞV JQ>) ‘`m©Xm bmdÊ`mg§~§Yr H$moUVmhr {ZH$mb gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm
Zmhr, hr ~m~ `m {R>H$mUr ñnï> Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh ârd Ý`m`mMr g§H$ënZm (substantial Justice)
hh Intellegible Differentia `m VÎdmMo ‘hÎd
hh AZwÀN>oX 341 ‘Yrb ‘hÎdnyU© VaVwXr H$m` AmhoV?
{X„r H|$Ðem{gV àXoem~m~V gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m§Mm {ZU©`

{X„rMo àemgZ Mmb{dÊ`m~m~V H|$Ð gaH$ma {Z`wº$ boâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©a Am{U {Zdm©{MV {X„r gaH$ma `m§À`mV
A{YH$mam§À`m {d^mJUrdê$Z gVV {ddmX hmoV AmhoV.
`m AZwf§JmZo ZwH$VmM gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo A{YH$mam§À`m {d^mJUr~m~V {ZdmS>m {Xcm Amho, Ë`m‘wio hm {df`
MM}V Amho.
{díbofU
boâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©a `m§Zr {X„r ‘hmZJanm{bHo$da EH$m VÁk ì`º$s¨Mr gXñ` åhUyZ Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br hmoVr.
`m Zo‘UwH$sbm {Zdm©{MV {X„r gaH$maZo AmìhmZ {Xbo. {X„r gaH$maÀ`m ‘Vo, boâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©abm nañna Aer
{Z`wº$s H$aÊ¶mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr.
‘mÌ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {X„r gaH$maMm Cnamoº$ Xmdm A‘mÝ` Ho$bm Am{U hr {Z`wº$s `mo½` Agë`mMm {ZdmS>m {Xcm.
boâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©a `m§Zr ‘§Ìr‘§S>imÀ¶m gëë`mZo H$m‘ H$amdo, Aer KQ>ZmË‘H$ Am{U H$m`Xoera VaVyX Agbr Var
`mbm gmd©O{ZH$ ì`dñWm, nmobrg Am{U ^y‘r ho {df` AndmX AmhoV.
hmM `w{º$dmX {X„r gaH$maZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`m‘Üò Ho$bobm hmoVm.
‘mÌ gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mÀ`m ‘Vo, {X„r ‘hmZJanm{bH$m H$m`Xm 1957 g§gXoZo nm[aV Ho$bm Amho Am{U g§gXoZo
Aem {Z`wº$sMo A{YH$ma boâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©a ¶m§Zm {Xbo AmhoV. åhUyZM VÁk ì`º$sMr Ho$bobr {Z`wº$s d¡Y Amho.
KQ>ZmË‘H$ VaVwXrZwgma Á`m Á`m {df`m§~m~V {X„r
{dYmZg^m H$m`Xm H$ê$ eH$Vo Ë`m gd© {df`m§~m~V
g§gXXoIrb H$m`Xm H$ê$ eH$Vo.
g§gXoZo Ho$bobm H$m`Xm hm {X„r {dYmZgôÀ`m
H$m`Úmnojm daMT> R>aVmo AerXoIrb VaVyX Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV, {X„r {dYmZgôZo Ho$boë`m H$moUË`mhr
H$m`Úmda ‘mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§gXoÛmao H$m`Xm Ho$bm
OmD$ eH$Vmo ho AmVm ñnï> Pmbo Amho.
‘mÌ, `m‘wio {Zdm©{MV {dYmZg^m Am{U

H$m`©H$mar‘§S>imMo ApñVËd Am{U ì`dhm`©Vm ¶mdaM àíZ{MÝh CnpñWV Pmbo Amho.

nwT>rc dmQ>Mmc
H|$Ð Am{U {X„r gaH$ma `m§À`mVrb dmX hm ghH$mar g§KamÁ` VÎdmÛmaoM gmoS{dbm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
daMT> R>aÊ`mMm g§gXoMm A{YH$ma ¹${MV àg§JrM dmnamdm hm g§Ho$V nmibm Jobm nm{hOo.
H|$Ð gaH$maZo Amdí`H$ VoìhmM Amnbo dM©ñd d A{YH$ma dmnaUo g`w{º$H$ R>aob.
Unique Edge Box
hh 'Writ in Water' hr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh ghH$mar g§KamÁ`
hh H|$ÐmMr dM©ñdmMr ^y{‘H$m ¹${MV àg§Jr dmnaÊ`mg§~§Yr g§Ho$Vm§Mo nmbZ
hh AZwÀN>oX 239 A ‘Yrb VaVwXr
Ý`m`mb`rZ {ZH$mbm§gmR>r hmoUmam {db§~

^maVr` Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWo‘Üò gÜ`m nmM H$moQ>tnojm OmñV IQ>bo àb§{~V AmhoV.
`m§n¡H$s 90% IQ>bo ho {ZåZñVar` Ý`m`mb`m§‘Üò àb§{~V AmhoV.
`m{edm` A{YH$Mo nmM H$moQ>r> IQ>bo ho {d{dY bdmX, AY©Ý`m{`H$ g§ñWm ¶m§À¶mnwT>o àb§{~V AmhoV.
n[aUm‘r Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWoÀ`m H$m`©j‘Voda àíZ{MÝh CnpñWV Ho$bo OmV Amho.
Ý`m`mb`rZ {db§~mbm H$moU-H$moUVr H$maUo AmhoV?
n`m©á nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm Am{U Amdí¶H$ ‘Zwî`~imMm A^md.
Ý`m`mb`rZ gwQ²>Q>çm Am{U ìhoHo$eÝg `m‘wio {ZdmS>m XoÊ¶mg hmoUmam {db§~.
‘moR>çm à‘mUmda nwT>Mr VmarI XoÊ`mMr nÕV Am{U A{YH$m{YH$ Vm§{ÌH$ à{H«$`m `m‘wio hmoUmam {db§~.
Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWo‘Üò hmoUmè`m Ý`m`mYrem§À`m ~Xë`m Am{U Ë`m‘wio {ZH$mbmV òUmao AS>Wio.
{ZåZñVar` Ý`m`mb`mV hmoUmar âVr à{H«$`m g§WnUo am~{dbr OmUo ho XoIrb à‘wI H$maU Amho.
{ZåZñVar` Ý`m`mb`mda ^«ï>mMmamMo AmamonXoIrb AbrH$S>o dmT>V Mmbbo AmhoV.
Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWo‘Üò ~Xb d gwYmaUm
nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm {dH$mg Am{U Amdí`H$ ‘Zwî`~i `m Jmoï>r nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWoda IM©
dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
n`m©`r V§Q>m{ZdmaU `§ÌUm CXmhaUmW©, bmoH$ AXmbV d J«m‘rU Ý`m`mb` `m§Mr ñWmnZm H$aUo d Ë`mMr joÌr¶
nmVirda A§‘b~OmdUr H$aUo H$mimMr JaO Amho.
amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ Am`moJm{df`r nwÝhm EH$Xm Zì`mZo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.
Ë`mMà‘mUo amï´>r` Ý`m{`H$ Am`moJmÀ`m aMZo‘Üò ~Xb H$ê$Z {VÝhr emgZmÀ`m A§Jm§Zm `mo½` à{V{Z{YËd {‘iob
Aem ñdê$nmMr `§ÌUm {Z‘m©U H$aVm òVo H$m, `m~m~VXoIrb Zì`mZo {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
Ý`m`ì`dñWo‘Üò V§ÌkmZmMm dmna VgoM ìhÀ¶w©Ab {h`[a¨J Am{Q©>{’${e`b B§Q>o{bOÝg `m§gma»`m V§ÌkmZmMr
nS>VmiUr Am{U dmna H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

emgZmÀ`m {VÝhr A§Jm§‘Üò g§VwbZ amhUo ho Ý`m`mb`rZ ì`dñWoÀ`m `mo½` H$m`©dmhrgmR>r ‘hÎdmMo Amho.
H$m` H$aVm òUo eŠ` Amho?
Ý`m`‘yVvÀ`m gwQ²>Q>çm§~m~V Zì`mZo {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Ý`m`mb` gVV gwê$ amhmdo `mgmR>r gwQ²>Q>çm
{d^mJÊ¶mV òVmV H$m, `mda {dMma H$aUo eŠ` Amho.
n`m©`r V§Q>m{ZdmaU `§ÌUm§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dUo d Ë`mda Ý`m`mYre d A{YH$mè`m§Mr Zo‘UyH$ H$aUo.
ApIb ^maVr` Ý`m`mb`rZ godoMm nwÝhm EH$Xm Jm§^r`m©Zo {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh Ý`m`mbm {db§~ bmJUo åhUOo Ý`m` ZmH$maUo hmo`, hr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh ‘yb^yV h¸$m§‘Yrb AZwÀN>oX 21 Mr VaVyX
dŠ’$ XþéñVr {dYo`H$ 2024

dŠ’$ åhUOo H$m`?
dŠ’$ åhUOo H$m`‘ñdê$nr Ho$bobo M°[aQ>o~b ñdê$nmMo XmZ hmo`.
Bñbm{‘H$ H$m`ÚmZwgma Ooìhm EImXr ì`º$s Amnbr ‘mb‘Îmm CXmhaUmW© O‘rZ, B‘maV Am{U n¡gm BË`mXr
Ym{‘©H$ H$m¶m©gmR>r qH$dm gmd©O{ZH$ CÔoemgmR>r XmZ H$aVo Voìhm dŠ’$Mr {Z{‘©Vr Pmbr Ago ‘mZÊ`mV òVo.
dŠ’$Mr {Z{‘©Vr hr boIr H$amamÛmao qH$dm KmofUoÛmao VgoM Ho$di ‘m¡pIH$ KmofUoÛmao Ho$br OmD$ eH$Vo. ‘mÌ `m‘Üò
XmZ H$aÊ¶mMm CÔoe ñnï>nUo g‘moa Ambm nm{hOo.
EH$Xm Amnbr ‘mb‘Îmm XmZ Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vr H$m`‘ñdê$nr XmZ Ho$br Ago g‘Obo OmVo. Vr ‘mKmar KoVbr OmD$
eH$V Zmhr.
dŠ’$ g§X^m©Vrb ^maVmVrb H$m`Xo
g|Q´b dŠ’$ H$m`Xm, 1954
dŠ’$ H$m`Xm, 1995
2013 ‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m XþéñË`m
gZ 2024 À`m {dYo`H$m‘Üò gwM{dÊ¶mV Amcoë¶m XþéñË`m
Zdo {dYo`H$ ho dŠ’$g§~§Yr àemgZ Am{U nmaXe©H$VogmR>r ‘m§S>Ê`mV Amë`mMo gaH$maMo åhUUo Amho.
`m A§VJ©V ‘mb‘ÎmoMr ~§YZH$maH$ Zm|XUr Am{U Am°{S>Q> `m Jmoï>tMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
dŠ’$ ~moS>©‘Üò Agboë`m gXñ`m§‘Üò {d{dYVm `mdr
`mgmR>r XmoZ ‘wpñb‘oVa Am{U XmoZ {ñÌ¶m§Mr Zo‘UyH$
H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
gÜ`mÀ`m ì`dñWo‘Üò H|$Ðr` nmVirdaMm dŠ’$ ~moS>©
Am{U amÁ`m§‘Üò {d{dY AgUmao dŠ’$ ~moS>© `m§Mm
g‘mdoe Amho.
Ë`mMà‘mUo {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Zm A{YH$Mo A{YH$ma `m

{dYo`H$m‘Üò XoÊ`mV Ambobo AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, EImXr ‘mb‘Îmm dŠ’$ Amho qH$dm Zmhr `mg§X^m©V dmX {Z‘m©U
Pmbm Va `m~m~VMm A§{V‘ {ZU©` {Oëhm{YH$mè`m§Mm Agob.
dŠ’$ ~moS>©g§~§Yr Am°ZbmBZ nmoQ>©bMr {Z{‘©Vr H$ê$Z VoWo Zm|XUr H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
dŠ’$ bdmXmÀ`m aMZo‘ÜòXoIrb ~Xb H$ê$Z `m‘Üò XmoZ gXñ` bdmXmMr {Z{‘©Vr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. Á`m‘Üò
{Oëhm Ý`m`‘yVu Am{U Om°BªQ> goH«o$Q>ar nmVirdaMm A{YH$mar `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho.
{dYo`H$mMo àñVm{dV n[aUm‘
‘mb‘ÎmoÀ`m àemgZm‘Üò gwYmaUm hmoD$Z ‘mb‘Îmm§Mm dmna hm A{YH$ Mm§Jë`m nÕVrZo H$aUo eŠ` Amho. `mVyZ
‘wñcr‘ g‘wXm`mMo H$ë`mU H$aUo eŠ` Amho. CXmhaUmW© e¡j{UH$ Am{U Ym{‘©H$ g§ñWm§‘Üò `m {ZYrMm `mo½`
nÕVrZo dmna eŠ` hmoB©b.
~moS>©‘Üò ‘wpñb‘oÎma gXñ`m§Mm g‘mdoe Ho$ë`m‘wio AZoH$m§Zr `mda Amjon KoVbm Amho d Bñbm{‘H$ à°pŠQ>gogda
`m‘wio ~§YZo òVrb Agm Amjon KoVbm OmV Amho.
VÁkm§Mr ‘Vo
àmÜ`mnH$ ’¡$OZ ‘wñV’$m `m§À`m ‘Vo, Ho$boë`m XþéñË`m§H$S>o gH$mamË‘H$ ~m~ åhUyZ n{hë`m nm{hOoV.
Ë`mM~amo~a `m XþéñË`m§Mr A§‘b~OmdUr H$aVmZm Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$ Omo AZwÀN>oX 25 ‘Üò XoÊ`mV Ambm
Amho Ë`mMm ^§J hmoUma Zmhr, `mMr {deof H$miOr KoÊ`mV `mdr.
‘wpñb‘oÎma gXñ` Am{U ‘{hbm§Mm ~moS>©‘Yrb g‘mdoe `mMo Ë`m§Zr ñdmJV Ho$bo Amho. ‘mÌ Ë`mM~amo~a BVa
Y‘m©À`m àemgZm‘Üò Aem àH$maMr Zo‘UyH$ Ho$br OmB©b H$m, `m~m~VXoIrb àíZ CnpñWV Ho$cm Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í`mMm h¸$- AZwÀN>oX 25
hh ~hþgm§ñH¥${VH$VoMo VÎd H$m` Amho?
hh qbJ^mdmË‘H$ g‘mZVoMo VÎd
hh amÁ`g§ñWoMm Y‘mª‘Yrb gH$mamË‘H$ hñVjon- ^maVr` Y‘©{ZanojVoMo VÎd
AëH$mohmobg§~§Yr YmoaU
{X„r, H$Zm©Q>H$, ha`mUm, n§Om~, V{‘iZmSy>, Jmodm d Ho$ai hr amÁ¶o bmoH$m§Zm Kamn`ªV AëH$mohmob XoÊ`mg§~§Yr
YmoaU am~{dÊ`mMm {dMma H$arV AmhoV.
WmoS>Š`mV, pñdJr, {~J ~mñHo$Q>, Pmo‘°Q>mo ¶m§gma»¶m
ImgJr H§$nÝ¶m BVa dñVy§Mm KanmoM nwadR>m H$aVmV
Ë`mM YVuda AëH$mohmob {dH«$sgmR>r nadmZJr
XoÊ`mV `mdr Agm {dMma gwê$ Amho.
2003 Vo 2005 `m H$mbmdYrV ^maVmV XaS>moB©
AëH$mohmob Cn^moJ hm 1.6 {bQ>a EdT>m hmoVm Omo
2010 ‘Üò 2.2 {bQ>a EdT>m Pmbm; Va 2016 Vo

2018 `m H$mbmdYrV 5.5 {bQ>a EdT>m Pmbm.

g‘W©H$ `w{º$dmX
AëH$mohmobda ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda CËnmXZewëH$ bmdbo OmVo, Ë`m‘wio H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
‘hgyb àmá hmoVmo.
hm àmá hmoUmam ‘hgyb Odinmg EHy$U ‘hgwbmÀ`m gamgar 25% EdT>m AgVmo.
AëH$mohmocMr KanmoM godm {Xë`m‘wio Xmê$ {ndyZ JmS>r Mmb{dÊ`mMo àH$ma H$‘r hmoVrb Am{U AnKmVm§Mr g§»`m
H$‘r hmoB©b, AgmXoIrb `w{º$dmX Ho$bm OmVmo.
gd©gmYmaUnUo ^maVm‘Üò 6% Vo 48% AnKmVmMo àg§J ho Xmê$ {nD$Z JmS>r Mmb{dë`m‘wio KS>VmV.
KanmoM godm nwa{dë`m‘wio {ñÌ¶m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZmV dmdaVmZm gwa{jV dmQy> eHo$b.
{damoYr `w{º$dmX
¶m‘wio bmoH$m§Mo gm‘m{OH$ dV©Z ~Xbob Ago åhUco `mo½`M R>aob, Ago åhUVm òUma Zmhr.
{edm` AëH$mohmobMm Cn^moJ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda dmTy>Z Ë¶mMm Amamo½`mda Xþîn[aUm‘ hmoB©b.
AëH$mohmob‘wio gaH$mabm ‘hgyb àmá hmoV Agbm Var `m VwbZoV AëH$mohmob Cn^moJm‘wio AW©ì`dñWobm hmoUmao
ZwH$gmZ ho ‘moR>o Agë`mMo ZwH$VoM EH$m Aä`mgmVyZ nwT>o Ambo Amho.
KanmoM godo‘wio ì`º$s Xmê$ {nD$Z JmS>r Mmb{dUma Zmhr Am{U AnKmV hmoUmaM Zmhr `mMr h‘r XoVm òV Zmhr.
Aer KanmoM godm XoÊ`mnojm gÜ`m CnbãY AgUmè`m nÕVr‘Üò gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. CXmhaUmW© MoH$
nm°B§Q> dmT{dUo, gmd©O{ZH$ godoMr ì`már dmT>{dUo, {Z`‘ ‘moS>Umè`m§da H$madmB© H$aUo BË`mXr.
AëH$mohmob Cn^moJmMo Xþîn[aUm‘
H$H©$amoJmÀ`m g‘ñ`m {Z‘m©U hmoVmV VgoM gmV àH$maMo H$H©$amoJ hmoD$ eH$VmV.
‘mZ{gH$ Amamo½` {~KS>Ê`mMo à‘mU ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda dmT>Vo.
‘Yw‘oh, öXàmoJ Am{U {H$S>ZrMo {dH$ma {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV.
Amnë`m d¡dm{hH$ OmoS>rXmamda hmoUmam qhgmMma dmTy> eH$Vmo Ago g§emoYZm§Vr nwT>o Ambo Amho.
AëH$mohmobÀ`m godZm‘wio hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmZrMm Oa A§XmO dV©dm`Mm Pmbm Va Vmo 2011 Vo 2050 `m H$mbmdYrV
VrZ bmI H$moQ>r EdT>m hmoB©b Agm Aä`mg gm§JVmo.
H$m` H$am`bm hdo?
gÚ:pñWVr‘Üò amÁ`m§Zm AëH$mohmob ~m~VMo YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mg§~§YrMo ñdmV§Í¶ Amho, åhUOoM `mg§~§Yr {dH|$ÐrH$aU
Amho Vo H$m`‘ R>odmdo.
AëH$mohmob godZ H$‘r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda H$a AmH$mamdoV.
Unique Edge Box
hh H|$Ð Am{U amÁ` gaH$maÀ¶m CËnÞmMo ‘mJ© H$moUH$moUVo AmhoV?
hh ‘hgwbr CËnÞ åhUOo H$m`?
hh ñdmV§Í`mMo àH$ma- ZH$mamË‘H$ ñdmV§Í` Am{U gH$mamË‘H$ ñdmV§Í`
hh Om°Z ñQw>AQ>© {‘b `mZo ‘m§S>bobr AmË‘bjr {H«$`m Am{U ~møbjr {H«$`m
hh YmoaUmË‘H$ {ZdS>rMm noMàg§J
hh Cn`wº$VmdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ -Om°Z ñQw>AQ>© {‘b

Q>o{bJ«m‘ Am{U ‘wº$ ñdmV§Í` YmoaU

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
’«$mÝg `m XoemZo ZwH$VrM Q>o{cJ«m‘ (telegram) Mo g§ñWmnH$ nmdob Xþamod `m§Zm AQ>H$ Ho$br Amho.
`m nmíd©^y‘rda ñdmV§Í`mMr ì`m»`m Zo‘H$s H$m` Agmdr d amÁ`g§ñWoMm hñVjon Hw$R>n`ªV `mo½` ‘mZbm Omdm `m
AZwf§JmZo Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmJar g‘mOm‘Üò nwÝhm EH$Xm MMm© KSy>Z òV Amho.
ñdmV§Í`mMo àH$ma
ZH$mamË‘H$ ñdmV§Í¶ åhUOo amÁ`g§ñWoZo Ho$di nhmaoH$è¶mMr ^y{‘H$m nma nmS>mdr.
gH$mamË‘H$ ñdmV§Í¶ åhUOo amÁ`g§ñWoZo g{H«$` ^y{‘H$m KoV hñVjon H$aUo.
{dícofU
‘wº$ A{^ì`º$s Am{U ^mfUñdmV§Í¶ ho {Zanoj ñdmV§Í¶ ZgyZ Aem ñdmV§Í`mda H$mhr à‘mUm‘Üò amÁ`g§ñWm
~§YZo bmXÿ eH$Vo.
gmd©O{ZH$ H$m¶Xm ì`dñWm Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ Zr{V‘Îmm `m H$maUmñVd amÁ¶g§ñWm hr ~§YZo cmXÿ eH$Vo.
Cnamoº$ ~§YZo hr g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ‘mZdr h¸$mÀ`m OmhraZmå`m‘Üò XoIrb Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.
‘mÌ Q>o{cJ«m‘Mo g§ñWmnH$ nmdob Xþamod `m§Zr n{hë`mnmgyZM ñdV…Mr à{V‘m hr A±Q>r EñQ>°pãbe‘|Q> Aer R>odcr.
Xþamod `m§À`m à`ËZm‘wio OJâmVrb amÁ`g§ñWm§Mr H$aS>r ZOa Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mda AmoT>mdyZ KoVbr.
Aem àH$maÀ`m amÁ`g§ñWoÀ`m {Zh©ñVjonmÀ`m ‘mJUrbm g‘W©Z {Xbo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr hr ~m~ ñnï> Amho.
’«$mÝgZo Ho$bobr AQ>H$ H$moUË`m g§X^m©V Amho?
’«$mÝgÀ`m VnmgUr `§ÌUm§Zr Q>o{bJ«m‘daMm H$mhr H§$Q>|Q> hQ>{dÊ`mMm Am{U H$mhr H§$Q>|Q> g§X^m©V ‘m{hVr XoÊ`mMm
àñVmd Q>o{bJ«m‘ g‘moa R>odbobm hmoVm.
’«$mÝg gaH$maÀ`m ‘Vo, Q>o{bJ«m‘ `m ì`mgnrR>mMm dmna MwH$sÀ`m H$maUm§gmR>r Ho$bm OmV Amho. hr MwH$sMr H$maUo
åhUOo S´J g§X^m©Vrb ì`dhma, ’$gdUwH$sMo àH$ma, MmBëS> nm°Zm}J«m’$sMm àgma BË`mXr.
’«$mÝgZo Ho$bobr Cnamoº$ ‘mJUr `mg§X^m©V `mo½`M åhUmdr bmJob. H$maU Q>o{bJ«m‘ `m ì`mgnrR>mMm dmna `m
~oH$m`Xm H¥$Ë`m§gmR>r Ho$bm OmV Agob Va JwáVoÀ`m qH$dm ImOJrnUmÀ`m h¸$mMm Xmdm nwT>o H$ê$Z MmbUma Zmhr
hr ~m~ ñnï> Amho.
Q>o{bJ«m‘À`m g§ñWmnH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho H$s, EImXr KQ>Zm KS>ob qH$dm Ë`m KQ>ZoMr ^rVr ~miJyZ ImOJrnUmMm
h¸$ qH$dm JwáVoMm h¸$ {hamdyZ KoVbm OmD$ eH$V
Zmhr.
Xþgar ~m~ åhUOo, Q>o{bJ«m‘da ImoQ>r ‘m{hVr
nga{dÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb à`ËZ Ho$bm OmV Agë`mMo
g‘moa Ambo Amho.
nwT>o H$m¶?
Q>o{bJ«m‘ ho A°pßbHo$eZ nyU©nUo E§S> Qy> E§S> EpÝH«$ßeZda

MmbUmao Zmhr, hr ~m~ bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

Ë`m‘wio MmB©ëS> nm°Zm}J«m’$sgmaIo àH$ma ¶m ì`mgnrR>mda hmoV AgVrb Va `mMr ‘m{hVr Q>o{cJ«m‘bm {‘iV AgVo.
Ë`m‘wio Q>o{bJ«m‘Zo g§~§{YV amÁ`g§ñWoer ghH$m`© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho d Vo Ho$bo OmD$ eH$Vo.
Unique Edge Box
hh ‘wº$ A{^ì`º$s Am{U ^mfUñdmV§Í`- {Zanoj ñdmV§Í` H$s gmnoj ñdmV§Í`?
hh ZH$mamË‘H$ ñdmV§Í` Am{U gH$mamË‘H$ ñdmV§Í` `m§‘Yrb ’$aH$
hh AmË‘bjr {H«$`m Am{U ~møbjr {H«$`m-Om°Z ñQw>AQ>© {‘b
hh JwáVoMm qH$dm ImOJrnUmMm h¸$
AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U AZwgy{MV O‘mVr Am{U A°Q´>m°{gQ>r H$m`Xm

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
‘mê$Z Z§XZ ‘b`mbr `m `wQ>çw~ M°ZobMo ‘mbH$ gmOZ ñH$m[a`m `m§À`m{déÕ AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVr
A°Q´m°{gQ>r à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1989 A§VJ©V IQ>bm XmIb H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
gmOZ ñH$m[a`m ¶m§Zr Ho$ai‘Yrb EH$m Am‘XmamÀ`m {damoYmV EH$ pìh{S>Amo AnbmoS> Ho$bm hmoVm. ‘mÌ pìh{S>Amo
AnbmoS> Ho$ë`mZ§Va g§~§{YV ì`º$s AZwgy{MV OmVrMr Agë¶mZo gmOZ ñH$m[a`m `m§À`mda A°Q´m°{gQ>tVJ©V JwÝhm
XmIb H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm {ZU©`
EImÚm ì`º$sda Ho$bobr Q>rH$m qH$dm ^mî` ho àËòH$ doir g§~§{YV ì`º$s AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVr `m
dJm©Vrb Amho åhUyZM Ho$br Amho, Ago J¥hrV Yabo OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
Ë`m‘wio AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVr AË¶mMma (A°Q´m°{gQ>r) à{V~§YH$ H$m`Xm 1989 ‘Yrb go³eZ bmdVmZm
`§ÌUoZo H$miOr KoVbr nm{hOo.
EImÚm ì`º$sZo Xþgè`m ì`º$sda {Q>ßnUr H$aVmZm Ho$di g§~§{YV ì`º$s AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVrMr Amho
`m CÔoemZoM Ho$br Agob VaM A°Q´>m{gQ>r H$m`Xm bmJy hmoB©b.
Q>rH$m H$aVmZm g§~§{YV ì`º$s hr AZwgy{MV OmVr Am{U O‘mVrMr Amho Agm {dMma Ë`m nmR>r‘mJo Zgob qH$dm
B§Q>|eZbr åhUOoM hoVynyd©H$ Aer Om{VdmMH$ Q>rH$m Ho$br Jobr Zgob Va A°Q´>m°{gQ>r H$m`Xm bmJy H$aVm òUma
Zmhr.
A°Q´m°{gQ>r H$m`Úm§VJ©V JwÝhm H$Yr XmIb Ho$bm OmD$
eH$Vmo.
Á`m ì`º$sbm CÔoeyZ {Q>ßnUr Ho$br Amho Vr ì`º$s
AZwgy{MV OmVr qH$dm AZwgy{MV O‘mVr‘Yrb Agob
Va A°Q´>m{gQ>r H$m`Úm§VJ©V g§~§{YV Amamonrda JwÝhm
XmIb Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
EImÚm ì`º$sbm Om{VdmMH$ {edrJmi H$aUo.
EImXr ì`º$s g§~§{YV OmVrMr Amho åhUyZ Om{VdmMH$

{Q>ßnUr H$aUo.
EImÚm ì`º$sda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm OmVrMm, VgoM d loð>Ëd Am{U Xþæ¶‘>Ëd `m§gma»`m H$maH$m§Mm AmYma KoUo.
EImXr ì`º$s g§~§{YV OmVrMr Amho åhUyZ Ë`m ì`º$scm hoVynyd©H$ Ìmg XoUo, Ë`mÀ`m ZmoH$ar‘Üò, ì`mdgm{`H$Vo‘Üò
AS>Wim {Z‘m©U H$aUo d àJVrÀ`m ‘mJm©V AS>Wim ~ZUo.
EImÚm ì`º$sda ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$VmZm OmV `m H$maUmñVd ôX^mdmMo dV©Z H$aUo.
nwT>o H$m` H$am`bm hdo?
A°Q´m°{gQ>r H$m`Úm§§VJ©V JwÝhm XmIb H$aVmZm Ë`m‘mJrc CÔoe bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
nmobrg `§ÌUoZo JwÝhm XmIb H$aÊ`mnydu gd©ì`mnr {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh OmVm OmV Zmhr Vr åhUOo OmV `m åhUrMm AW© H$m`?

hh gm‘m{OH$ Ý`m`mMo VËd
hh CÎma àXoe, {~hma, amOñWmZ `m amÁ`m§‘Üò A°Q´>m{gQ>rMo dmT>Umao à‘mU : EZgrAma~rMm
S>mQ>m
hh ‘mZdr h¸$mMr g§H$ënZm.
hh ^maVmV dJ© R>adÊ`mVrc OmV `m KQ>H$mMr ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m - gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo
{Xbobm {ZH$mb
{Xì`m§Jm§Zm {Xbo OmUmao AmajU

{Xì`m§Jm§Zm H$m`XoeraarË`m àmá Pmbobo h¸$ ho `mo½` ì`º$s¨n`ªV nmohmoMmdoV d Ë`mMm J¡a’$m`Xm KoVbm OmD$ Zò
`m AZwf§JmZo hm {df` gÜ`m MM}V Amho.
{díbofU
{Xì`m§JmZm {Xbo OmUmao AmajU g‘VoÀ`m (equity) VÎdmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo {Xbobo Amho
{Xì`m§Jm§Zm {ejU Am{U amoOJma joÌm§‘Üò g‘mZ g§Yr {‘imdr hm hoVy `m‘mJo Amho. Aem àH$mao AmajU XoD$Z
ârd g‘mZVm (substantial equality ) àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
{Xì`m§Jm§Zm gm‘moao Omì`m bmJUmè`m AmìhmZm§‘Üò
nm`m^yV gw{dYm Am{U {ejUmMm A^md ho à‘wI
H$maU Amho. `m{edm` H$m‘mÀ`m {R>H$mUr gmo`rgw{dYm
CnbãY ZgUo. VgoM {Xì`m§Jm§~Ôb g‘mOm‘Üò nyd©J«h
AgUo BË`mXtMm g‘mdoe Amho.
AZoH$Xm YmoaU V`ma H$aVmZm Am{U YmoaUmMr
A§‘b~OmdUr H$aVmZm {Xì`m§Jm§~Ôb `mo½` ‘m{hVr ZgUo
d Amdí`H$ JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$er Ho$br Omdr, `mMr g‘O
ZgUo `m‘wio {Xì`m§Jm§Zm {d{dY g‘ñ`m§Zm gm‘moao Omdo bmJVo.

AZoH$Xm {Xì`m§Jm§Zm Oo AmajUmMo bm^ CnbãY AmhoV Ë`mMm BVam§Zr J¡a’$m`Xm KoVë`m‘wio {Xì`m§Jm§À`m
AmajUm~ÔbM EH$ ZH$mamË‘H$ ^mdZm g‘H$mbrZ n[apñWVr‘Üò {Z‘m©U hmoV Agë`mMo {XgyZ òV Amho.
‘mÌ {Xì`m§Jm§Zm Agbobo AmajU ho MwH$sMo Zmhr, hr ~m~ cmoH$m§Zm g‘OyZ gm§JUo AË`§V Amdí`H$ Amho.
gZ 2018 À`m amï´>r` g±nb gd}Zwgma Ho$di 23.8% {Xì`m§J ho amoOJma àmá H$ê$ eH$bo AmhoV.
H$m` H$am`bm hdo?
^maVmÀ¶m ì`dñWo§VJ©V {Xì`m§J H$moUmbm åhUm`Mo ho {Xì`m§JmÀ`m {d{eï> Q>¸o$dmarda (Disability percentages)
Adb§~yZ AgVo. `m‘Üò H$m` ~Xb H$amdoV, `m AZwf§JmZo àW‘V… {dMma ìhm`bm hdm.
Á`m ì`º$s¨Zr {Xì`m§J à‘mUnÌmÀ`m AmYmao J¡a’$m`Xm KoVbm Amho Ë`m ì`º$s¨da H$m`Xoera H$madmB© H$aÊ`mV `mdr.
Unique Edge Box
hh g~ñQ>°ÝerAc B³dm{cQ>r AWm©V ârd g‘mZVoMo VÎd

hh g‘VoMo VÎd åhUOo H$m`?
hh Sw>Im©BZ `mZo ‘m§S>bobm g‘mZVoMm {gÕm§V
~bmËH$ma JwÝømgmR>r ’$merMr {ejm : `w{º$dmX

^maVmVrb AmH$S>odmar H$m` gm§JVo?
Z°eZb H«$mB©‘ aoH$m°S>© ã`wamoÀ`m 2022 À`m AhdmbmZwgma ^maVmV {ñÌm¶m§{damoYmV 4,45,256 JwÝho Zm|X{dbo Jobo.
Va 2021 ‘Üò 4,28,278 JwÝho Zm|X{dbo Jobo. åhUOoM {ñÌ¶m§{damoYmV hmoUmè`m JwÝøm§‘Üò dmT> hmoV Amho ho
ñnï>nUo {XgyZ òVo.
2022 À`m AmH$S>odmarZwgma gd©gmYmaUnUo {ñÌ¶m§{damoYmV hmoUmè`m EHy$U JwÝømÀ`m 7.1% JwÝho ho ~bmËH$mamg§~§Yr
Agë`mMo Zm|X{dÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
Zì`m ^maVr` Ý`m` g§{hVo‘Üò H$m` Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho?
EImÚm ‘{hbobm b¾ H$aÊ`mMo A{‘f XmIdyZ emar[aH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$ê$Z ’$gdUyH$ H$aUo, `mgmR>r
g§{hVo‘Üò Xhm dfmªMr {ejm Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
gmoim dfmªImbrb ‘wcrda ~bmËH$ma Pmcm Va H$‘rV H$‘r drg dfmªMr {ejm Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Amho.
AR>am dfmªImbrb ‘wcrda gm‘y{hH$ AË`mMma dm ~bmËH$ma Pmbm
Va JwÝhoJmam§gmR>r ’$merMr {ejm Z‘yX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
EImXr ì`º$s EH$mnojm OmñV ~bmËH$mamÀ`m JwÝøm‘Üò Xmofr
AmT>ibr Va Ë`m ì`º$sbm AmOÝ‘ H$mamdmgmMr {ejm XoÊ¶mMr
VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.
ñÌrda Ho$boë`m AË`mMmam‘wio g§~§{YV ñÌr Oa n{g©ñQ>§Q> ìho{OQ>oQ>rìh
ñQ>oQ> `m AdñWoV Jobr Agob Va JwÝhm H$aUmè`m ì`º$sbm ’$merMr
{ejm XoÊ¶mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho.
‘mÌ `m g§{hVo‘Üò {ddmhm§VJ©V ~bmËH$mam{df`r VaVyX H$aÊ`mV
Ambobr Zmhr.

’$merMr {ejm XoÊ`m{damoYmV Ho$co OmUmao `w{º$dmX

’$merMr {ejm XoD$ZgwÕm BVa JwÝhoJmam§Zm Ago qhò JwÝho H$aÊ`mnmgyZ amoIÊ`mV Anè Amë`mMo AZw^dOÝ`
{ZîH$f© gm§JVmo. CXmhaUmW©, BamU‘Üò ~bmËH$ma `m JwÝømgmR>r ’$merMr {ejm Amho ‘mÌ ñÌr AË`mMma Am{U
~bmËH$mamg§~§Yr hmoUmè`m JwÝømÀ`m à‘mUmV BamU‘Üò bjUr` dmT> Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo.
’$merÀ¶m {ejoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm Ago JwÝho KS>Ê`m‘mJo O~m~Xma Agbobr gm‘m{OH$ ì`dñWm Am{U
Ë`m‘Yrb Xmof bnyZ amhVmV d Ë`mH$S>o Xþb©j hmoVo.
’$merÀ¶m {ejo‘wio JwÝhoJma nwamdm Zï> H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m hoVyZo ~cmËH$marV ñÌrMr hË¶m H$ê$ eH$Vmo.
d‘m© g{‘VrZo Ho$coë¶m {e’$magr
’$merMr {ejm ~cmËH$mamdarc CÎma Zgë`mMo g{‘VrZo Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho.
VgoM gÜ`m Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z ñdrH$maë`m OmUmè`m Xþ‘uimVrc Xþ‘ui {ZH$fmgmR>rXoIrb d‘m© g{‘VrZo ZH$mamË‘H$
‘V Zm|X{dbobo Amho.
{ejo‘Üò 7 df}, 10 df}, 20 df} Am{U AmOÝ‘ H$mamdmg Aem àH$maÀ`m {ejm {Xë`m OmD$ eH$VmV, Ago
Z‘yX Ho$bo Amho.
H$moUVo Cnm¶ H$aUo e³¶ Amho?
XrK©H$mbrZ Cnm` åhUyZ Ago JwÝho KS>Ê`m‘mJo Oo qbJ^mdmË‘H$ nyd©J«h Ñ{ï>H$moZ AmhoV Ë¶m‘Üò g‘mOmZo gwYmaUm
H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ H$amdoV.
qbJ^mdmË‘H$ g‘Vm àñWm{nV H$aUo hmM Aem àH$maMo JwÝho amoIÊ`mMm emídV ‘mJ© Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh Z°eZb H«$mB‘ aoH$m°S²g© ã`wamo 2022 Mm Ahdmb d Ë`m‘Yrb VÏ`mË‘H$ {ZarjUo
hh qbJ^mdmË‘H$ VQ>ñW H$m`ÚmMr JaO.
hh Ý`m`‘yVu d‘m© g{‘VrZo Ho$boë`m {e’$magr
hh Xþ{‘©imVbr Xþ‘ui Ho$g hm KQ>H$ H$m` Amho?
hh ’$merMr {ejm d Ë`mbm AgUmam gm‘m{OH$ O~m~XmarMm Am`m‘ H$m` Amho-
g‘mOemñÌr` Ñ{ï>H$moZ Am{U Am§Va{dÚmemIr` Aä`mg

WmoS>³¶mV ‘hÎdmMo
b¢{JH$ AË`mMmamg§~§Yr XmIb Pmbobo JwÝho ho gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Ho$bobo EH$ ^mî` -
n¡em§Mr XodmUKodmU Ho$ë`mZ§Va aÔ Ho$bo OmD$ ¾¾ Om‘rZ {‘i{dÊ`mMm h¸$ EH$ àH$maMr {ejm
eH$V ZmhrV, Aer {Q>ßnUr Cƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo åhUyZ ZmH$mabm OmD$ eH$V Zmhr.
ZwH$VrM Ho$br Amho. ¾¾ Aem àH$mao Om‘rZ ZmH$maUo åhUOo
¾¾ Ý`m`mb`mZo `mg§~§Yr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, Ý`m` hm "Vwé§JrH$aUmÀ`m'(Prisonisation) à{H«$òbm
{dH«$sgmR>r CnbãY Agy eH$V Zmhr. MmbZm XoÊ`mgmaIo Amho.
¾¾ Ý`m`mb`mZo E’$AmÀma aÔ H$aÊ`mg g§~§{YV ¾¾ AZwÀN>oX 21 A§VJ©V doJdmZ IQ>bm
IQ>ë`mdoir ZH$ma {Xbobm Amho. Mmb{dÊ`mMm ‘yb^yV h¸$ Agë`mMo
--- ^mî`XoIrb gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Ho$bo Amho.
¾¾ g§~§{YV IQ>bm hm AZbm° ’w$b E°pŠQ>pìhQ>rO
{àìh|eZ 1967 A§VJ©V XmIb H$aÊ`mV Ambm
hmoVm, Ë`mda Ý`m`mb`mZo ^mî` Ho$bo Amho.
---


KS>m‘moS>r
Am§Vaamï´>r¶
g§~§Y
‘hÎdnyU©

22 dr ^maV-a{e`m dm{f©H$ n[afX
^maVmÀ¶m n§VàYmZm§Zr ZwH$VmM a{e`mMm Xm¡am nma
nmS>cm. `mnyduMr 21 dr n[afX hr 2021 ‘Üò nma
nS>br hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va XmoZ dfmªÀ`m H$mbmdYrZ§Va nwÝhm
EH$Xm 2024 ‘Üò hr dm{f©H$ n[afX gwê$ Pmcr.
`mnydu dm{f©H$ n[afXo‘Üò H$Yrhr I§S> nS>bm ZìhVm.
‘mÌ 2022 Am{U 23 `m XmoZ dfu n[afX hmoD$ eH$br
ZìhVr. `m nmíd©^y‘rda `m n[afXoMo ‘hÎd Amho.
{dícofU
2021 Z§Va n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr Am{U nwVrZ `m§Mr em§Km` H$mo-Am°naoeZ Am°J©Zm`PoeZÀ`m n[afXo‘Üò CP~o{H$ñVmZ
`m {R>H$mUr ôQ> Pmbobr hmoVr.
`wH«o$Z ~amo~aÀ`m `wÕmZ§Va a{e`m Am{U MrZ `m§Mr dmT>Vr OdirH$ Am{U a{e`mMo MrZdarc A{V[aº$ Adb§{~Ëd
^maVmgmR>r qMVmOZH$ Amho. `m n[afXo‘Üò nmíMmÎ` amï´>m§Zr cmXcoë¶m Am{W©H$ ~§YZm§{df`r MMm© Ano{jV Amho
Á`m‘wio a{e`mbm MrZda Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJV Amho.
`m{edm` ^maV Am{U a{e`m `m§À`m Xaå`mZ g§ajU gm‘J«rMo hmoUmao CËnmXZ Am{U ñnoAg© `m§Mr {S>{bìharg§~§Yr
MMm© ~«m÷mog {‘gmBëg g§~§YmV hmoUmar MMm© Am{U no‘|Q> g§X^m©Vrb H$mhr àíZ BË`mXr {df` EoaUrda AmhoV.
`m{edm` `wH«o$Zgmo~VÀ`m `wÕm‘Üò a{e`m‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambobr ^maVr` ZmJ[aH$m§Mr âVr hm XoIrb MM}Mm {df` hmoVm.
^maV a{e`mnmgyZ Xÿa OmV Amho Agm Omo g‘O V`ma Ho$bm OmV hmoVm Ë`mbm `m n[afXo‘wio N>oX {Xbm Amho.
^maV Am{U a{e`m `m§À`m Xaå`mZ 1971 nmgyZ Agcocr ‘¡Ìr hr H$m`‘ Amho AgmXoIrb g§Xoe OJmbm `m‘YyZ
{Xbm Amho.
`m n[afXo‘Üò Am§Vaamï´>r` CÎma-X{jU Q´mÝgnmoQ>© H$m°[aS>m°a VgoM MoÞB© - ìcmXrdmoñVmoH$ g‘wÐr ‘mJ©, CÎma gmJar
H$m°[aS>m°a ho XoIrb {df` ‘hÎdmMo R>aco.
a{e`m‘Yrb A{Vnyd}H$S>À`m àXoem~amo~a ghH$m`© dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {deof à`ËZ Ho$bo OmUma AmhoV.
Unique Edge Box
hh Q´°H$ 1 amOZ`mMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?

hh Am¡nMm[aH$ amOZ`mMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh amOZ¡{VH$ Z¥Ë`mMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh g§VwbZmÀ`m VÎdmMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m§Mo g§~§Y

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
~m§½bmXoeÀ`m n§VàYmZ eoI hgrZm `m§Zr ZwH$VmM ^maVmMm Xm¡am Ho$bm. `m AZwf§JmZo {Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§Mm AmT>mdm
KoUo ‘hÎdnyU© Amho.

^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe {Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$

H$mcH«$‘
~m§½bmXoe {~«{Q>em§À`m A{YnË`mImbrb A{d^m{OV
^maVmMm ^mJ hmoVm.
adtÐZmW Q>mJmoa `m§Zr XmoÝhr Xoem§À`m amï´>r` JrVm§Mo
boIZ Ho$bo hmoVo. B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$ëMab g|Q>a T>mH$m ho
H|$Ð XmoÝhr Xoem§À`m g‘mZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§YmMo àVrH$
Amho.
^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m§À`m‘Üò Odinmg 4097 {H$bmo‘rQ>aMr gr‘m Amho; Va 180 {H$bmo‘rQ>a cm§~rMm
gmJar {H$Zmam Amho.
^maVmVrb Amgm‘, npíM‘ ~§Jmb, {‘Pmoam‘, ‘oKmb`, {Ìnwam `m nmM amÁ`m§Mr gr‘m ~m§½cmXoembm bmJyZ Amho.
~m§½bmXoemÀ`m ‘w{º$g§J«m‘m‘Üò 1971 ‘Üò ^maVmZo ‘hÎdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~Om{dbr hmoVr.
~m§½bmXoemMm ‘w{º$g§J«m‘mMm {Xdg hm ^maVm‘ÜòXoIrb "{dO` {Xdg' åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò ‘¡Ìr {Xdg Am{U gwdU© AÜ`m` `m§gma»`m H$m`©H«$‘m§Mo Am`moOZXoIrb Ho$bo OmVo.
AbrH$S>À`m g§~§Ym§Mm AmT>mdm
2015 ‘Üò XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò b±S> ~mC§S´r EJ«r‘|Q> H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Á`mÛmao dmXJ«ñV ~oQ>m§da amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm
XmoÝhtn¡H$s EH$ Xoe {ZdS>Ê`mMo ñdmV§Í¶ XoÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m§À`m Xaå`mZ 2023 ‘Üò 15.9 AãO S>m°bg©Mm ì`mnma Zm|X{dÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
Á`m‘Üò àm‘w»`mZo H$mnS>, Am¡fYo, eoVr CËnmXZm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
gÜ`m ^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m§À`m‘Üò H$m°påàEpÝgìh BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ nmQ>©Za{en EJ«r‘|Q> `m~m~VMr MMm© `wÕ
nmVirda Mmby Amho.
~m§½cmXoemVrc ‘moJbm Am{U ‘raeamB© `m {R>H$mUr {deof Am{W©H$ joÌm‘Üò (SEZ)^maVmMr Jw§VdUyH$ H$aÊ`m~m~V
XoIrb MMm© gwê$ Amho. XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ ê$nya AmpÊdH$ D$Om© àH$ënm~m~V ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$ama Pmbm
hmoVm Á`m‘Üò a{e`mMm XoIrb g‘mdoe Amho.
‘¡Ìr gwna W‘©b nmda ßbm§Q> A§VJ©V ghH$m`m©Mm nwT>Mm Q>ßnmXoIrb gwê$ Pmbm Amho.
Va Hw${e`mam H$amam§VJ©V XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ AgUmè`m Hw$er`mam ZXrMo nmUrdmQ>n èñdrnUo H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
2010 nmgyZ ^maVmZo "Zo~ahÿS> ’$ñQ>©' nm°{bgr `m A§VJ©V ~m§½cmXoemcm 7.362 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>r bmB©Z Am°’$
H«o${S>Q> XoD$ Ho$cr Amho.
XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ AmìhmZo H$m` AmhoV?
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò ~oH$m`Xm ñWbm§V[aVm§Mm ‘wÔm H$m`‘ Amho.
H$mo{‘bm-{Ìnwam gr‘m àíZ AOyZ gmoS>{dÊ`mV Ambobm Zmhr.
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò {VñVm ZXr nmUrdmQ>n H$amamdê$Z dmX H$m`‘ Amho.
VgoM XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò ’$am¸$m ~°aoOdê$Z XoIrb dmX H$m`‘ Amho, Á`m‘Üò J§Jm ZXrMo nmUr XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò {H$Vr
à‘mUmV dmQ>m`Mo `mdê$Z Agh‘Vr Amho.

Amgm‘‘Üò Z°eZb a{OñQ>a Am°’$ {gQ>rPZMr (NRC) A§‘b~OmdUr Pmë`mZ§Va 19 bmI bmoH$ ho ~oH$m`Xm
ñWbm§V[aV åhUyZ Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV, Á`m§À`mda ~m§½bmXoemVyZ Amë`mMm R>nH$m R>odbobm Amho `mdê$Z
~m§½bmXoemer g§~§Y VmUbo Jobo hmoVo.
VgoM amoqh½`m~m~V XoIrb ^maVmZo ~m§½cmXoemVyZ ñWbm§Va Pmë`mMm `w{º$dmX Ho$bm hmoVm `m‘wio XmoÝhr Xoem§À¶m
g§~§Ym§V H$Qw>Vm Ambr hmoVr.
MrZ ~m§½cmXoemcm ^maVmÀ¶m VwcZoV A{YH$ H$O©nwadR>m Am{U cmB©Z Am°’$ H«o${S>Q>Mm nwadR>m H$arV Amho.
B©emÝ` ^maVm‘Üò H$m`©aV Agboë`m ~§S>Imoa g§KQ>Zm§Zm ~m§½cmXoemV Amgam {Xbm OmV Agë`mMm AmamonXoIrb
Ho$bm OmV Amho, `m‘Üò Cë’$m g§KQ>Zm, Z°eZb S>o‘moH«°${Q>H$ ’«§$Q> Am°’$ ~moS>mo b±S> Am{U Z°eZb {b~aoeZ ’«§$Q>
Am°’$ {Ìnwam `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho.
nwT>rc dmQ>Mmc
{~‘ñQ>oH$ ‘wº$ ì`mnmar H$ama VgoM ~r~rAm`Z ‘moQ>a ìhoB©H$b A°J«r‘|Q> `m AZwf§JmZo XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò ghH$m`m©Mr
eŠ`Vm H$m`‘ Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh gm§ñH¥${VH$ amOZ`mMr {Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§Vrb ^y{‘H$m

hh ^maV EH$- ‘¥Xÿ gÎmm
hh ^maVmMo Zo~ahþS> ’$ñQ>© YmoaU
hh [aMS>© amoOoH«o$Ýg `m§Zr ‘m§S>bobr QóqS>J ñQ>oQ> qH$dm ì`mnmar amÁ`g§ñWoMr g§H$ënZm
hh Wm°‘g ’«$sS>‘Z `m§Zr ‘m§S>bobr JmoëS>Z AmH©$ {WAar qH$dm {gÕm§V
n§VàYmZm§Mr ‘m°ñH$mo ôQ> Am{U {OAmo H°$ëŠ`wbg

^maVmMo n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr `m§Zr a{e`mbm ôQ> {Xë`m‘wio A‘o[aH$m Am{U `wamonH$Sy>Z {damoYr à{V{H«$`m {Xë`m
OmV AmhoV. `m nmíd©^y‘rda {df` ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda M{M©bm OmV Amho.
`m‘Üò {deofV: ¶wH«o$ZMo amï´>nVr Pob|ñH$s VgoM A‘o[aHo$Mo amï´>r` gwajm g„mJma Am{U A‘o[aHo$À`m amÁ`
{d^mJmH$Sy>Z XoIrb ZmamOr ì`º$ H$aUmar {dYmZo H$aÊ`mV Ambobr AmhoV.
ôQ>rMo {dícofU Am{U {OAmo H°$ëŠ`wbg
^maVmZo `m g§X^m©V à{V{H«$`m XoVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ^maVmbm "{ZdS>rMo ñdmV§Í`' Amho.
^maVmZo CMbobr nmdbo Oa OmUrdnyd©H$ nm{hbr Va bjmV òVo H$s, ^maVmMm hm EH$ àH$mao AmQ>© Am°’$
{S>ßbmo‘grMm CÎm‘ Z‘wZm Amho.
a{e`mZo `wH«o$Z~amo~a Ho$boë`m `wÕm‘wio ^maVmZo ^maV Am{U a{e`m Xaå`mZMr 2022 Am{U 2023 `m dfmªÀ¶m
n[afXm aÔ Ho$ë¶m hmoË¶m hr ~m~ {dgê$Z MmbUma Zmhr.
Ë`mdoir n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§Zr ho `wÕmMo `wJ Zmhr Ago dº$ì` Ho$bo hmoVo ho XoIrb ‘hÎdnyU© Amho.
gÜ`m n[apñWVr Aer Amho H$s, `wH«o$Zbm Ho$br OmUmar nmpíM‘mË` ‘XVXoIrb H$‘r hmoV OmB©b Aer {MÝho
AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, gÜ`m ZmQ>moH$Sy>Z Ho$br OmUmar ‘XV ^{dî`mV H$m`‘ amhrbM `mMr emídVr Zmhr.

A‘o[aHo$‘Üò Q´ån {ZdSy>Z òÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z‘m©U Pmë`m‘wio A‘o[aHo$H$Sy>Z XoIrb ^{dî`mV `wH«o$Zbm H$aÊ¶mV
¶oUmar ‘XV H$‘rM hmoUma Amho.
`m gd© KS>m‘moS>r hmoV AgVmZm ^maVmZo pñdËPbªS>‘Yrb ~J}Z ñQ>m°H$ òWrb em§VVm n[afXoV XoIrb gh^mJ
Zm|X{dbm. ‘mÌ Ë`mMdoir a{e`mMm gh^mJ Zgë`m‘wio ZmamOrXoIrb ì`º$ Ho$br hmoVr.
2022 nmgyZ Cnamoº$ a{e`m Am{U ¶wH«o$ZMr g§Kf©‘` pñWVr H$m`‘ AgVmZm ^maVmZo g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>Zo‘Üò
H$moUË`mhr R>amdm~m~V a{e`m{damoYr ^y{‘H$m KoUo Q>mibobo {XgyZ òVo.
XþgarH$S>o A‘o[aHo$Mr ^y{‘H$mXoIrb MVwîH$moZ qH$dm MVw^w©O ~m~V g§e`r ñdê$nmMr Amho. H$maU ~m`S>oZ àemgZmZo
MVwîH$moZ qH$dm MVw^w©O EodOr MVwîH$moZ ßbgbm A{YH$ ‘hÎd {Xbo, Á`m‘Üò Ý`yPrb§S>, X{jU H$mo[a`m,
pìhEVZm‘ Am{U {’${bnmB©Ýg `m Xoem§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVm.
`m{edm` A‘o[aHo$Zo Enr ’$moa AWm©V E{e`m n°{g{’$H$ nmQ>©Zg© Á`m‘Üò Am°ñQó{b`m, Ý`yPrb§S>, X{jU H$mo[a`m
Am{U OnmZ `m Xoem§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. `m§Zm A{YH$ ‘hÎd Úm`bm gwédmV Ho$br Amho.
Cnamoº$ gd© KQ>Zm§Mm {dMma H$aVm ^maVmZo Amnbo {ZdS>ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U gm‘[aH$ ñdm`ÎmVm Onbr Agë`mMo `m
{Z{‘ÎmmZo {XgyZ òV Amho.
^maVmÀ`m hmbMmbr ‘mJo ^y-Am{W©H$ Am`m‘ H$m` Amho?
a{e`m Am{U ¶wH«o$ZMo `wÕ gwê$ AgVmZmXoIrb ^maVmZo a{e`mH$Sy>Z H$‘r {H$‘VrV Am°Bb Am`mV Ho$bo Amho.
a{e`mH$Sy>Z ^maVmV Ho$ë¶m OmUmè`m Am`mVrV dmT> Pmbobr {XgyZ òVo. CXmhaUmW© Joë`m AZoH$ dfmªnmgyZ nmM
Vo Xhm AãO S>m°bg©n`ªV am{hbobm ì`mnma Joë`m XmoZ-VrZ dfmª‘Üò 66 Q>³³¶m§Zr dmTy>Z 65 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>m
Pmbm Amho, hr ~m~ bjUr` Amho.
Aem àH$maMr ì`mnmar dmT> emídV R>odm`Mr Agob Va XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ no‘|Q> à{H«$`m{df`r ghH$m`© hmoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§À`m a{e`m ôQ>r‘Üò Oo Om°BªQ> pìhOZ ñQ>oQ>‘|Q> 2030 Omar Ho$bo Jobo Ë`m‘Üò nmpíM‘mË` ~§YZm§Zm
~Jb XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo.
VgoM a{e`mÀ`m A{Vnyd©‘Yrb Oo àXoe AmhoV Ë`m‘Üò ^maVr` CÚmoJm§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ VgoM a{e`mÀ`m amogZoâQ>
H§$nZrH$Sy>Z ^maVmVrc JwOamV‘Üò hmoUmar dmS>rZma Vob ewÕrH$aU àH$ënmVrb Jw§VdUyH$ bjUr` Amho.
XmoÝhr Xoem§Mr MoÞB© ìôcm{XñVmoH$ `m g‘wÐr ‘mJmª‘Yrb ghH$m`© dmT>{dÊ`mda ZOa Amho.
{ZîH$f©
n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§Mr ‘m°ñH$mo ôQ> hr doioÀ`m, CÔoemÀ`m Am{U OmJ{VH$ nmíd©^y‘rÀ`m AZwf§JmZo CËH¥$ï> amOZ`mMm
Z‘wZm Amho, Ago Amnë`mbm åhUVm òB©b, Ë¶mbm ñ‘mQ>© nm°da åhUyZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m XoemMr `mo½` dmQ>Mmb
Ago g§~moYVm òB©b.
Unique Edge Box
hh gm‘[aH$ ñdm`ÎmVoMo VÎd

hh gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMo VÎd OnUo åhUOo H$m`?
hh ^maV EH$ MmUmj gÎmm qH$dm ñ‘mQ>© nm°da - Om°Z {Mn‘Z `mZo ‘m§S>bobr g§H$ënZm
hh ~hþAm`m‘r amOZ`mMr g§H$ënZm

^maV Am{U a{e`m g§~§Ym§Mm AmT>mdm

^maVmMo n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr `m§Zr a{e`mbm XmoZ {Xdgm§Mr Am¡nMm[aH$ ôQ> {Xë`m‘wio hm {df` Am§Vaamï´>r` ZmJar
g‘mOm‘Üò M{M©bm OmV Amho.
^maV Am{U a{e`m `m XmoZ Xoem§‘Yrb AmYmañV§^ H$m` AmhoV?
^maV Am{U a{e`m `m§À`m ‘Vo amOZ¡{VH$ g§~§Ym§Mr ñWmnZm 1947 ‘Üò Pmbr. åhUOoM ^maV ñdmV§Í¶ Pmë`mZ§Va
a{e`mer g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmbo.
erV`wÕ H$mim‘Üò ^maV Am{U a{e`m `m XmoZ Xoem§‘Üò gm‘[aH$ ^mJrXmarMo g§~§Y {dH${gV Pmbo.
^maV Am{U a{e`m ho XmoÝhr Xoe g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>Zm, Or-20, {~«Šg Am{U em§Km¶ H$moAm°naoeZ Am°J©Zm`PoeZ
Aem Am§Vaamï´>r` ì`mgnrR>m§da ghH$m`m©Mr ^y{‘H$m KoV am{hbo AmhoV.
2023-24 `m dfmª‘Üò ^maV Am{U a{e`m `m§Mm ì`mnma AmVmn`ªVMm gdm}ƒ ì`mnma Zm|X{dbm Jobm Omo 65.70
AãO S>m°bg© EdT>m Pmbm.
`mnydu XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ Oo {Ûnjr` Jw§VdUwH$sMo Üò` R>a{dbo hmoVo Ë`mnojm A{YH$Mr Jw§VdUyH$ Pmë`mMo
gÚ:pñWVrV {XgyZ òVo. ho Üò` 30 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>o R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
a{e`mH$Sy>Z ^maVm‘Üò Vob Am{U J°g VgoM noQ´mob Ho${‘H$b, ~±qH$J, aoëdo, ñQ>rb `m joÌm§‘Üò ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
Jw§VdUyH$ hmoVo; Va ^maVmH$Sy>Z a{e`m‘Üò Am°Bb J°g Am{U Am¡fY BË`mXr joÌm§‘Üò Jw§VdUyH$ hmoVo.
{Ûnjr` g§ajU g§~§Ym§‘Üò Imbrb àH$ënm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo -
¾¾ Eg 400 `wÕgm‘J«rMm nwadR>m
¾¾ T-90 Q>±H$, gwImoB© WQ>u E‘ Ho$ Am`, Mig 29 Am{U H$m‘mod ho{bH$m°ßQ>g© BË`mXtMm nwadR>m
¾¾ INS {dH«$‘m{XË`Mm Ho$bobm nwadR>m
¾¾ AK 203 am`’$ëgMm nwadR>m
¾¾ ~«m÷mog {‘gmB©bMm nwadR>m
AdH$me joÌmVrb g§~§Ym§Mr MMm© H$aVmZm Joë`m Mma XeH$m§Vrb ghH$m`© AYmoaopIV H$aVm òVo. gÚ:pñWVr‘Üò
^maVmÀ`m J§Jm`mZ {‘eZ‘ÜòXoIrb a{e`mMo ghH$m`© Amho.
^maVmVrb Hw$S>ZHw$b‘ òWrb AUwD$Om© àH$ënmgmR>r XmoÝhr
Xoem§‘Üò ghH$m`© Amho.
{ejU joÌm‘Üò ^maVmVrb AQ>b BZmodoeZ {‘eZ Am°’$ B§{S>`m
Am{U a{e`mVrb gmàg g|Q>a `m§Mo ghH$m`© àñWm{nV Pmbo
Amho.
^maVmÀ`m nwT>mH$mamVyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmUmam Am§Vaamï´>r` `moJm
{Xdg a{e`m‘Üò AZoH$ àXoem§‘Üò gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
^maV Am{U a{e`m `m§À`m g§~§Ym§V AgUmao AS>Wio?
^maV Am{U A‘o[aHo$Mo g§~§Y A{YH$ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Imob

hmoV AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, ^maVmZo A‘o[aHo$~amo~a Ho$bobm bm°{OpñQ>Šg EŠgM|O ‘o‘moa§S> ‘ A°J«r‘|Q> VgoM H$å`w{ZHo$eZ
H§$n°Q>°{~{bQ>r A±S> {gŠ`w[aQ>r A°J«r‘|Q> VgoM ~o{gH$ EŠgM|O H$moAm°naoeZ A°J«r‘|Q BË`mXr.
gÜ`mÀ`m a{e`m-`wH«o$Z `wÕm‘Üò A‘o[aH$m Am{U nmíMmÎ¶ Xoem§Zr a{e`mÀ`m Ho$boë`m H$m|S>r‘wio MrZ Am{U
a{e`mMo g§~§Y A{YH$ OdiMo hmoV AmhoV.
g§ajU{df`H$ gm‘J«rMr XþéñVr Am{U ñnoAa nmQ²g©Mr CnbãYVm `m~m~V AZoH$ g‘ñ`m {Z‘m©U hmoV AmhoV.
^maV Am{U a{e`m `m§À`m Xaå`mZ ì`mnmar VyQ> 2022-23 ‘Üò 43 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>r hmoVr. `mV Am`mV
49.35 AãO S>m°bg©Mr VgoM {Z`m©V 3.14 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>r hmoVr.
òWyZ nwT>o
Joë`m 75 dfmªnmgyZ ^maV Am{U a{e`mMr ‘¡Ìr hr H$m`‘ Amho. Aer ‘¡Ìr H$m`‘ {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmbm
amOZ¡{VH$ ZoV¥ËdmMo àXe©Z H$arV g§VwbZ {Q>H$dyZ R>odmdo bmJob.
Unique Edge Box
hh n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§Mo dº$ì`- ^maVmVrb àËòH$ ~mbH$mbm ‘m{hVr Amho H$s, a{e`m
Amnbm OwZm Am{U {dídgZr` gmWrXma Amho.
hh gÎmm g§VwbZmMo VÎd
hh Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^mªMm g‘H$mbrZ g§X^mªda Am{U g§~§Ym§da hmoUmam n[aUm‘
hh ^maVmMr ’${bVàm‘mÊ`dmXr (Pragmatic) ^y{‘H$m
^maV-Am°pñQ´>¶m {Ûnjr` g§~§Y

^maVr` n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr `m§Zr Am°pñQ´>¶mbm ZwH$VrM ôQ> {Xbr. n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr ho Joë`m 41 dfmªVrb B§{Xam
Jm§YtZ§Va Am°pñQ´>¶mcm ôQ> XoUmao Xþgao n§VàYmZ AmhoV.
ôQ>r‘Üò KS>boë`m ‘hÎdnyU© KS>m‘moS>r
XmoÝhr Xoem§Zr (Am°pñQ´>¶m Am{U ^maV) {Ûnjr` àmXo{eH$ Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda pñWa Am{U àJ{Verb
OJmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {Xbo.
h[aV V§ÌkmZ Am{U {S>{OQ>b V§ÌkmZ VgoM nm`m^yV gw{dYm nwZZ©drH$aUr` D$Om© `m joÌm§‘Üò ghH$m`© H$aÊ`mMo
{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
^maVmZo Am°pñQ´>¶mbm Am§Vaamï´>r` gmobma Abm`Ýg‘Üò
gm‘rb hmoÊ`mMo Am‘§ÌU {Xbo.
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò ñQ>mQ>© An {~«O B{Z{eE{Q>ìh g§~§Yr
H$ama Pmbm.
Ë`mMà‘mUo ‘m`J«oeZ A±S> ‘mo{~{bQ>r A°J«r‘|Q>
{df¶rXoIrb {Ûnjr` g‘PmoVm H$aÊ`mV Ambm.
XmoÝhr Xoem§Zr ‘wº$ Am{U Iwë`m B§S>mo n°{g{’$H$
‘hmgmJam{df`r gh‘Vr Am{U JaO Xe©{dbr Á`m‘Üò

gmJar gwajm Am{U gmJar Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.
^maVmZo Am°pñQ´>¶mÀ`m gwajm n[afXoVrc 2027-28 À`m {~Ja H$m`‘ñdê$nr gXñ`ËdmÀ`m {ZdS>rgmR>r nmqR>~m
{Xbobm Amho.
Am°pñQ´>¶mZo gwajm n[afXoVrb 2028-29 À`m {~Ja H$m`‘ñdê$nr gXñ`ËdmÀ`m {ZdS>rgmR>r ^maVmbm nmqR>~m
{Xbobm Amho.
g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ì`mgnrR>mda gd© àH$maÀ`m XheVdmXm§Mm {damoY H$aUo Am{U Ë¶mgmR>r ghH$m`© H$aÊ`m{df`r
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò EH$‘V Pmbo.
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò g§nH©$ dmT>Ê`mgmR>r A{V[aº$ {d‘mZm§Mr g§»`m dmT>{dUo d CÈ>mUo dmT>{dUo `m{df`r MMm© Pmbr.
Am°pñQ´>¶m‘Üò `moJm Am{U Am`wd}Xm `m§Mm àgma H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr MMm©XoIrb H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
B§{S>`m {‘S>b B©ñQ> `wamon H$m°[aS>moa‘Üò Am°pñQ´>¶mcm gh^mJr H$ê$Z KoÊ`m~m~V eŠ`Vm nS>VmiÊ`mV Ambr.
^maV Am{U Am°pñQ´>¶m g§~§Ym§Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm
1949 gmcr XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò amOZ¡{VH$ g§~§Ym§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
nyduÀ`m gmopìhEV a{e`mnmgyZ ñdmV§Í¶ {‘i{dÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmZo Am°pñQ´>¶mbm nmqR>~m Xe©{dbm Am{U MM}V
gh^mJ KoVbm hmoVm.
2024 gmcr XmoÝhr Xoem§À`m g§~§Ym§Zm 75 df} nyU© Pmbr.
`mnydu n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$, B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr Am°pñQ´>¶mcm ôQ> {Xbr hmoVr.
AbrH$S>o 2021 gmcr ^maVmÀ`m bmoH$gôÀ`m g^mnVtZr g§gXr` à{V{ZYr ‘§S>imbm ~amo~a KoD$Z ôQ> {Xbr hmoVr.
gZ 2021 À`m AmH$S>odmarZwgma XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Yrb ì`mnma hm 2.47 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>m Amho. `m§n¡H$s ^maVmMr
hmoUmar {Z`m©V 1.29 AãO S>m°bg© Am{U Am`mV 1.18 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>r Amho.
pìhEÞm BVa eham§‘Üò ^maVr` `moJm H|$Ðo Am{U g§ñH¥$V H|$Ðo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. `mdê$Z XmoÝhr
Xoem§‘Yrb gm§ñH¥${VH$ amOZ`mMr H$ënZm òVo.
^maVmVrb {deofV… Ho$ai Am{U n§Om~ `m amÁ`m§Vrb 31 hOmam§nojm OmñV ^maVr` Am°pñQ´>¶m‘Üò pñWV AmhoV.
Am°pñQ´>¶mMo ^maVmgmR>r AgUmao ‘hÎd?
`wamonr` ~mOmam‘Üò àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m XoemMo ‘hÎd Amho H$maU hm Xoe `wamonMm ‘Ü` ^mJmVrb ‘hÎdnyU©
Xoe Amho.
^maVmVyZ `m Xoem§‘Üò hmoUmao ñWbm§Va Am{U ‘mo{~{bQ>r `m AZwf§JmZo `m XoemMo ‘hÎd Amho.
g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoVrb gwajm n[afXoVrb H$m`‘ñdê$nr gXñ`Ëd àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m XoemMm nmqR>~m d BVa
`wamonr` amï´>m§Mm nmqR>~m {‘i{dUo `mgmR>rXoIrb `m XoemMo ‘hÎd Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoVrb H$m`‘ñdê$nr gXñ`ËdmgmR>r ^maVmMo à`ËZ

hh `wamonr` ~mOmaì`dñWm Am{U ^maVmMo {hVg§~§Y
hh nañna Adb§{~ËdmMm {gÕm§V - Omogo’$ Zm`

^maV-Zonmi g§~§Y : ‘moR>m ^mD$ Vo ^mD$ (Big Brother to Brother)
{df` MM}V H$m Amho?

Zonmi‘Üò ZwH$VrM Ho$nr e‘m© Amobr `m§Zr n§VàYmZ nXmMr Mm¡Ï`m§Xm enW KoVbr Amho. `m AZwf§JmZo ^maV-
Zonmi {Ûnjr` g§~§Y MM}V AmhoV.
^maV Am{U Zonmi g§~§Y Am{U Zonmi‘Yrb A§VJ©V KS>m‘moS>r
2015 ‘Üò ZonmiÀ`m Zì`m amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb VaVwXtdê$Z ^maV Am{U Zonmi `m§Mo g§~§Y {~KS>bo hmoVo.
Ë`mdoir ZonmiÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zo‘Üò ‘Yoer g‘wXm`mgmR>r amIrd VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m ZìhË`m qH$dm Ë`m§Mo
à{V{Z{YËd ZmH$mabo Jobo hmoVo.
^maVmVrb bmoH$ Am{U ‘Yoer g‘wXm` `m§À`m‘Üò amoQ>r~oQ>rMo ì`dhma hmoV Agë`m‘wio hm {df` EoaUrda hmoVm.
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò {bpån`mYwam Am{U H$mbmnUr `m àXoem§dê$Z VUmd {Z‘m©U Pmcm hmoVm.
ZonmiÀ¶m A§VJ©V KS>m‘moS>r‘Üò CXmhaUmW©, ZoV¥ËdmV hmoUmao ~Xb. `m‘wio XoIrb {Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§V AS>Wio
òVmV CXmhaUmW©, Ho$. nr. Amobr e‘m©, eoa ~hmÔÿa Xo~wdm Am{U àM§S> `m§À`m‘Üò gÎmm§Va gVV hmoV AgVo.
^maV Am{U Zonmi `m§À`m‘Üò Ob{dÚwV àH$ën Am{U Ë`mÛmao hmoUmar D$Om©{Z{‘©Vr {VMr IaoXr-{dH«$s ¶m‘wiohr
H$mhr ‘hÎdmMo àíZ {Z‘m©U hmoV AmhoV.
ZonmiMo MrZ ~amo~aMo dmT>Vo g§~§YXoIrb ^maVmÀ`m {hVmMo ZmhrV.
YmoaUmË‘H$ ZO H$m` Agbm nm{hOo?
^maVmZo Zo~ahÿS> ’$ñQ>© YmoaUmMm Adb§~ H$amdm.
ghH$m`m©gmR>r {~‘ñQ>oH$, ~r~rAm`Z, gmH©$ `m§gma»`m ì`mgnrR>m§Mm Adb§~ H$amdm.
aoëdo, añVo‘mJ©, ~§Xa {dH$mg `m§‘Üò nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mr Jw§VdUyH$ XmoÝhr Xoem§À`m g§~§Ymcm ~iH$Q>r AmUob.
gr‘m ì`dñWmnZ, XheVdmXmbm à{V~§Y BË`mXt~m~V A{YH$ ghH$m`m©Mr eŠ`Vm Amho.
Zonmibm H$O©nwadR>m H$aVmZm Vm§{ÌH$ ‘XV, bmB©Z Am°’$ H«o${S>Q> `m§gma»`m Am{W©H$ gmYZm§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm Omdm.
n`©Q>Z d gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡j{UH$ XodmUKodmU `mÛmao Q´°H$ 2 Am{U Q´°H$ 3 amOZ`mbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo Omdo.
AmnÎmrÀ`m doir ‘mZdVmdmXr ‘XVrgmR>r ^maVmZo nwT>mH$ma ¿¶mdm.
^maVmZo Zonmi~m~VrV n§Merb YmoaUmMm Adb§~ H$amdm.
AZmH«$‘U, {Zh©ñVjon, g‘mZVm, nañna bm^ Am{U em§VVmnyU© gh ApñVËd BË`mXr H$maH$m§Mm Adb§~ ^maVmZo H$amdm.
^maV Am{U Zonmi `m§À`m Xaå`mZ 1950 gmcr Pmcocm em§VVm d ‘¡Ìr H$amamMm AmXa d nwZ{d©Mma H$aÊ`mV `mdm.
Unique Edge Box
hh ^maVmMo {Zh©ñVjondmXr YmoaU

hh ^maVmH$Sy>Z BVa Xoem§À`m gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMm Zoh‘rM Ho$bm Jobobm AmXa
hh ^maVmMo Zo~ahþS> ’$ñQ>© YmoaU
hh {~J ~«Xa qgS´mo‘Mr g§H$ënZm
hh amï´>r` {hVg§~§Ym§Mr g§H$ënZm
hh àmXo{eH$ YwarUËdmMr g§H$ënZm

^maV Am{U `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘ ‘Yrb {Ûnjr` g§~§Y
{df` MM}V H$m Amho?

`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>>‘‘Üò bo~a nj qH$dm ‘Oya njmZo {ZdS>UwH$m qOH$ë`m AmhoV. `m AZwf§JmZo ^maV Am{U `wZm`Q>oS>
qH$½S>‘ `m XmoZ Xoem§‘Üò Agbobo g§~§Y Zì`mZo AmH$mambm òVrb Aer Anojm Amho.
{Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm
2023 ‘Yrb AmH$S>odmarZwgma `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘ hm ^maVr¶ dñVy§À¶m Am¶mVrV Mm¡Xmì`m H«$‘m§H$mMm Xoe Amho;
Va godm joÌmMm {Vgam ‘moR>m Am¶mVXma Xoe Amho.
XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ Om°BªQ> BH$m°Zm°{‘H$ A±S> QóS> H${‘Q>rMr ñWmnZm {Ûnjr` Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>rgmR>r ZwH$VrM H$aÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr.
XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ AO` dm°[aà hr Am‘ug§~§Yr H$dm`V; Va H$moH$U hr Zm¡Xbmg§~§YrMr H$dm`V; H$mo~am dm°[aAa
Am{U B§ÐYZî¶ hr hdmB© Xbmg§~§YrMr H$dm`V KoÊ`mV òVo.
2015-16 nmgyZ `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘Yrc {dÚmnrR>m§‘Üò ^maVr` {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`mXoIrb ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda dmT>V
Amho.
`mnydu 2005 ‘Üò `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>>‘ B§{S>`m EÁ`wHo$eZ A±S> [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> ZmdmMm CnH«$‘ {dÚmnrR>m§‘Yrb
ghH$m`m©gmR>r gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
2021 ‘Üò X ‘m`J«oeZ A±S> ‘mo{~{bQ>r nmQ>©Za{en EJ«r‘|Q> hm H$ama H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm. Á`m‘Üò ì`mdgm{`H$
joÌm‘Üò H$m‘ H$aUmè`m bmoH$m§Zm ñWbm§Va H$aÊ`mgmR>r ghOVm `mdr `mgmR>r H$miOr KoÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.
`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>>‘‘Üò EHy$U bmoH$g§»òÀ`m 3.1% bmoH$ ho ^maVr` àdmgr AmhoV.
CXmhaUmW© `mnyduMo B§½b§S>Mo n§VàYmZ F$fr gwZH$ ^maVr` d§emMo hmoVo.
B§{S>`m `wHo$ J«rZ J«moW B{¹$Q>r ’§$S> hm g§ñWmË‘H$ Jw§VdUyH$ hr nwZZ©{dH$aUr` òmoVm§‘Üò dmT>mdr `mgmR>r ñWmnZ
H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
2010 gmcr XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò ZmJar AUwD$Om© ghH$m`© H$ama H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>>‘‘Yrb EñQ´mPoZH$m Am{U ^maVmVrb {ga‘ BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> `m XmoZ g§ñWm§Zr H$moamoZm ‘hm‘mar‘Üò
ghH$m`© Ho$bo hmoVo.
^maVmZo AUKUS B§S>mo n°{g{’$H$ àXoemVrb g§H$ënZobm nmqR>~mXoIrb Xe©{dbm Amho. Á`m‘Üò Am°ñQó{b`m
`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘ Am{U A‘o[aH$m `m§Mm g‘mdoe Amho.
XmoÝhr XoemnwT>rc H$mhr AmìhmZo
dgmhVdmX Am{U gm‘«mÁ`dmXmMm B{Vhmg XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò
AS>Wim R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
AmJm‘r ‘wº$ ì`mnmar H$amam‘Üò ì`mnmar VmobmMm AWm©V
~°bÝg Am°’$ QóS> {df` dmXJ«ñV R>ê$ eH$Vmo.
`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘Mo n`m©daU Am{U H$m‘Jma {df`H$
‘mZH$m§g§~§Yr XoIrb Agh‘Vr hmoÊ¶mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘ nwT>o gÜ`m ~«opŠPQ>‘wioXoIrb AmìhmZ {Z‘m©U Pmbo Amho.

`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘‘Üò gÜ`m ñWbm§V[aVm§Mm ‘moR>m àíZ {Z‘m©U Pmbm Amho, `m AZwf§JmZo ^maVr` ì`mdgm{`H$
àdmem§da pìhOm Am{U Ë`mg§~§Yr {Z`‘ `m AZwf§JmZo n[aUm‘ hmoÊ¶mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.
`wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘‘Yrc ^maV {damoYr {ZXe©Zo XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Yrb g§~§Y {~KS>dy eH$VmV.
Unique Edge Box
hh XmoÝhr Xoem§À`m g§~§Ym§‘Üò dgmhVdmX Am{U ZddgmhVdmX `m VÎdmMr AmS>H$mR>r

hh ~«opŠPQ>Zo ~Xbbobo Zdo g§X^© d Ë`mMm {Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§da hmoUmam n[aUm‘
hh `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘‘Yrb gÎmm§VamMm {Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§da hmoUmam n[aUm‘
hh `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>>‘‘Yrb naXoeñW ^maVr¶ d Ë`mMm à^md
hh `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘‘Üò CJ‘ hmoV Agboë`m COì`m {dMmagaUrMm à^md Am{U
ñWbm§Va
B§½cS>‘Yrc gÎmm§VamMm AmT>mdm
{df¶ MM}V H$m Amho?

B§½b§S>‘Yrb gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$s‘Üò ñQ>ma‘a `m§Mm {dO` Pmbobm Amho.
ñQ>ma‘a ho bo~a njmMo ZoVo AmhoV. ñQ>ma‘a AmVm n§VàYmZnXr {damO‘mZXoIrb hmoVrc.
ñQ>ma‘a `m§Zr H§$Pd}{Q>ìh njmÀ`m F$fr gwZH$ `m§Mm nam^d Ho$bm Amho.
"hmD$g Am°’$ H$m°‘Ýg'‘Yrb 650 gXñ`m§n¡H$s 412 gXñ` ho AmVm bo~a njmMo AgVrb.
ñQ>ma‘a `m§Zr {‘i{dbobm {dO` hm bo~a njmÀ`m AmVmn`ªVÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb gdmªV ‘moR>m {dO` Amho.
F$fr gwZH$ `m§À`m nam^dmMr H$m` H$maUo AmhoV?
gwZH$ `m§À`m H$m`©H$mim‘Üò nmQ>u JoQ>, nm°Zm}J«m’$s, nmoñQ> Am°{’$g ñH°$ÝS>b Ago {df` M{M©bo Jobo Ë`mMm n[aUm‘
{ZdS>UwH$sV {Xgbm.
~«opŠPQ>Mm B§½b§S>À`m AW©ì`dñWoda Omo n[aUm‘ Pmbm Ë`m‘wio XoIrb gwZH$ `m§Zm ’$Q>H$m ~gbobm {XgVmo.
Am{W©H$ noMàg§J Am{U gwZH$ gaH$maMo gmd©O{ZH$ godm CXmhaUmW© Amamo½` Am{U {ejU `mH$S>o Pmbobo Xþb©j
`m ‘wÚm§Zr ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ~Om{dbr.
H$moamoZm ‘hm‘marZo XoIrb B§½b§S>À`m AW©ì`dñWoda {dn[aV n[aUm‘ KS>{dbm Ë`mMmXoIrb ’$Q>H$m ~gbobm {XgVmo.
H§$Pd}{Q>ìh nj hm gbJ n§Yam df} gÎmoda Agë`mZo
A±{Q>BÝH$‘~ÝgrMm XoIrb ’$Q>H$m ~gbm.
B§½b§S>‘Üò gÜ`m ñWbm§V[aVm§Mm ‘wÔm ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmda M{M©bm OmV Amho. gwZH$ `m§Zr `mda ‘mJ©
H$mT>Ê¶mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. CXmhaUmW©, adm§S>m ~amo~a
Pmbobm H$ama. ‘mÌ `mV Ë`m§Zm è Ambobo {XgV
Zmhr.
ñQ>ma‘a `m§Zr à{V{Z{YJ¥hmV Ho$boë`m dº$ì`mZwgma,

‘Oya dJm©gmR>r g§nÎmrMr {Z{‘©Vr, OmñV CËnÞ Agboë`m, JQ>m§da H$amMr AmH$maUr, Ë`mMà‘mUo 2030 n`ªV
Ordmí‘ B§YZmda AmYm[aV Agboë`m ‘moQ>matÀ`m {dH«$sda ~§Xr BË`mXr {df¶ Ë¶m§À¶m njmÀ¶m AO|S>çmda hmoVo.
H$mhr BVa ~m~r
B§½b§S>‘Üò XoIrb A{V COì`m {dMmaàUmbrÀ`m "ZmÒob ’$amO' `m§MmXoIrb {dO` `m {ZdS>UwH$sV Pmbobm
Amho.
’$amO `m§À`m njmbm `m {ZdS>UwH$s‘Üò 14% EdT>r ‘Vo {‘imbr ‘mÌ Ho$di Mma OmJm qOH$Ê`mVM è {‘imbo.
B§½b§S>‘Üò Xenophobic ^mdZm§Zm ^{dî`mV CÎmoOZ {‘iVo H$s H$m`, `m~m~V e§H$mXoIrb CnpñWV Ho$br OmV
Amho.
Zdm ~Xb Am{U ^maVmMo {hVg§~§Y
gwZH$ `m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV ^maV Am{U `wZm`Q>oS> qH$½S>‘ `m§À`mV ‘wº$ ì`mnma H$ama hmoD$ eH$bm Zmhr.
ñQ>ma‘a `m§Zr {damoYmV AgVmZm {Ûnjr` ‘wº$ ì`mnma H$amam‘Üò Pmboë`m {dc§~mda Q>rH$m Ho$bobr hmoVr.
AmJm‘r H$mimV XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò ‘wº$ ì`mnma H$ama hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm A{YH$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
Unique Edge Box
hh B§½b§S>‘Yrb ‘Oya nj qH$dm bo~a nj{déÕ H§$Pd}{Q>ìh nj Aer bT>V

hh B§½b§S>‘ÜòXoIrb COì`m njmbm ‘`m©{XV nU bjUr` è
hh {PZmo’$mo{~`m hr g§H$ënZm Aëng§»`mH$m§Zm Am{U ñWbm§V[aVm§Zm bú` H$aUmar
g§H$ënZm Amho.
hh Zd ’$°{gñQ> eº$s¨Mm hmoUmam CX¶
{~«Šg Am{U MVwîH$moZ (Quad) `mMo g§VwbZ

MVwîH$moZ ì`mgnrR>mMr ~¡R>H$ Owb¡ ‘{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m AmR>dS>çmV nma nS>cr. hr ~¡R>H$ Xhm ‘{hÝ`mZ§Va
Am`mo{OV H$aÊ¶mV Amcr.
gÚpñWVrV g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoÀ`m gwajm n[afXoV XoIrb gwYmaÊ`mMo H$moUVohr g§Ho$V {XgyZ òV ZmhrV.
a{e`m-`wH«o$Z `wÕ, Bòm¶c Am{U h‘mg `m§À`mVrb g§Kf© VgoM a{e`m, BamU Am{U MrZ `m§Mm CX`mg òV
Agbobm Zdm Aj VgoM B§S>mo n°{g{’$H$ joÌmVrb dmT>Vm VmU BË`mXr {df`m§À`m nmíd©^y‘rda {~«Šg Am{U
MVwîH$moZ ho JQ> ‘hÎdnyU© R>aVmV.
{dícofU
A‘o[aHo$À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ {dMma H$aVm A‘o[aHo$bm B§S>mo
n°{g{’$H$ joÌm§‘Üò {dídgZr` Aem gmWrXmamMr JaO Amho.
A‘o[aHo$bm gwajm ~m§YUr‘Üò ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ~Omdob
Agm gmWrXma hdm Amho.
gÜ`m B§S>mo n°{g{’$H$ joÌmVrb Am{g`mZ g§KQ>ZoMm Omo JQ>

Amho Vmo X{jU MrZ g‘wÐmÀ`m dmXm‘wio Agwa{jV AdñWoV Amho.

‘mÌ Ago Agbo Var ^maV AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm gXñ` amï´> Agë`mMo {XgyZ òVo.
AZoH$ ~hþnjr` ì`mgnrR>m§Mo gXñ`Ëd ^maVmZo {‘i{dbo Amho, Á`m‘Üò {~«Šg Am{U MVwîH$moZ `m§MmXoIrb g‘mdoe Amho.
‘mÌ gÚpñWVrV ^maVmbm `m XmoZ JQ>m§À`m hoVy-CÔoe BË`mXt~m~V Jm§^r`m©Zo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr
Amho. H$maU ho XmoÝhr JQ> {d{eï> H$maUm§Zr ñWmnZ Pmbobo AmhoV d `m g§X^m©V ^maVmMr ^y{‘H$m ñnï> AgUo
Amdí`H$ Amho.
MVwîH$moZ~m~V A‘o[aH$m, Am°ñQó{b`m, OnmZ `m§Mm à‘wI CÔoe hm gwajm Am{U bîH$ar ñdê$nmMm Agbm Var
^maVmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Ho$di hmM Ñ{ï>H$moZ ‘hÎdmMm Zmhr.
CXmhaUmW©, ^maVmgmR>r gwajo~amo~aM Am{W©H$ {df`, CXmhaUmW© OmJ{VH$ ‘yë`gmIir, {H«${Q>H$b V§ÌkmZ,
{H«${Q>H$b ‘ybÐì` VgoM {S>{OQ>b Q>o{bH$m°‘ Am{U Amamo½` `m§‘Yrb ghH$m`© ho XoIrb VodT>oM ‘hÎdmMo AmhoV.
{~«ŠgMr ñWmnZm ‘wimV gÜ`m OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarc Or ì`dñWm Amho {Vbm AmìhmZ åhUyZ Pmbr hmoVr.
VgoM OmJ{VH$ X{jUogmR>r EH$ Zdm ZoV¥Ëd JQ> C^m amhrb `m AZwf§JmZo {~«ŠgMo ‘hÎd hmoVo.
{~«ŠgZo ZdrZ {dH$mg ~±H$, H$m°ÝQ>°ŠQ> [aPìh© EJ«r‘|Q> `m§gma»`m ‘hÎdnyU© `moOZm§Zm JVrXoIrb {Xbr.
‘mÌ gÚpñWVrV MrZÀ`m {hVg§~§Ym§À`m AZwf§JmZo {~«Šgbm AmH$ma XoÊ`mg§~§YrMo YmoaU MrZZo Adb§{~bobo {XgV
Amho. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {~«ŠgMr gXñ` g§»`m dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZXoIrb {XgyZ òV Amho.
òWyZ nwT>o H$m` H$am`bm hdo?
{~«Šg‘Üò Oo ZdrZ gXñ` g‘m{dï> hmoV AmhoV Ë¶m gXñ`m§Zm ^maVmÀ¶m ~mOyZo AZwHy$b ~Z{dUo ^maVmgmR>r
‘hÎdnyU© Amho.
MVwîH$moZ ì`mgnrR>mMm dmna Ho$di gwa{jVVm VgoM a{e`m Am{U MrZbm {damoY åhUyZ Z hmoVm `m ì`mgnrR>m§da
Am{W©H$ {df` ‘hÎdnyU© R>aVrc, `m AZwf§JmZo ^maVmZo à`ËZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh ~hþAm`m‘r amOZ`mMr g§H$ënZm
hh gÎmm g§VwbZmMr g§H$ënZm
hh {~«Šg g§KQ>Zm Am{U MVwîH$moZ g§KQ>Zm `m§Mo ^maVmMo gXñ`Ëd d amOZ¡{VH$ Z¥Ë`
hh Ioi {gÕm§V
hh H$m°~do~ àmê$n- AZm}ëS> dmob’$a
{~‘ñQ>oH$ n[afXoMo àdmh Am{U ZdrZ Am`m‘

gßQ>|~a 2024 ‘Üò òD$ KmVboë`m {~‘ñQ>oH$ n[afXogmR>r ^maVmZo V`mar gwê$ Ho$br Amho.
hr {~‘ñQ>oH$ n[afX H$moamoZm Z§VaMr n{hbr n[afX AgUma Amho.
`m n[afXo‘Üò "‘oarQ>mB©‘ Q´mÝgnmoQ>© H$mo-Am°naoeZ'{df`r H$ama H$aUo Ano{jV Amho, Á`m‘Üò àmXo{eH$ gwYmaUm§da
â {Xbm OmB©b Aer Anojm Amho.

{dícofU
^maV, ^yVmZ, Zonmi, ~m§½bmXoe, lrb§H$m ho nmM X{jU Am{e`mB© Xoe VgoM Wm`b§S>, å`mZ‘ma ho X{jU nyd©
Am{e`mB© Xoe `m ì`mgnrR>mda AgVrc.
{~‘ñQ>oH$ ho ì`mgnrR> nyd}H$S>rb eoOmarb Xoem§Zm EH$‘oH$m§er Am{W©H$ {dH$mg, gwajm VgoM naamï´>r` YmoaUm§~Ôb
ghH$m`©Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ‘hÎdnyU© R>aVo.
~§JmbÀ`m CngmJam‘Üò MrZMr dmT>Vr CnpñWVr, ñWm{ZH$ pñWaVm Am{U gwajobm YmoH$m nmohmoM{dUmar Amho.
`m AZwf§JmZo `m àXoemVrb gwajm ^mJrXma Xoem§~amo~a ghH$m`© dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m nmíd©^y‘rda ^maV
{deof à`ËZ H$arV Amho.
~m§½bmXoe Am{U å`mZ‘ma ~amo~a ^maVmMo g§~§Y gwYmaë`m‘wio B©emÝ` ^maVmVrb àXoe VgoM g‘wÐmH$S>rb EŠgog
`m~m~V A{YH$ gwJå`Vm àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmMo YmoaU Amho.
å`mZ‘ma Am{U Wm`b§S> ho XoeXoIrb B§S>mo n°{g{’$H$ joÌm§‘Üò ^maVmbm ^mJrXmargmR>r EH$ Zdm n`m©` CnbãY
H$ê$Z XoVmV.
{~‘ñQ>oH$ n[afXoV eoVr joÌmda H|${ÐV Agcoë¶m g|Q>a Am°’$ E³gcÝgÀ¶m ñWmnZo~m~V MMm© Ano{jV Amho.
Xþgar ~m~ åhUOo AmnÎmr ì`dñWmnZ, g‘wÐr ‘mJ© d dhZ VgoM H°$Ýga qH$dm H$H©$amoJmgmR>r g§emoYZ d Cnm`
`m~m~V XoIrb MMm© Ano{jV Amho.
B©-pìhgm ~m~V gd© {~‘ñQ>oH$ gXñ`m§‘Üò ghH$m`© Ano{jV Amho.
{~‘ñQ>oH$ gXñ` amï´>m§‘Yrb ImOJr joÌmÀ`m gh^mJm~Ôb Am{U ghH$m`m©~Ôb XoIrb MMm© Ano{jV Amho.
H$ZopŠQ>pìhQ>r, gm`~a gwajm, Q´°{’$qH$JMr g‘ñ`m, ZmH$m}{Q>Šg Am{U ~oH$m`Xm eñÌm§Mr {Z`m©V `m~m~V A{YH$
ghH$m`© n[afXoV Ano{jV Amho.
¶m n[afXoÀ¶m nyd©V¶margmR>r nma nS>coë¶m ~¡R>H$sVrc ‘wÔo
lrb§Ho$Zo ~§JmbMm CngmJa d I{ZOm§Mo ‘°qnJ H$aÊ`mMr JaO ì`º$ Ho$br Amho.
~m§½bmXoeZo {Zir AW©ì`dñWm qH$dm ãë`y BH$m°Zm°‘r ~m~V A{YH$ ghH$m`m©Mr JaO ì`º$ Ho$br Á`m‘Üò gXñ`
amï´>m§Zr ~«rqS>J grOZdoir ‘mgo‘mar H$ê$ Zò `m g§X^m©V {Z`‘Zo H$amdrV Aer Anojm ì`º$ Ho$br.
^yVmZZo n`©Q>Zm~m~V ghH$m`m©Mr Amdí¶H$Vm ñnï> Ho$cr.
ZonmiZo ‘Whole of the Region’ `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmMr JaO VgoM {ZH$mb AmYm[aV {~‘ñQ>oH$ ì`mgnrR>mMr Amdí`H$Vm
‘mÝ¶ Ho$cr.
~m§½bmXoemZo ^maVmgmo~VÀ`m ghH$m`m©gmR>r {VñVm àH$ënm~m~V Vm§{ÌH$ ghH$m`m©Mr Amdí¶H$Vm ì`º$ Ho$br Amho.
{ZîH$f©
^maVmMo naamï´> ‘§Ìr Eg. Oè§H$a `m§Zr åhQ>ë`mà‘mUo, ^maVmMo "Zo~ahÿS> ’$ñQ>©', "nyd}H$S>o nhm' Am{U "gmJa' hr
YmoaUo {~‘ñQ>oH$ ì`mgnrR>mbm nyaH$ Aer AmhoV.
Unique Edge Box
hh nyd}H$S>o nmhm Am{U nyd}H$S>o H$m‘ H$am ¶m YmoaUmVrc ’$aH$ H$m¶ Amho?
hh gmH©$ {déÕ {~‘ñQ>oH$
hh ^maVmH$Sy>Z {~‘ñQ>oH$ ¶m ì¶mgnrR>mcm A{YH$ ‘hÎd H$m {Xco OmV Amho?
hh àmXo{eH$ g§KQ>ZmMo Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§~§YmVrc ‘hÎd

ìhoZoPwEbmVrc {ZdS>UwH$m
ìhoZoPwEbmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

ìhoZoPwEbmH$S>o g‘mOdmXmMm EH$ ‘hÎdnyU© Moham åhUyZ nm{hbo OmV hmoVo.
ìhoZoPwEbmMo ZoV¥Ëd 2013 n`ªV øwJmo MmdoP `m§Zr Ho$bo. Ë¶m§Mo 2013 ‘Üò {ZYZ Pmbo.
MmdoP `m§Mo g‘W©H$ Agm Xmdm H$aVmV H$s, Ë¶m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV VimJimVrb OZVoMm amOH$maUm‘Üò gh^mJ
dmT>Ê`mg ‘XV Pmbr d {ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ`mMr nÕV ê$T> Pmbr.
g‘W©H$m§À`m ‘Vo, MmdoP `m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV AZoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm am~{dÊ`mV Amë`m. VgoM Xm[aÐç{Z‘y©bZmMo
H$m`©H«$‘ am~{dbo Jobo.
gÜ¶mMr ìhoZoPwEbmMr n[apñWVr?
MmdoP `m§À`mZ§Va {ZH$mobg ‘Ywamhmo `m§À`mH$S>o ZoV¥Ëd Ambo.
{ZH$mobg ‘Ywamhmo `m§À`m ZoV¥Ëd H$mimV ‘mÌ àM§S> ‘hmJmB© dmT>cr AÞYmÝ`mMr Q>§MmB© {Z‘m©U Pmbr.
`mMo H$maU åhUOo `m XoemMr AW©ì`dñWm VobmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm åhUyZ AmoiIbr OmVo. ‘mÌ Ooìhm VobmÀ`m
{H$‘Vr T>mgiy bmJë`m Voìhm ‘mÌ hr AW©ì`dñWm S>i‘irV Pmbr.
`m{edm` A‘o[aH$m Am{U `wamonr` g§KmMr Am{W©H$ ~§YZo `mMmXoIrb ’$Q>H$m `m Xoembm ~gbobm {XgyZ òVmo.
`wEZEMgrAma À`m AhdmbmZwgma ìhoZoPwEbmVrc gÎma bmIm§nojm A{YH$ OZVoZo Xþgè`m Xoem§‘Üò ñWbm§Va Ho$bo
Amho. {deofV… X{jU A‘o[aH$m Am{U ‘Ü` A‘o[aHo$V ñWbm§Va Ho$bobo Amho.
ìhoZoPwEbmVrb {ZdS>UwH$m
ZwH$Ë`mM hmoD$ KmVboë`m `m {ZdS>UwH$m§‘Üò ‘w»` {damoYr njZoË`mg {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dÊ`mg ~§Xr KmVë`m‘wio
{ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m VQ>ñWVoda e§H$m CnpñWV Ho$br OmV Amho.
Omhra Pmboë`m {ZH$mbmV ‘Ywamhmo `m§Mm {dO` Pmcm Amho. ‘mÌ OJâmVrb AZoH$ VQ>ñW g§ñWm Am{U BVa Xoe
`m§À`mH$Sy>Z `m {dO`mda àíZ{MÝh CnpñWV Ho$bo OmV Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh S>mdr {dMmagaUr
hh COdr {dMmagaUr
hh gmå`dmXr emgZì`dñWm åhUOo H$m`?
hh J«o~r`b Am‘§S> Am{U {gS>Zo ìh~m© `m§Mm amOH$s` g§ñH¥$VrMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ
^maV Am{U ^maVmMo ApñWa eoOmar

gZ 2021 nmgyZ Oa ^maVmÀ`m eoOmarb amï´>m§Vrb KS>m‘moS>r nm{hë`m Va Ë¶m{R>H$mUr amOH$s¶ ApñWaVm {XgyZ
òVo.
Ago åhQ>bo OmVo H$s, H$moUË`mhr XoemMm eoOmar pñWa Agob Va Ë`mMm gH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘ Ë`m Xoemda hmoV
AgVmo. `m nmíd©^y‘rda ^maVmÀ`m ApñWa eoOmè`m§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo H«$‘àmá Amho.

2021 Z§Va Pmcoë¶m KQ>Zm

2021 gmcr å`mZ‘ma‘Üò bmoH$emhr ‘mJm©Zo {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m gaH$ma
{déÕ bîH$amZo CR>md Ho$bm.
Va A’$Jm{UñVmZ‘Üò Vm{b~mZZo nyU©nUo {Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mg
gwédmV Ho$br. H$maU A‘o[aHo$Zo Amnë`m ’$m¡Om ‘mJo KoVë`m d
Vm{b~mZgmo~V H$ama Ho$bm.
nm{H$ñVmZmV B‘«mZ ImZbm gÎmodê$Z nm` CVma ìhmdo bmJbo d nwÝhm
EH$Xm bîH$amMo dM©ñd {Z‘m©U Pmbo. {ZdS>UwH$m Ho$di ZmdmnwaË`m
KoVë¶m Joë`m.
lrb§Ho$V Pmboë`m qhgmMmam‘wio JmoQ>m~`m amOnjo `m§Zm Amnbm Xoe gmoSy>Z nbm`Z H$amdo bmJbo.
‘mbXrd‘Üò gÎmm§VaU hmoD$Z ‘whå‘X gmobrh gÎmoda Ambo, Ë`m§Zr ^maVm{damoYr YmoaU am~{dÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br.
Zonmi‘Üò Amobr `m§Mo gaH$ma gÎmoda Ambo Oo ^maV {damoYr ‘mZÊ`mV òVo.
Va ZwH$VoM ~m§½bmXoemV eoI hgrZm `m§Zm gÎmodê$Z nm`CVma ìhmdo bmJbo. eoI hgrZm `m ^maVnyaH$ naamï´>
YmoaUmgmR>r AmoiIë`m OmVmV.
^maVmZo H$m` ^y{‘H$m KoVbr?
~m§½bmXoemV Adm‘r brJMr gÎmm AgVmZm ^maVmZo ~m§½bmXoe Z°eZ°{bñQ> nmQ>u `m {damoYr njmer g§~§Y {Q>H$dyZ
R>odUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo. `m‘Üò Amnë`mbm H$mhr à‘mUmV Anè Ambo hr ~m~ ‘mÝ` H$am`bm hdr.
Adm‘r brJ 2024 ‘Üò gÎmoda òV AgVmZm {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$ò‘Üò ^«ï>mMma Pmë`mMm Amamon H$aÊ`mV Ambm
`mH$S>o ^maVmZo Xþb©j Ho$bo. Vm{b~mZZo ^maVr` dH$mbVrda h„m H$ê$ZXoIrb Vm{b~mZMm à^md A’$Jm{UñVmZ‘Üò
dmT>ë`mZ§Va ^maVmZo Vm{b~mZer OwidyZ KoÊ`mMr ^y{‘H$m KoVbr. hr ~m~ ’${bVàm‘mÊ`dmXr qH$dm dmñVddmXr
ñdê$nmMr åhUmdr bmJob.
lrb§Ho$Vrb OZVm {d‘wº$s noê$ ‘Um `m njmerXoIrb ^maVmZo g§dmX gmYbm. gd©gmYmaUnUo hm lrb§Ho$Vrb
nj ^maV {damoYr åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. ‘mÌ Ago Agbo Var ^maVmZo `m njmer g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$bm hr
gH$mamË‘H$ ~m~ åhUmdr bmJob.
Zonmi‘Yrb Ho$. nr. Amobr e‘mªer ^maVmZo g§~§Y Am{U ghH$m`© àñWm{nV Ho$bo hr ~m~XoIrb ñdmJVmh© åhUmdr bmJob.
Unique Edge Box
hh ^maVmMo {Zh©ñVjondmXr YmoaU H$m` Amho?

hh ^maVmMo {H«$`merb VQ>ñWVoMo YmoaU H$m` Amho?
hh ñWm{ZH$ g§KQ>Zm§À`m ‘O~wVrH$aUmgmR>r eoOmarb Xoem§Mr ^y{‘H$m
hh ^maV -EH$ ‘¥XþgÎmm- Omogo’$ Zm` `mZo ‘m§S>bobr g§H$ënZm
hh ^maVmMm dmñVddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§Mr `wH«o$Z ôQ>

n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr `m§Zr ZwH$VrM `wH«o$Zbm ôQ> {Xbr. `m ôQ>r‘Üò `wH«o$Z amï´>mÜ`j PoboÝgH$s `m§À`mer {d{dY
{df¶m§da MMm© H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

1991 gmcr `wH«o$Z ñdV§Ì Pmë¶mZ§Va ^maVr` n§VàYmZm§Zr `wH«o$Zbm {Xbobr hr n{hbrM ôQ> Amho.
n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§Zr `m ôQ>rdoir a{e`mÀ`m hëë`m‘Üò ‘¥Ë`w‘wIr nS>boë`m ‘wbm§À`m ñ‘¥{VñWimbm ôQ> {Xbr d
lÕm§Obr An©U Ho$br.
ôQ>rMr nmíd©^y‘r
a{e`mZo `wH«o$Zda Ho$boë`m AmH«$‘Umda ^maVmZo WoQ> Q>rH$m H$aUo AmVmn`ªV Q>mibo hmoVo.
g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>Zo‘Üò a{e`m {damoYr Amboë`m AZoH$ R>amdm§da ^maVmZo VQ>ñW ^y{‘H$m KoUo ng§V Ho$bo hmoVo.
^maVmZo a{e`m {damoYr Agboë`m nmíMmÎ¶ amï´>m§À¶m {Z~ªYm§H$S>oXoIrb Xþb©j H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo hmoVo.
CXmhaUmW©, ^maVmZo a{e`mH$Sy>Z ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda VobB§YZ Am{U g§ajU gm‘J«r ¶m§Mr Am`mV Ho$br hmoVr.
`mgmR>r Xþgè`m MbZm‘Üò ì`dhmaXoIrb H$aÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo.
`m nmíd©^y‘rda n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr `m§Mr `wH«o$Z ôQ> EH$ àH$mao g§VwbZmgmR>r Ho$bobm à`ËZ `m Ñï>rZo nm{hbo OmVo.
`m ôQ>rXaå`mZ eoVr, g§ñH¥$Vr, Amamo½` CËnmXZo, g‘wXm`mgmR>r {dH$mg àH$ën BË`mXtgmR>r {Ûnjr` g§`wº$ H$ama
H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.
ôQ>rXaå¶mZ `wH«o$ZZo gm‘[aH$ ^mJrXmar, Q>o{bH$m°‘, Amamo½`, nm`m^yV gw{dYm Am{U ~m§YH$m‘mgmR>r gm‘J«r `m{df`r
‘mJUr Ho$br hmoVr. ‘mÌ `m{df`r ^maVmÀ¶mdVrZo {ZU©` Omhra H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Zmhr.
`m ôQ>r‘wio n§VàYmZ ‘moXr `m§Zr `wH«o$Z Am{U ‘m°ñH$mo (AWm©V a{e`m) `m amï´>m§Zm ôQ> XoV em§VVm àñWm{nV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo.
`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ^maVmZo ½bmo~b gmCWMo (X{jU JmocmY©) ZoV¥Ëd H$aUmar ^y{‘H$m nwT>o R>odÊ`mV H$mhr à‘mUmV è
{‘i{dbobo {XgyZ òV Amho.
`wH«o$ZÀ`m n§VàYmZm§Zr g‘mO‘mÜ`‘m§da H$m` à{V{H«$`m {Xcr?
`wH«o$ZMo n§VàYmZ PoboÝgH$s `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ^maVmH$S>o a{e`mMo AmH«$‘U amoIÊ`mgmR>r àM§S> ‘moR>r j‘Vm
Amho.
Ë`m§À`m‘Vo, a{e`mMr AW©ì`dñWm Voc AmYm[aV AW©ì`dñWm Amho.
gÚ:pñWVrV ^maV a{e`mH$Sy>Z ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda VobB§YZ IaoXr H$arV Amho. ^maVmZo Oa Aer IaoXr Wm§~{dbr
Va Ë`mMm ‘moR>m ’$Q>H$m a{e`mbm ~gob d Amdí`H$ {dÎmr` g§gmYZnwadR>m Wm§~ob.
Aer {dÎmr` g§gmYZo CnbãY Pmbr Zmhr Va `wÕ Mmby R>odÊ`mV a{e`mbm AS>MU {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eHo$b.
åhUyZM nmümÎ` {Z~ªYm§~amo~a ^maVmZo ghH$m`m©Mr ^y{‘H$m ñdrH$mabr Va `wÕ Wm§~{dUo eŠ` hmoB©b.
^maVmMr ^y{‘H$m H$m` Amho?
^maVmZo åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ^maVmZo H$YrM VQ>ñWVoMr ^y{‘H$m
KoVbobr Zmhr; Va ^maVmMr {H«$`merb VQ>ñW ^y{‘H$m Amho,
Á`m‘Üò ^maV Zoh‘rM em§VVoÀ`m ~mOyZo C^m am{hbobm Amho.
g‘H$mbrZ n[apñWVrV `wÕ hm n`m©` AgyM eH$V Zmhr hr
^y{‘H$m ^maVmZo H$m`‘M ‘m§S>bobr Amho.
a{e`mH$Sy>Z VobB§YZ IaoXr H$aÊ¶m~m~V ^y{‘H$m KoVmZm
^maVmZo Amnbo Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y Am{U Amdí¶H$Vm `mMo
{díbofU `wH«o$Z nwT>o Ho$bo Amho.

Unique Edge Box
hh ^maVmMm ~hþAm`m‘r amOZ` åhUOo H$m` (Multivectoral diplomacy)?

hh ^maVmMo ñdm`Îm Ago naamï´> YmoaU
hh gm‘[aH$ ñdm`ÎmVm qH$dm ì`yìhaMZmË‘H$ ñdm`ÎmVm
hh ‘m`H$b S>m°`b `mZo ‘m§S>bobr WoAar Am°’$ S>o‘moH«°${Q>H$ nrg
^maV Am{U `wH«o$Z g§~§Y

{Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§Mr Q>mB‘ bmB©Z
1991 gmcr ^maVmZo `wH«o$Zbm ‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr.
1992 gmcr `wH«o$Z ~amo~a amOZ¡{VH$ g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
2012 gmcr ^maV Am{U `wH«o$Z `m§À`m Xaå`mZ gdmªJrU ^mJrXmarMr KmofUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
2024 gmcr n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr ho `wH«o$Zbm ôQ> XoUmao 1992 Z§Va n{hbo n§VàYmZ R>abo.
{Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§V {‘i{dbobo è
gZ 2021-22 ‘Üò {Ûnjr` ì`mnma hm 3.1 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>m hmoVm. `m§n¡H$s ^maVmZo `wH«o$Zbm 510 Xecj
S>m°bg© EdT>r {Z`m©V Ho$br Amho. Va `wH«o$ZH$Sy>Z 2.6 AãO S>m°bg© EdT>r Am`mV Ho$br Amho.
{deofV… gy`©’y$b Am{U ìho{OQ>o~b Am°Bb `m§Mr Am`mV; Va Am¡fY CËnmXZo, ñQ>rb CÚmoJ, H$m°’$s, eoVr agm`Zo,
Q>o{bH$m°‘ CËnmXZm§Mr {Z¶m©V ^maVmH$Sy>Z H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo.
gZ 2014 ‘Üò ^maVmZo B-pìhgm `moOZoV `wH«o$ZMm g‘mdoe Ho$bobm Amho.
`wH«o$Z‘Üò 2021 gmcr 22,700 ^maVr` {dÚmWu {ejU KoV hmoVo.
B§{S>`Z Q>o{ŠZH$b A±S> BH$m°Zmo{‘H$ H$moAm°naoeZ A§VJ©V ñH$m°ba{enMr gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mV Ambobr
Amho. VgoM B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgb ’$m°a H$ëMab [aboeÝg A§VJ©V H$ëMab ñH$m°ba{en ñH$s‘XoIrb H$m`m©pÝdV Amho.
`wH«o$Z‘Üò B§{S>`m Šb~ A§VJ©V ^maVr` gU Am{U BVa gm§ñH¥${VH$ CnH«$‘ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV
ho XmoZ Xoem§‘Yrb EH$ è Amho.
`wH«o${Z`Z Agmo{gEeZ Am°’$ Am`wd}Xm Am{U `moJm `m ZmdmZo
2018 gmcr {dYrdV g§ñWmXoIrb ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambobr
Amho.
2022 gmcr a{e`m-`wH«o$Z `wÕ gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va ^maVmZo
Am¡fY CnMmag§~§Yr CËnmXZo `wH«o$Zbm ‘mZdVmdmXr CÔoemZo
nmR>{dbobr AmhoV.
^maV-`wH«o$Z ~¡R>H$sMr `mXr
2019 gmcr XmoÝhr n§VàYmZ hdm‘mZ ~Xb n[afXo‘Üò AWm©V
grAmonr 26 ‘Üò ôQ>bo.
2023 Am{U 2024 ‘Yrb Or-7 ~¡R>H$s‘Üò XmoÝhr
n§VàYmZm§Mr ôQ> Pmbr.

ZwH$VmM n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr `m§Mm `wH«o$Z Xm¡am nma nS>bm. `m‘Üò XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò AZoH$ H$ama nma nS>bo.
Unique Edge Box
hh B§{S>`Z Q>o{ŠZH$b A±S> BH$m°Zmo{‘H$ H$moAm°naoeZ- ^maVmMr ‘¥Xÿ gÎmoMr ^y{‘H$m

gm§ñH¥${VH$ amOZ`mMr g§H$ënZm
hh amï´>r` {hVg§~§Ym§Mr g§H$ënZm- ‘m°J}ÝWm
^maV-A‘o[aH$m ZmJar AUwH$ama

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
H|$Ðr` ‘§Ìr S>m°. {OV|Ð qgJ `m§Zr ^maV-A‘o[aH$m ZmJar
H$amam{df`rÀ`m ~¡R>H$sMo AÜ`jñWmZ ZwH$VoM ^yf{dbo hmoVo.
`m‘wio ^maV-A‘o[aH$m ZmJar AUwH$ama MM}V Amcm Amho.
{díbofU
^maV Am{U A‘o[aH$m `m XmoZ Xoem§‘Yrb hm H$ama 2005 ‘Üò
H$aÊ`mV Ambm hmoVm.
hm H$ama H$m`XoeraÑï>çm qH$dm {d{YdVÑï>çm ~m§Yrb ñdê$nmMm
Amho.
`m H$amamZo XmoÝhr Xoem§Xaå`mZ em§VVmnyU© AUwD$Om© ghH$m`© àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mg hmV^ma bmdbm.
^maV Am{U A‘o[aH$m Xaå`mZ Pmbobm hm H$ama "dZ Qy> W«r EJ«r‘|Q>' åhUyZXoIrb AmoiIbm OmVmo.
`m H$amamA§VJ©V ^maVmZo ‘mÝ` Ho$bo H$s, `m H$amam§VJ©V nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m AmpÊdH$ nXmWmªMm dmna Ho$di
em§VVmnyU© H$maUm§gmR>r Ho$bm OmB©b.
VgoM `m H$amam§VJ©V B§Q>aZ°eZb E°Q>mo{‘H$ EZOu EOÝgrÀ`m VÁk ì`º$s¨Zm àH$ënmcm ôQ> XoÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoÊ`mV
Ambr hmoVr. ‘mÌ ho àH$ën ZmJar àH$ën åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVrb Ago {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo.
`m H$amam§VJ©V {Xë`m OmUmè`m AmpÊdH$ nXmWmªMm dmna H$ê$Z [aàmogoqgJ Am{U EZ[aqMJgmaIr à{H«$`m Ho$br
OmUma Zmhr ho ^maVmZo ‘mÝ` Ho$bo.
`m H$amam‘wio 2008 gmcr Ý`ypŠbAa gßbmà J«wn‘Üò ^maVmMm àdoe {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV ‘XV Pmbr hmoVr.
`m H$amamMr {deof ~m~ åhUOo, `m H$amam§VJ©V ^maVmbm AmpÊdH$ eñÌYmar amÁ`g§ñWm åhUyZ ‘mÝ`Vm {‘imbr.
1974 gmcr ^maVmZo AmpÊdH$ MmMUr Ho$ë`mZ§Va A‘o[aHo$Zo ^maVmda {Z~ªY bmXbo hmoVo. `m nmíd©^y‘rda `m
H$amamMo ‘hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago hmoVo.
A‘o[aHo$Zo ^maVm~amo~a Ho$boë`m `m H$amam‘wio `wamonmVrb BVa XoeXoIrb ^maVm~amo~a Aem àH$maMo H$ama
H$aÊ`mgmR>r V¶ma Pmco.
OmJ{VH$ ñVamda ^maV EH$ OmJ{VH$ gÎmm åhUyZ nwT>o òÊ`mgmR>r `m H$amamMr AàË`j ‘XVM Pmbr.
A‘o[aHo$Zo Ho$boë`m `m H$amam‘wio ^maVmMo OmJ{VH$ nQ>bmdarc ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ {ZpíMV Pmbo d ^maVmMo gm‘[aH$
Am{U ì¶yhaMZmË‘H$ ñWmZ A~m{YV am{hbo.
`m H$amam§VJ©V AmD$Q>g© ñnog‘Üò ghH$m`© H$aÊ`m~m~V XoIrb A{V[aº$ VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m.

dZ Qy> W«r (123) H$ama Pmë`mZ§Va ^maVmZo H$go O~m~XmanyU© dV©Z Ho$bo?
^maVmZo Am§Vaamï´>r` g§Ho$Vm§Mo V§VmoV§V nmbZ Ho$bo.
^maVmZo Am§Vaamï´>r` AmpÊdH$ Am{U jonUmñÌ {Z`m©Vr g§X^m©V ‘mZH$m§Mo nmbZ Ho$bo.
AmpÊdH$ qH$dm AÊdñÌ MmMUr ~m~V ñdV…hÿZ EopÀN>H$ ~§YZo KmbyZ KoVcr.
AUwDO}oMm ì`mnma Ho$di em§VVmnyU© H$m`m©gmR>r Ho$bm OmB©b, `mMr nwaonya H$miOr ^maVmZo KoVbr.
Unique Edge Box
hh AmpÊdH$ àamoYZmMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?

hh amOZ¡{VH$ Z¥Ë`mMr AWm©V {S>ßbmo‘°{Q>H$ S>mÝgMr g§H$ënZm
hh ^maVmMm MmUmj amOZ`
hh Am§Vaamï´>r` amOH$maUmMm dmñVddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
~m§½bmXoemVrc qhgmMma
{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
~m§½bmXoemV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda qhgH$ H$madm`m gwê$ AgyZ qhgH$ JQ>m§À`m AmH«$‘H$Vo‘wio ~m§½bmXoeÀ`m n§VàYmZ
eoI hgrZm `m§Zm nm` CVma ìhmdo bmJbo Amho.
eoI hgrZm `m§Zm Amnbm Xoe gmoS>mdm bmJbm Amho. `m AZwf§JmZo gd© KS>m‘moS>tÀ`m nmR>r‘mJo H$moUVr H$maUo
AmhoV, `mMm AmT>mdm KoUo ‘hÎdnyU© Amho.
Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y‘r
1971 gmcr ~m§½bmXoembm ñdmV§Í` {‘idyZ XoÊ`m‘Üò eoI ‘wO~ra ah‘mZ `m§Mr ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m hmoVr.
‘mÌ 1975 gmcr ~m§½bmXoemVrc cîH$amÀ¶m H$mhr JQ>m§Zr Ho$boë`m qhgo‘Üò eoI ‘wO~ra aoh‘mZ `m§Mm ‘¥Ë`y
Pmbm. ‘mÌ `mVyZ eoI hgrZm dmMë`m d 1980 À`m eodQ>n`ªV Ë`m§Zr ^maVm‘Üò Amgam KoVbm hmoVm.
Z§Va ~m§½bmXoe‘Üò naVyZ Ë`m§Zr AmJm‘r brJMo ZoV¥Ëd Ho$bo d 1990 ‘Üò bîH$a à‘wI Bem©X `m§Zm nXmdê$Z
Xÿa hmoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo.
1996 gmcmZ§Va eoI hgrZm `m§Zr Pmboë`m {ZdS>UwH$m§‘Üò bjUr` è àmá Ho$bo. ZwH$Ë`mM Pmboë`m
{ZdS>UwH$s‘Üò XoIrb eoI hgrZm `m§À`m Amdm‘r brJ `m njmZo è {‘i{dbo hmoVo.
eoI hgrZm `m§Mo H$mhr gH$mamË‘H$ H$m`©
Adm‘r brJÀ`m gd}gdm© eoI hgrZm `m§À`mH$S>o `wdH$ EHo$H$mir AmeoZo nmhV hmoVo.
eoI hgrZm `m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV 17 H$moQ>r bmoH$ J[a~rVyZ
~mhoa Ambo.
`m H$m`m©‘wio Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda eoI hgrZm `m§Mm
Jm¡adXoIrb Pmbm.
gZ 1970 À`m XeH$mV Pmboë`m qhgmMmam‘Üò Oo Xmofr
hmoVo Ë`m§Zm bdmX ñWmnZ H$ê$Z {ejmXoIrb gwZmdbr.
å`mZ‘ma‘Üò amoqh½`mda AË`mMma Pmë`mZ§Va eoI hgrZm

gaH$maZo amoqh½`m§Zm Amnë`m Xoem‘Üò Amgam XoÊ`mMo XoIrb H$m‘ Ho$bo.

eoI hgrZm `m ~m§½bmXoe‘Üò bmoH$emhr ‘O~yV H$aVrb AerXoIrb AZoH$m§Mr Anojm hmoVr.
Ë`m AZwf§JmZo eoI hgrZm `m§Zr gwédmVrÀ`m H$m`©H$mimV gH$mamË‘H$ H$m`©XoIrb Ho$bo d Ë`m§À`mM H$mim‘Üò
AW©ì`dñWm gwYmabobr {XgyZ Ambr.
eoI hgrZm `m§Zr Amnë`m H$m`©H$mimV ‘ybVÎddmXmbm Amim KmVbm. VgoM XoemVrb Aëng§»`mH$ g‘mOmbm
g§ajU Am{U àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMo H$m‘XoIrb Ho$bo.
Xoem§VJ©V XheVdmXr Am{U JwÝhoJmar ñdê$nmÀ`m H$madm`m§ZmXoIrc eoI hgrZm `m§Zr Amim KmVbm.
CR>mdmMr VËH$m{cH$ H$maUo
eoI ‘wO~ra ah‘mZ `m§Zr ~m§½bmXoe ñdV§Ì Pmë`mZ§Va gaH$mar ZmoH$è`m§‘Üò 50% AmajU XoD$ Ho$bo hmoVo.
`m§n¡H$s 30% AmajU ho ~m§½bmXoeÀ`m ñdmV§Í`bT>çmgmR>r bT>boë`m bmoH$m§À`m nwT>rc {nT>çm§Zm XoÊ`mV Ambo.
WmoS>Š`mV ho AmajU Adm‘r brJÀ`m H$m`©H$Ë`mªZm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV {‘imbo ho ñnï> hmoVo.
2018 gmcr eoI hgrZm `m§Zr Cnamoº$ AmajUmMr nÕV aÔ Ho$br.
2024 gmcr VoWrb Ý`m`mb`mZo Cnamoº$ AmajU nwÝhm gwê$ H$aÊ`mMm {ZU©` {Xbm.
~m§½bmXoe‘Üò `wdH$m§À`m amofmbm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda gm‘moao Omdo bmJë`mZ§Va gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mZo Amnbm {ZU©` nwÝhm
{’$a{dV ñdmV§Í`bT>çmgmR>r bT>boë`m bmoH$m§À`m {nT>çm§gmR>rMo AmajU ho Ho$di nmM Q>³³`m§n`ªV ‘`m©{XV R>odbo.
‘mÌ ¶m‘wio Am§XmobZH$Ë`mªMo g‘mYmZ Pmbo Zmhr d Ë`m§Zr eoI hgrZm `m§Zr nm` CVma ìhmdo `mgmR>r nwÝhm ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmda Am§XmobZ C^mabo.
eoI hgrZm `m§À`m H$m`m©darc H$mhr Amjon
Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV eoI hgrZm `m§Zr Amnë`m {damoYH$m§Zm bú` H$aÊ¶mg gwédmV Ho$br. VgoM AZoH$ àgma‘mÜ`‘m§da
~§YZoXoIrb AmUbr.
{damoYmV ~mobUmam àËòH$ AmdmO Xm~yZ Q>mH$Ê`mH$S>o eoI hgrZm `m§Mm H$b hmoVm. CXmhaUmW©, ‘whå‘X ¶wZyg `m
Zmo~b nm[aVmo{fH$ {dOoË`m ì`º$sbm Vwé§Jdmg ^moJmdm bmJbm.
dV©‘mZmV bmoH$m§Mm amJ hm AmajUmg§~§Y Pmboë`m {ZU©`m~m~V {XgV Agbm Var dfmªZwdf} gmR>coë¶m amofmMm
hm n[anmH$ R>acm.
eoI hgrZm gaH$maZo AmajUm~m~V KoVboë`m {d{eï> {ZU©`m‘wio `wdH$ ZmamO Pmco d Ë`m§Zr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
Am§XmobZ C^mabo.
Ë`mZ§Va Ý`m`mb`mZo hñVjon H$arV g§VwbZ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. ‘mÌ Am§XmobZ em§V hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr.
Xþgar ~m~ åhUOo, nm{H$ñVmZ Am{U A‘o[aH$m `m Xoem§Zr ~m§½bmXoer Am§XmobZH$Ë`mªZm ‘XV Am{U àmoËgmhZ {Xbo
Agë`mMo {díbofUXoIrb AZoH$ VÁkm§Zr Ho$bo.
gÜ`m ~m§½bmXoeMo nm{H$ñVmZ Am{U A‘o[aH$m `m Xoem§~amo~a Mm§Jbo g§~§Y ZmhrV hr ~m~ CKS>> Amho.
^maVmMr YmoaUmË‘H$ MyH$
eoI hgrZm `m§À`m {damoYH$m§Zm Zm‘moha‘ H$aÊ`mÀ`m YmoaUmda ^maVmZo ‘m¡Z ~miJbo hmoVo.
eoI hgrZm gaH$maMo ^maVm~amo~a Mm§Jbo g§~§Y hmoVo. ‘mÌ ^maVmZo ‘m¡Z ~miJë`m‘wio ^{dî`mV ‘moR>çm KS>m‘moS>r
KSy>Z Amë¶m.

`m‘wio H$moUVo n[aUm‘ hmoD$ eH$VmV?

~m§½bmXoe‘Yrb qhXÿ Am{U p¼üZ Aëng§»`mH$mda hëë`mMr eŠ`Vm {XgyZ òVo. `m~m~V VoWrb ‘mZdr h¸$
g§KQ>ZoZo VgoM `yEZ hm` H${‘eZa g§ñWoZoXoIrb qMVm ì`º$ Ho$bobr Amho.
~m§½bmXoemV bdH$amV bdH$a {ZdS>UwH$m hmoD$Z bmoH$emhrdmXr gaH$ma ñWmnZ hmoUo ^maVm§gmR>r XoIrb {VVHo$M
‘hÎdmMo Amho.
Zì`mZo ñWmnZ hmoUmè`m gaH$maer ^maVmZo Mm§Jbo g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo nmD$bo CMbUo Amdí`H$
Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh h‘Om Aëdr `m§Zr ‘m§S>bobr A{V{dH${gV amÁ`g§ñWoMr g§H$ënZm

hh ’$arX PH$m[a`m `m§Zr ‘m§S>bobr KQ>ZmdmXmMr g§H$ënZm
hh Gunnar Mydral `mZo ‘m§S>bobr gm°âQ> ñQ>oQ> g§H$ënZm
hh F.W. Riggs `mZo ‘m§S>bobr {àP‘ê$nr g‘mOmMr g§H$ënZm
~m§½bmXoemVrc qhgmMmamMm ^maVmdarb n[aUm‘

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
~m§½bmXoemV eoI hgrZm `m§À`m {damoYmV Ho$ë`m Joboë`m Am§XmobZm‘wio Ë¶m§Zm gÎmoVyZ nm` CVma ìhmdo bmJbo.
`m KS>m‘moS>tMm ^maVmÀ`m amï´>r` {hVg§~§Ym§da H$m` n[aUm‘ hmoB©c, `m AZwf§JmZo hm {df` gÜ`m ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV
àgma‘mÜ`‘m§V MM}V Amho.
^maVmZo H$miOr KoÊ¶mMr JaO H$m Amho?
^maVmZo AmÎmmn`ªV ~m§½bmXoemgmo~VMo g§~§Y gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Ho$boë`m à`ËZm§da gÜ¶m H$mio T>J XmQ>ë¶mMo {MÌ
Amho.
^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m Xoem§Zr Am{W©H$ gr‘m gwajm g§ajU gm‘[aH$ g§~§Y, ì`mnma Am{U OmoS>Ur, VgoM Q´°H$
2 Am{U Q´°H$ 3 `m nmVitda Ho$bobr àJVr {Q>Hy$Z amhrb H$m qH$dm Vr nwT>o OmB©b H$m `m~m~V gme§H$Vm Amho.
^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe ¶m§À¶mVrc g§~§Y
2009 gmcr eoI hgrZm `m nwÝhm gÎmoda Amë`m, VoìhmnmgyZ Ë`m§Zr gwédmVrbm XheVdmXr N>mdUr ~§X H$aÊ`mda
â {Xbm VgoM Xoem§VJ©V Ym{‘©H$ ‘ybVÎddmXmbm Amim KmVbm.
^maVmbm hdo AgUmao ‘moñQ> dm°ÝQ>oS> JwÝhoJma Á`m§À`mda
XheVdmXmMo Amamon hmoVo Ë`m§Mo ~m§½bmXoeZo hñVm§VaU
^maVmH$S>o Ho$bo hmoVo.
XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Üò 2015 ‘Üò ^y-gr‘m H$ama AWm©V
b±S> ~mC§S´r EJ«r‘|Q> {ZpíMV Pmbm. `m H$amamZo XmoZ
Xoem§‘Yrb dmXJ«ñV gr‘m {ddmXXoIrb gmoS>{dbm.
2009 gmcr ‘Z‘mohZ qgJ gaH$maÀ`m H$mimV Am{U
Ë`mZ§Va ‘moXr gaH$maÀ`m H$mimV ~m§½bmXoembm bmB©Z
Am°’$ H«o${S>Q>À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ ñdñVmV H$O©nwadR>m

H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU ^maVmZo am~{dbo.

~m§½bmXoemZo `mM H$mimV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda ‘mZdr {dH$mg {ZX}eH$m§VXoIrb ‘moR>r AmKmS>r KoVbr.
^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m Xoem§‘Üò gr‘oda ~mOmahmQ>Mr ñWmnZm XoIrb H$aÊ`mV Ambr.
Ë`mMà‘mUo aoëdo, añVo Am{U A§VJ©V Ob‘mJ© VgoM BVa Ob‘mJ© `m§Mr OmoS>Ur H$aÊ`mda XmoÝhr gaH$mam§Mm â am{hbm.
^maVmZo Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda KoVbobr ^y{‘H$m CXmhaUmW© gmH©$À`m n[afXo~m~VrV nm{H$ñVmZda ~{hîH$ma KmbUo
BË`mXtgma»`m {ZU©`mÀ`m nmR>r‘mJo ~m§½bmXoe I§~ranUo C^m am{hcm.
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamdarb XheVdmXm{damoYr ^y{‘H$m VgoM Xoem§VJ©V nmVirdarb ZmJ[aH$Ëd XþéñVr {dYo`H$ `m
‘wÚm§~m~VrV XoIrb eoI hgrZm gaH$maZo ^maVmbm nmqR>~m {Xbm.
gm‘[aH$Ñï>çm {dMma H$aVm B§S>mo n°{g{’$H$ joÌmVrb Am{U qhXr ‘hmgmJamVrb ~m§½bmXoe EH$ ‘hÎdmMo amï´> åhUyZ
^maVmgmR>r ‘hÎdnyU© R>aco.
~m§½bmXoe ^maVmH$Sy>Z ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda D$Om© IaoXr H$arV Amho.
~m§½bmXoemVrc Xþgam nj Am{U Ë`m§Mr ^y{‘H$m
`m CbQ> ~m§½bmXoe Z°eZ°{bñQ> nmQ>u Á`mMo ZoV¥Ëd ~oJ‘ I{bXm {P`m `m§À`mH$S>o Amho Ë`m ^maV {damoYr ‘mZë`m
OmVmV.
Ë`m§À`m H$m`©H$mimV gd©gmYmaUnUo ~oH$m`Xm ñWbm§Va Am{U gr‘m gwajoMm àíZ Am{U gr‘m VUmd `m§gmaIo
àg§J KS>bobo nmhm`bm {‘imbo.
~oJ‘ I{bXm {P`m `m§Zr Zoh‘r nm{H$ñVmZ Am{U MrZ nyaH$ ^y{‘H$m KoVbobr Amho.
~oJ‘ I{bXm {P`m gÎmoda AgVmZm ^maV-~m§½bmXoe gr‘m dmXXoIrb C’$miyZ Ambm hmoVm.
^maVmZo AmVm H$m` H$am`bm hdo?
eoI hgrZm `m§Mm ^maVmVrb àdoe Am{U CnpñWVr XmoÝhr Xoem§‘Yrb g§~§Y {~KS>{dÊ`mg H$maUr^yV R>ê$ eH$Vo.
~m§½bmXoemV nwT>o ^{dî`mV {ZdSy>Z Amboë`m Zì`m gaH$maZo Oa eoI hgrZm `m§Mo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mg§~§Yr {dZ§Vr
Ho$br Va ^maVmnwT>o noM {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eHo$b.
gÜ`mMo h§Jm‘r n§VàYmZ ‘whå‘X `w{Zg `m§À`m enW{dYr doir ^maVr` amOXÿVm§Mr CnpñWVr hr EH$ g{H«$`
KS>m‘moS> åhUmdr bmJob.
Unique Edge Box
hh H$mb© S²> dmB©e `m§Zr ‘m§S>bobr gm‘m{OH$ CXma‘VdmXmMr g§H$ënZm

hh ^maVmMr {Zh©ñVjondmXr ^y{‘H$m
hh Q´°H$ 1, Q´°H$ 2, Am{U Q´°H$ 3 amOZ` åhUOo H$m`?
hh Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`ÚmMo g§Ho$V
{Zdm©{gVm§Mo h¸$ Am{U qbJ^mdmË‘H$ Am`m‘

{Zdm©{gVm§Mr n[apñWVr H$m` Amho?
geñÌ g§Kf©, qhgm, ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ, A‘mZdr` N>i BË`mXr H$maUm§‘wio OJâmVrc bmoH$ Amnbo Ka Am{U
àXoe gmoSy>Z BVa {R>H$mUr OmVmV Voìhm Aem bmoH$m§Zm "{dñWm{nV bmoH$' (Displaced people) Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.

`wZm`Q>oS> ZoeÝg hm` H${‘eZa ’$m°a [aâ`yOr `m§À`m 2023 À`m AhdmbmZwgma 2023 AIoa 11.73 H$moQ>r>
bmoH$ OJâmV qhgm, ‘mZdr h¸$ C„§KZ, geñÌ g§Kf© BË`mXr
H$maUm§‘wio {dñWm{nV Pmbo AmhoV. `m§n¡H$s 3.76 H$moQ>r bmoH$ ho
[aâ`yOr qH$dm {Zdm©{gV dJ©dmarVrb AmhoV.
gÚ:pñWVrV `wH«o$Z-a{e`m `m§À`mVrb `wÕm‘wio, Bòm¶c
Am{U h‘mg `m§À`mVrb `wÕm‘wio Pmbobo {Zdm©{gV Am{U
å`mZ‘ma‘Yrb amoqh½`m BË`mXr {Zdm©{gVm§Mm àíZ EoaUrda Amho.
^maV hm Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm {Zdm©{gVm§Zm Amgam XoUmam Xoe Amho.
AmVmn`ªV ^maVmZo XmoZ bmI {Zdm©{gVm§Zm Amgam {Xbobm Amho.
OmZodmar 2022 AIoa ^maVm‘Üò {Zdm©{gV Am{U Amgam ‘mJUmè`m§Mr g§»¶m 46000 Agë`mMo `wZm`Q>oS> ZoeÝg
hm` H${‘eZa ’$m°a [aâ`yOr B§{S>`m `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.
{Zdm©{gV Am{U qbJ^mdmË‘H$ Am`m‘
AZoH$Xm geñÌ, g§Kf©, qhgm, BË`mXt‘wio nwéfm§Mm ‘¥Ë`y Pmë`mZ§Va VoWrb ‘{hbm d ‘wbtZm BVa {R>H$mUr
ñWbm§Va H$amdo bmJVo qH$dm {dñWm{nV ìhmdo bmJVo Am{U BVa Xoem§‘Üò [aâ`yOr qH$dm {Zdm©{gV åhUyZ amhmdo
bmJVo.
Aem {Zdm©{gV {ñÌ¶m§Zm Zì`m àXoem‘Üò XoIrb qhgobm gm‘moao Omdo bmJy eH$Vo.
AZoH$ {ñÌ¶m§Zm Aem Zì`m {R>H$mUr "Q´m§OoŠeZb goŠg'bm gm‘moao Omdo bmJVo. `mMm J§^ra n[aUm‘ Ë`m§À`m
‘mZ{gH$ pñWVrda hmoVmo.
{ñÌ¶m§Zm Aemdoir nmoñQ> Q´m°‘m{Q>H$ ñQóg {S>gAm°S>©a, Anxiety {S>gAm°S>©a Am{U {S>àoeZ qH$dm Vrd« {Zamem BË`mXr
‘mZ{gH$ AmOmam§Zm gm‘moao Omdo bmJVo.
{edm` {Zdm©{gV pñÌ¶m§da ~mbH$m§Mr H$miOr KoÊ`mMr A{V[aº$ O~m~Xmar XoIrb AgVo.
{Zdm©{gVm§Zm Zì`m {R>H$mUr ‘`m©{XV Am{W©H$ g§gmYZo Am{U BVa n`m©`m§Mr ‘`m©{XV CnbãYVm Agë`m‘wio AË`§V
hbmIrÀ`m n[apñWVrV OrdZ OJmdo bmJVo.
^maVm‘Yrb pñWVr H$m` Amho?
^maVmZo {Zdm©{gVg§~§Yr 1951 Mo H$Ýd|eZ Am{U 1967 Mm àmoQ>moH$m°b `m XmoÝhrdahr ghr Ho$bobr Zmhr.
VgoM ^maVm‘Üò {Zdm©{gV ([aâ`yOr) `m g§X^m©V {deof Agm H$m`Xm Ho$bobm Zmhr.
åhUyZM {Zdm©{gVm§g§~§Yr gd©g‘mdoeH$ Aem H$m`ÚmMr Amdí¶H$Vm {Z‘m©U Pmcr Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh Am§Vaamï´>r` ‘mZdVmdmXr H$m`Xm åhUOo H$m`?

hh ‘mZdr h¸$mMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho?
hh AmXe©dmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ {déÕ dmñVddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
hh amï´>r` {hVmMr g§H$ënZm - ì`{º${Zð> H$s, dñVw{Zð>
hh amï´>r` {hVmMr g§H$ënZm- bKwH$mbrZ Am{U XrK©H$mbrZ Ñ{ï>H$moZ

‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo nmbZ Am{U Z¡{VH$ X~md

a{e`m-`wH«o$Z `m XmoZ Xoem§‘Yrb `wÕ VgoM h‘mg Am{U Bòm¶b `m§À`m‘Yrb g§Kf© `m nmíd©^y‘rda ‘mZdr
h¸$m§Mo nmbZ H$go Ho$bo Omdo, `m AZwf§JmZo OmJ{VH$ ZmJarH$ g‘mOmV MMm© hmoV Amho.
{d{dY amÁ`g§ñWm§Zr ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo nmbZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r H$m` Cnm` AmhoV?
AÝ¶ Xoem§Zr ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ H$aUmè¶m Xoem§da Am{W©H$ ~§YZo bmXmdrV d ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo nmbZ H$ê$Z ¿`mdo.
AÝ¶ Xoem§Zr gm‘y{hH$ bîH$ar H$madmB© H$amdr d g§~§{YV XoemVrb bmoH$m§À`m ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ VoWrb
amÁ`g§ñWoH$Sy>Z hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.
OJâmVrb Xoem§Zr g§~§{YV amÁ`g§ñWobm Zoq‘J Am{U eoq‘J `m g§H$ënZoÛmao X~mdmImcr R>odmdo, (Am§Vaamï´>r`
nmVirda ea‘oZo ‘mZ Imbr Kmbm`bm bmdUo åhUOoM Am§Vaamï´>r` nQ>bmda Aem amÁ`g§ñWobm CÎma XoÊ¶mg
~m§Yrb H$aUo hmo`.)
Am§Vaamï´>r` nQ>bmda amÁ`g§ñWobm Om~ {dMmaUo {H$VnV èñdr R>aVo?
Aem àH$mao Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirda EImÚm amÁ`g§ñWobm bú` H$arV amÁ`g§ñWo§VJ©V Pmboë`m ‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m
C„§KZmg§~§Yr Om~ {dMmaë`mZ§Va AZoH$ amÁ`g§ñWm§Zr gwYmaUmË‘H$ Cnm` Ho$boo AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, å`mZ‘ma
Am{U B{WAmo{n`m `m Xoem§Zr A§VJ©V amOH$s` H¡$Úm§Mr Ho$bobr ‘wº$Vm ho Cnamoº$ Ñ{ï>H$moZm§Mo ‘hÎd AYmoaopIV
H$aVo.
{Mbr, g{~©`m Xoem§À`m hþHy$‘ehm§da IQ>cm Mmb{dÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm, ho XoIrb èM åhUmdo bmJob.
OJâmVrb AZoH$ Xoem§À`m g§ñH¥$Vr‘Üò EbOr~rQ>rŠ`y g‘wXm`mbm gwédmVrbm h¸$ ZmH$maÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ‘mÌ
Am§Vaamï´>r` Am§XmobZ d X~mdm‘wio Ago ‘mZdr h¸$ amÁ`g§ñWo§VJ©V ‘mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.
Am§Vaamï´>r` nQ>bmda amÁ`g§ñWobm Om~ {dMmaUo AZoH$Xm èñdr R>aV Zmhr `mMr CXmhaUo Imbrbà‘mUo.
AZoH$ amï´>o ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo C„§KZ Pmbo Amho hr ~m~M ‘wimV ZmH$maVmV Ë`m‘wio H$moUVmhr YmoaUmË‘H$ ~Xb
H$aÊ`mg Agh‘Vr Xe©{dVmV. CXmhaUmW© Bòm¶bÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmZo n°boñQ>mB©Z‘Yrb ZmJ[aH$m§Mo Pmbobo ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo
C„§KZ ‘mÝ` Ho$bobo Zmhr.
‘mÌ Ago Agbo Var A‘o[aHo$‘Üò H$aÊ`mV Ambobo {dÚmÏ`mªMo `m~m~VMo Am§XmobZ ho Bòm¶b Am{U A‘o[aHo$À`m
YmoaUm§da X~md dmT>{dUmao R>abo.
AZoH$Xm Ym{‘©H$ ‘ybVÎddmXmZo ào[aV YmoaUm§gmR>r ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mo
Z¡{VH$ ~§YZ Cnm` R>aV Zmhr, hr gÜ`mMr dñVwpñWVr Amho.
amÁ`g§ñWoMo gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMo VÎd ho A{YH$ daMT> R>aë`m‘wio
Am§Vaamï´>r` ‘mZdr h¸$m§À`m ‘mZH$m§Mo nmbZ OJmVrb AZoH$
Xoem§À`m ZoV¥ËdmH$Sy>Z A§VJ©V H$ma^mam‘Üò Ho$bo OmV Zgë`mMr
dñVwpñWVr Amho.
`m AZwf§JmZo a{e`mMo AÜ¶j nwwVrZ, MrZMo amï´>nVr {OZqnJ
Am{U CÎma H$mo[a`mMo amï´>mÜ¶j {H$‘ Om|J Ago ZoV¥Ëd Amnë`mbm
nmhm`bm {‘iVo.

Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`Xm Am{U Ë`mMm X~md d CXmhaUo

A°‘ZoñQ>r B§Q>aZ°eZb `m {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>ZoZo MrZ‘Yrb amOH$s` {damoYH$m§Mr ~mOy ‘m§S>Umar dñVwpñWVr
Am§Vaamï´>r` ñVamda ‘m§S>br.
gr[a`mÀ¶m A§VJ©V ^mJmV amÁ`g§ñWoZo Ho$boë`m qhgmMmam{damoYmVrb R>amd g§`wº$ amï´> g§KQ>ZoH$Sy>Z ‘m§S>bm OmUo.
a{e`mbm Am°qb{nH$‘Üò gh^mJmnmgyZ amoIbo OmUo.
Unique Edge Box
hh Am§Vaamï´>r` ‘mZdr h¸$ g§KQ>Zm Am{U ZmJar g‘mOmMr ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m

hh Ym{‘©H$ ‘ybVÎddmX åhUOo H$m`?
hh amÁ`g§ñWoMo gmd©^m¡‘ËdmMo VÎd {déÕ Am§Vaamï´>r` ‘mZdr h¸$
hh bmoH$emhrVrb àH$ën : ZmJar g‘mOmMr ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m
hh {H«${Q>H$b WoAar qH$dm g‘rjmË‘H$ {gÕm§V H$m` Amho?
n§VàYmZ ‘moXtZr nmob§S>bm {Xbobr ôQ>

{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
^maVmMo n§VàYmZ Za|Ð ‘moXr `m§Zr ZwH$VrM nmob§S>cm
ôQ> {Xbr. 1979 Z§Va n{hë¶m§XmM ^maVr` n§VàYmZm§Zr
nmobm§S>bm ôQ> {Xë¶m‘wio hr ôQ> {deof MM}V Amho.
^maV Am{U nmob§S>Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§Y
nmob§S>‘Üò Odinmg ^maVr` d§emMo 25 hOma bmoH$
dmñVì¶mg AmhoV. `m‘Üò {dÚmWu, ì`mnmar Am{U
ì`mdgm{`H$ `m§Mm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV g‘mdoe Amho.
nmob§S>‘Üò Joë`m 100 dfmªnmgyZ `moJm hm àH$ma àM{bV Am{U bmoH${à` Amho. nmob§S>‘Üò AZoH$ `moJ H|$Ð
ñWmnZ Pmbocr AmhoV.
nmob§S>‘Yrb AZoH$ añË`m§Zm ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr Am{U adtÐZmW Q>mJmoa ¶m§Mr Zmdo {Xcocr AmhoV. `mdê$Z XmoÝhr Xoem§Mo
K{Zð> g§~§Y bjmV òVmV.
Xþgè`m ‘hm`wÕmZ§Va AZoH$ nmob§S> ‘{hbm Am{U ~mbHo$ `m§Zm ^maVm‘Üò {Zdm©{gV åhUyZ nadmZJr XoÊ`mV Ambr
hmoVr. `m‘Üò Ë`m doiÀ`m ^maVr` g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zr ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m ~Om{dbr hmoVr.
^maV Am{U nmob§S>Mo amOH$s¶ g§~§Y
^maV Am{U nmob§S> ¶m§À¶mV amOH$s¶ g§~§Y gZ 1954 nmgyZ àñWm{nV Pmbobo AmhoV. 2024 gmcr XmoÝhr
Xoem§À`m g§~§Ym§Zm 70 df} nyU© Pmbr.
^maVmMo dm°gm© `m {R>H$mUr Va nmob§S>Mo Ý`y {X„r `m {R>H$mUr XÿVmdmg H$m`m©b` Amho.
^maVmZo nmob§S>‘Üò 3 AãO S>m°bg©nojm OmñV Va nmob§S>Zo ^maVmV 685 Xecj S>m°bg© EdT>r Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$bobr
Amho.
^maVmZo Omhra Ho$boë¶m B© pìhgm ñH$s‘‘Üò nmob§S>MmXoIrb g‘mdoe Amho. Ë`m‘wio n`©Q>Zmbm Am{U ì`mnmambm
àmoËgmhZ {‘iV Amho.
^maV Am{U nmob§S> `m§Zr Amnbr ^mJrXmar gm‘[aH$ Agë¶mMo Omhra Ho$bo Amho.

nmob§S>À`m H§$nÝ`m§Zr ‘oH$ BZ B§{S>`m Am{U ‘oH$ ’$m°a X dëS>© `m `moOZm§VJ©V ^maVmVrc àH$ënm§‘Üò gh^mJr ìhmdo
`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo OmV AmhoV.
^maVmZo ZwH$VoM nmob§S>‘Üò {S>’o$Ýg AQ>°M R>odÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoVbobm Amho. {S>’o$Ýg AQ>°M åhUOo g¡Ý` XbmVrb
‘hÎdnyU© nXmdarc ì`º$s nmoc§S>‘Yrc ^maVr¶ XÿVmdmgm‘Ü¶o ^maVmÀ¶m g§ajU joÌmMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aoc.
a{e`mV AS>H$boë`m ^maVr`m§Zm ‘m¶Xoer AmU>Ê`mgmR>r am~{dÊ`mV Amboë¶m Am°naoeZ J§Jm‘Ü¶o nmobm§S>Zo ^maVmbm
‘XV Ho$br hmoVr.
¶m g§~§Ym§À¶m ^{dî¶H$mcrZ e³¶Vm
^maVmMo `wamon‘Ü¶o g§~§Y {dñVmaÊ`mV nmob§S> EH$ JoQ> do åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aob Aer Anojm Amho.
`wamonr` `w{Z`Z‘Yrb ghmdr ‘moR>r AW©ì`dñWm Agboë`m nmob§S>‘Üò ^maVr` Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
Jw§VdUwH$sMr g§Yr CnbãY Amho.
H$m¡pÝgb Am°’$ `wamonr` `w{Z`ZMo AÜ`j nX nwT>À`m doir nmob§S>H$S>o AgUma Amho. `m nmíd©^y‘rda ^maVmbm `m
AZwf§JmZo ’$m`Xm hmoUo Ano{jV Amho.
^maV Am{U nmob§S> ¶m§À¶mV {Z{‘©{VjoÌmVrb ghH$m`m©gmR>r g§`wº$ àH$ën am~{dÊ`mÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY AmhoV.
Unique Edge Box
hh Q´°H$ dZ amOZ`mMo Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb ‘hÎd

hh Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^m©Mm naamï´>r` g§~§Ym§da hmoUmam n[aUm‘
hh gm§ñH¥${VH$ ghH$m`m©Mr {Ûnjr` g§~§Ym§Vrb ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m
^maVmMr ~m§½bmXoemVrb Jw§VdUyH$ d ¿`md`mMr H$miOr

{df` J§^ra H$m Amho?
~m§½bmXoemV gÜ`m amOH$s` ApñWaVoMo dmVmdaU Amho. ~m§JbmXoemÀ`m
‘mOr n§VàYmZ eoI hgrZm `m§Zm Amnbm Xoe gmoSy>Z nbm`Z H$amdo
bmJbo Amho. gÜ`m Ë`m§Zr ^maVmV amOH$s¶ Aml¶ KoVbm Amho.
‘mOr n§VàYmZ eoI hgrZm `m§Mo hñVm§VaU Ho$bo Omdo, Aer ‘mJUr
^{dî`mV ^maVmH$S>o Ho$br OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho. `m nmíd©^y‘rda
^maVmMr ~m§½bmXoemV AgUmar Jw§VdUyH$ d {VMr gwajm `m~m~V
gÜ`m H$miOr ì`º$ Ho$br OmV Amho.
{díbofU
^maVr` ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zr ~m§½cmXoemV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda ‘mb‘Îmm§‘Üò Jw§VdUyH$ Ho$bobr Amho.
~m§½bmXoemV gÜ`m A§V[a‘ gaH$ma ñWmnZ Pmbo Agbo Var ^{dî`mV {damoYr nj åhUOoM ~m§½cmXoe Z°eZ°{bñQ>
nmQ>u `m njmMo gaH$ma ñWmnZ hmoB©b, Agm A§XmO VÁkm§Zr ì`º$ Ho$bm Amho.
`m nmíd©^y‘rda ^maVmMo `m njmer {VVHo$go Mm§Jbo g§~§Y ZmhrV, hr ~m~ ñnï> Amho.
Aemdoir ^maVr` Jw§VdUwH$sMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r ^maVmnwT>o VrZ n`m©` AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ åhUOo ~m§½bmXoemVrc
Xoem§VJ©V H$m`Xo, Xþgao åhUOo Jw§VdUyH$Xma Am{U g§~§{YV Xoe `m§À`m‘Üò Pmbobm H$ama Am{U {Vgao åhUOo

Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`Xm qH$dm Am§Vaamï´>r` g§Ho$V BË`mXr hmo`.

`m§n¡H$s ~m§½bmXoe‘Yrb Xoem§VJ©V H$m`Xm Am{U Jw§VdUyH$Xma Am{U g§~§{YV Xoe `m§À`m‘Yrb H$ama hm H$‘r
{dídgZr` ‘mZbm OmVmo. H$maU ZdrZ Ambobo gaH$ma Ë`m‘Üò hdo Vgo ~Xb H$ê$ eH$Vo.
{Ûnjr` Jw§VdUyH$ H$ama 2009 gmcr ^maV Am{U ~m§½bmXoe `m Xoem§Xaå`mZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. ‘mÌ Ë`mZ§Va
2017 gmcr Á`m Om°BªQ> B§Q>a{àQ>o{Q>ìh ZmoQ²gda XmoÝhr Xoem§Zr gøm Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m‘Üò H$mhr à‘mUmV hm
Jw§VdUyH$ H$ama gm¡å` Ho$bm Jobm Agë`mMo VÁkm§Mo {ZarjU Amho.
^maV Am{U ~m§½cmXoe `m§À`m Xaå`mZ Pmbobm hm {Ûnjr` H$ama Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`Xm Am{U g§Ho$V `m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ
nm{hbm OmD$ eH$Vmo.
{Ûnjr` Jw§VdUyH$ H$amam{df`r WmoS>Š`mV {díbofU
{Ûnjr` Jw§VdUyH$ H$ama hm Am§Vaamï´>r` H$ama Am{U g§Ho$Vmbm Yê$Z Ho$bm OmVmo.
`m H$amam§VJ©V `mo½` Am{U g‘mZ dmJUyH$ XoÊ`mg§~§YrMo H$c‘ A§V^y©V AgVo Á`mbm ’o$Aa A±S> B{¹$Q>o~b Q´rQ>‘|Q>
Ago åhUVmV.
`m H$amam§VJ©V AgUmè`m XmoÝhr Xoem§n¡H$s H$moUË`mhr XoemZo H$amamMm ^§J Ho$bm Va g§~§{YV Xoembm BÝdoñQ>a ñQ>oQ>
{S>ñnyQ> goQ>b‘|Q>H$S>o XmX ‘mJVm òVo.
`wZm`Q>oS> ZoeÝg H$m°Ý’$aÝg Am°Z QóS> A±S> S>oìhbn‘|Q>À`m AmH$S>odmarZwgma gÜ`m BÝdoñQ>a ñQ>oQ> {S>ñnyQ> goQ>b‘|Q>H$S>o
1332 Xmdo XmIb Pmbobo AmhoV.
^maVmMr `m nwT>rc ^y{‘H$m H$m` Agbr nm{hOo?
^maVmZo ~m§½bmXoem~amo~a amOZ¡{VH$ nmVirda g§~§Y H$m`‘ R>odV g§dmX gmYbm nm{hOo. `m g§dmXm‘Üò {Ûnjr`
Jw§VdUyH$ H$amamMr MMm© hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.
eoI hgrZm `m§Mo hñVm§VaU H$aÊ`mMr ‘mJUr Oa Zì`m gaH$maZo Ho$br Va ‘mÌ g§~§Y {~KS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm bjmV
KoVm ^maVmbm g{H«$`nUo Amnbr Jw§VdUyH$ gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ à`ËZ H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.
Unique Edge Box
hh Am§Vaamï´>r` H$m`ÚmMo g§Ho$V åhUOo H$m`?

hh {Ûnjr` Jw§VdUyH$ H$amamMo ‘hÎd
hh amï´>r` {hVg§~§Ym§Mr g§H$ënZm - dmñVddmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZ
~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb noMàg§J
{df` MM}V H$m Amho?
nm{H$ñVmZ‘Yrb ~bw{MñVmZ àm§Vm‘Üò ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda {damoY àXe©Zo hmoV Agë`m‘wio nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m Y‘m©Ym[aV
amï´> amÁ`mÀ`m g§H$ënZoda àíZ{MÝh {Z‘m©U Pmco Amho.
~bw{MñVmZ‘Üò ZwH$VmM EH$ h„m KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV Ambm.
~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb ’w$Q>radmXr àd¥ÎmrMm ZoVm AH$~a ~wJmQ>r `mÀ`m ‘¥Ë`y {XZm{Xder AbJVmdmXr àd¥ÎmtZr nm{H$ñVmZ
cîH$ambm CÎma åhUyZ h„o Ho$bo.
nm{H$ñVmZ cîH$amÀ¶m hëë¶mV AH$~a ~wJmQ>r `m ZoË`mMm 2006 ‘Üò ‘¥Ë`y Pmbm hmoVm.
`mM {Xder ~bwM {b~aoeZ Am‘uZo nm{H$ñVmZ‘Yrb BVa {R>H$mUr åhUOoM BVa àm§Vm§‘Üò h„m KS>{dbm.

WmoS>Š`mV ~bwM {b~aoeZ Am‘uZo hëë¶mMr O~m~Xmar

ñdrH$mabobr Amho.
`mVyZ EH$ ~m~ ñnï> Amho H$s, ~bw{MñVmZ‘Üò nm{H$ñVmZ
gaH$macm AmìhmZ XoUmè`m JQ>m§Mr eº$s ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
dmT>V Mmbbobr Amho.
~bw{MñVmZ hm nm{H$ñVmZ‘Yrb gdmªV ‘moR>m àm§V Amho
Omo AmVm ’w$Q>radmXr H$madm`m§gmR>r AmoiIbm OmV Amho.
Eo{Vhm{gH$ÑîQ>çm nm{H$ñVmZZo ~bw{MñVmZbm {Xcocr dmJUyH$
~bw{MñVmZ hm Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZmZo Am{U g§nÎmrZo g§nÞ Agm àXoe Amho.
‘mÌ nm{H$ñVmZ‘Yrb BVa àm§Vm§À`m VwbZoV ~bw{MñVmZ àm§VmMm {dH$mg hmoD$ eH$bobm Zmhr. hm àm§V VwbZoZo
‘mJmg am{hbobm Amho.
`m VwbZoV nm{H$ñVmZ‘Yrb n§Om~ àm§VmMm {dH$mg ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Pmbobm Amho.
WmoS>Š`mV ~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm§Mo emofU H$ê$Z Ë`mMm dmna nm{H$ñVmZ‘Yrb BVa àm§Vm§Mm {dH$mg
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$ë`m‘wio ~bw{MñVmZ‘Üò n§Om~{damoYr ^mdZmXoIrb {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.
nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m `m YmoaUmbm Ym{‘©H$ Am{U n§Wr` Am`m‘ Amho. Ë`m‘wio hr {df‘VoMr pñWVr {Z‘m©U Pmbobr
Amho.
~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb ~bwM g‘wXm` hm `m‘wioM nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m Y‘m©Ym[aV amï´> amÁ`mda EH$ àH$mao g§e` ì`º$
H$aV Ambobm Amho. CXmhaUmW©, MrZ Am{U nm{H$ñVmZ `m§À`m‘Yrb Am{W©H$ H$m°[aS>moa‘Üò ~bw{MñVmZMo àM§S>
à‘mUmV emofU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho.
~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb ZmJar h¸$ Midir XS>nyZ Q>mH$Ê`mMo YmoaU nm{H$ñVmZZo am~dë`m‘wio XoIrb ~bw{MñVmZ‘Üò
Ag§Vmof Amho.
n[aUm‘r ~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb ZmJar h¸$ Midir Am{U {~Ja emgH$s` g§KQ>Zm ¶m§MmXoIrb nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m H|$Ð
gaH$mada amof Amho.
^maVmMm Am`m‘ H$m` Amho?
~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb ’w$Q>radmXr àd¥ÎmrÀ`m ZoË`m§Zr ^maVmH$S>o ‘XV ‘mJÊ`mg§X^m©V AZoH$Xm {dYmZo Ho$cr; ‘mÌ ^ma-
VmZo nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m A§VJ©V ^mJmV Am{U YmoaUm§‘Üò bj Z KmbÊ`mMm {ZU©` H$m`‘ R>odbobm Amho.
Ago Agbo Var nm{H$ñVmZH$Sy>Z ^maVmda ~bw{MñVmZ‘Yrb ’w$Q>radmXr àd¥ÎmtZm àmoËgmhZ {Xë`mMm Amamon dma§dma
Ho$bm; ‘mÌ ^maVmZo ho Amamon ’o$Q>mibobo AmhoV.
Unique Edge Box
hh ñd`§{ZU©`mMm h¸$ åhUOo H$m`?(Right to Self determination)

hh ^maVmMo {Zh©ñVjondmXr YmoaU
hh Y‘m©Ym[aV amï´>-amÁ`mMr g§H$ënZm d Ë`mMo YmoHo$
hh gm°âQ> ñQ>oQ> g§H$ënZm- JwÞma {‘S>m©c

JmPm nÅ>rdarb `wÕ {dñVmaÊ`mMr ^rVr
Zì`mZo H$moUH$moUË`m KS>m‘moS>r KS>V AmhoV?

Bg«m¶bZo bo~Zm°Z‘Yrb hoPo~w„mh `m JQ>mda h„m H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$bobr
Amho.
hoPo~w„mhZoXoIrb Bòm¶ccm am°Ho$Q> bm°ÝMa Am{U S´moZ A°Q>°H$À`m ‘mÜ`‘mVyZ
àË`wÎma XoÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$bobr Amho.
`m‘wio npíM‘ Am{e`mVrb h‘mg {déÕ Bòm¶c ho `wÕ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda
BVa àXoem§V ngaob H$m, Aer e§H$m {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.
7 Am°ŠQ>mo~a 2023 amoOr h‘mgZo Bòm¶cda hëë¶mZ§Va Bòm¶bZo n°boñQ>mB©Zda
h„m Ho$bobm Amho. `mV AmYrM ‘moR>r Or{dV Am{U {dÎm hmZr Pmbobr Amho.
bo~Zm°Z‘Yrb hoPo~w„mh hm JQ> Zo‘H$m H$m` Amho?
hoPo~w„mh hm {e`m n§Wr` bîH$ar ñdê$nmMm JQ> AgyZ `m JQ>mbm BamUMm
nmqR>~m Amho.
`m JQ>mZo n°boñQ>mB©Zda Pmboë`m hëë`mMm {ZfoY H$arV n°boñQ>mB©ZÀ`m ~mOyZo Cô amhÊ`mMo YmoaU gwédmVrnmgyZM
ñdrH$mabobo Amho.
`mnydu Bòm¶bZo `m JQ>mÀ`m ZoË`mMr hË¶m KS>dyZ AmUë¶mMm Amamon Amho.
VgoM Bòm¶bZo BamU‘Üò h„m H$arV h‘mgÀ`m Bñ‘mB©b hm{Z`m `m ZoË`mMmXoIrb ‘¥Ë`y KS>dyZ AmUbm, Agm
Amamon Ho$bm OmV Amho Am{U Bòm¶cZo Cnamoº$ XmoÝhr Amamon ’o$Q>mibobo ZmhrV.
npíM‘ Am{e`mVrb gÚ:pñWVr H$m` Amho?
Bòm¶bZo bo~Zm°Z Am{U BamU `m Xoemda WoQ> h„m Ho$ë`m‘wio bo~Zm°Z Am{U BamU H$Sy>Z à{V{H«$`m {Xbr OmUma
`mV e§H$m Zmhr.
BamUH$Sy>Z AàË`jnUo n°boñQ>mB©Zbm ‘XV Ho$br OmV hmoVr. ‘mÌ BamU‘Üò WoQ> am°Ho$Q> Am{U S´moZ h„m Pmë`m‘wio
BamU WoQ>nUo CÎma XoB©b d `wÕmMm ^S>H$m dmT>ob, Aer eŠ`Vm {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.
bo~Zm°Z Oa nyU©nUo `wÕm‘Üò CVabm Va Bòm¶bH$S>o Ë`mMo cîH$ar CÎma qH$dm Cnm` AgÊ¶mMr XoIrb eŠ`Vm
Zmhr.
hoPo~w„mhZo ^y{‘H$m KoVbr Amho H$s, Omon`ªV Bòm¶bMm JmPm nÅ>rdarc h„m Wm§~V Zmhr; Vmon`ªV `m g§Kfm©VyZ
hoPo~w„mh ‘mKma KoUma Zmhr.
Unique Edge Box
hh gm`H$g nm`H$m°Q> H$ama d Ë`mMo AmOVmJm`V hmoUmao n[aUm‘

hh {e`m Am{U gwÞr hm {ddmX H$m` Amho?
hh `wÕm‘Yrb V§ÌkmZmMr ‘hÎdnyU© ^y{‘H$m



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X qhXÿ d AÝ¶ X¡{ZH$m§da AYm[aV

3 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

Z‘ñH$ma {dÚmWu {‘Ì-‘¡{ÌUtZmo....

Q>rn : ‘m{gH$m~m~V Zì¶m gyMZm§Mo Zoh‘rM ñdmJV Agoc.

4 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

^maVr¶ amÁ¶ì¶dñWm Am{U KQ>ZmË‘H$ à{H«$¶m

7 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

29. dŠ’$ XþéñVr {dYo`H$ 2024 51

8 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

9 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

10 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

{ejU {df`mMm g‘mdoe amÁ`gyMrV H$amdm H$m?

{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

11 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

‘VXmam§À`m AZm{‘H$ËdmMm àíZ

12 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

g§gXr` H$m‘H$mOmVyZ C„oI H$mT>Ê`m~m~VMo {dícofU

13 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

YZ{dYo`H$ d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {Z‘m©U hmoUmao àíZ

14 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

15 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

Unique Edge Box

H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i

{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

16 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

H$m`Xoera g„mJma ‘§S>i H$moUVo ‘wÔo AYmoaopIV H$aob?

hh qWH$ Q>±H$Mm amOH$s` ì`dñWodarb n[aUm‘ Am{U Ë`mMr JaO

{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

17 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

 Aem àH$maMr AmKmS>r {ZdS>UwH$snydu qH$dm {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va XoIrb Ho$br OmVo.

18 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

BVa amï´>r` njm§er `wVr d AmKmS>r H$aÊ`mH$S>o H$b dmT>bm.

e°S>mo H°${~ZoQ> (Shadow Cabinet)

{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

19 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

Unique Edge Box

gmoimì`m {dÎm Am`moJmÀ`m g‘moaMm AO|S>m

{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

20 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

{damoY àXe©Zm§Mo emñÌ

21 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

{n`agZ `m g§ñWoZo Ho$bobm Aä`mg

22 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

Unique Edge Box

{Xì`m§JmZm h¸$ {‘idyZ XoÊ`mMo à`ËZ

{df`mMr nmíd©^y‘r H$m` Amho?

23 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

{S>{OQ>b ñnYm© {dYo`H$ ‘gwXm

24 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

25 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

hdm‘mZ ~Xcmg§~§Yr H$m¶ÚmMr JaO

26 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

`m AZwf§JmZo Mm¡H$Q> V`ma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

AË¶mdí¶H$ Ym{‘©H$ àWoMm {gÕm§V (Essential Religious Doctrine)

27 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

H$mdS> `mÌm d gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm {ZH$mb

28 PSIR nëg (‘amR>r ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ àW‘M) : Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 2024 (A§H$ 4 Wm)

{df` dmXJ«ñV H$m Pmbm?

amÁ`nmbm§Mr ^y{‘H$m Am{U gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb`mMm hñVjon

Aem àH$maMr AmKmS>r {ZdS>UwH$snydu qH$dm {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va XoIrb Ho$br OmVo.

^maVmV Om{VAmYm[aV AmS>Zmd Am{U {deofUo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda dmnacr OmVmV.

ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY hmoB©b Ë`m‘wio ñWbm§Va H$‘r hmoB©b.

`m àË`oH$ dJ©dmarV AmajUmMr Q>¸o$dmar hr doJdoJir R>odÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr.